2,232 research outputs found
From Smart Grids to Smart Cities: New Challenges in Optimizing Energy Grids
No full textThis book addresses different algorithms and applications based on the theory of multiobjective goal attainment optimization. In detail the authors show as the optimal asset of the energy hubs network which (i) meets the loads, (ii) minimizes the energy costs and (iii) assures a robust and reliable operation of the multicarrier energy network can be formalized by a nonlinear constrained multiobjective optimization problem. Since these design objectives conflict with each other, the solution of such the optimal energy flow problem hasn't got a unique solution and a suitable trade off between the objectives should be identified. A further contribution of the book consists in presenting real-world applications and results of the proposed methodologies developed by the authors in three research projects recently completed and characterized by actual implementation under an overall budget of about 23 million €
Unbalanced Three-Phase Optimal Power Flow for the Optimization of MV and LV Distribution Grids
No full textOptimal power flow (OPF) techniques are a basic function of advanced distribution management systems (ADMS) and can be applied effectively for controlling distribution grids at both medium voltage (MV) and low voltage (LV) voltage levels. This chapter shows a basic methodology for the control of smart distribution grids together with some realistic applications aimed to solve operative problems that might be encountered in distribution systems, at both MV and LV levels. Three-phase distribution OPF (TDOPF) mathematical formulations and solutions are similar to the ones adopted for classical single-phase OPF routines. Both three-phase and single-phase approaches must employ nonlinear optimization techniques. The network model used for tests is based on actual data concerning the MV and LV circuits adopted for primary and secondary distribution in a real urban distribution network in the city of Bari. The network model developed for tests comprises three whole MV feeders and secondary substation
Multicarrier energy systems
No full textIn recent years, the power system studies changed dramatically, shifting their focus from power system expansion planning as well as operation quality enhancement to other issues such as the integration of large amounts of renewable resources, the definition of new roles for the Transmission System Operator and Distribution System Operator since more and more generation is moving on the distribution side, resiliency of grids and economic sustainability of the on-going revolution in the energy field.
Most energy infrastructures in the world were developed in the second half of the 20th century. The main question in energy system planning and development is whether these old systems can meet future growing needs for different types of energy carriers or not. Along with composite energy transfer systems, many of the installed equipment and tools are getting close to their useful lifetime or their relevant operational limitations. In addition, challenges such as the continuous growth of energy demand, still a strong dependence on fossil fuels, the need for power system reinforcement and the deep penetration of clean and sustainable energy resources raise the need for a new vision of energy systems along with some basic changes in existing systems.
Adopting the distributed generation units as well as gas-fired power generation technologies such as combined heat and power units or combined cooling, heat and power units, gas furnaces, gas converters, etc., in an energy hub has motivated applied research to investigate how to integrate different infrastructures such as electricity, natural gas and heat. The resulting system, called multienergy carriers, hybrid systems or combined energy systems, requires the application of new and integrated modelling as well as operation tools.
Possible scenarios for the future of the energy systems have been developed to overcome limitations of current structure due to a stronger interaction among different infrastructures (for example, gas and electricity). Many studies were oriented to guarantee standard levels of voltage and frequency in electrical systems or standard gas pressure in pipes in presence of increasing gas and electrical loads. Although these studies provided important details for the systems under investigation, they often propose solutions in line with existing reality and limit the analysis in finding an optimisation of the existing system without considering the possibilities deriving from different architectures. Modern energy systems, nowadays, must consider the coexistence of multiple carriers of energy, and, in the future, the concurrent planning and operational optimisation of them can provide an effective approach for improving economical performances, increasing sustainability and ensuring a secure and resilient operation.
This chapter will present some modelling and optimisation issues of strongly interacting energy systems and explore the possibility offered by multicarrier energy systems to improve the overall efficiency of coupled systems
Optimization of Multi-energy Carrier Systems in Urban Areas
No full textA desirable approach to achieve integration and coordination of energy infrastructures in a Smart City is to develop multi-energy carrier systems where different energy resources are optimized following a holistic approach. This chapter presents two optimization methodologies: the first aiming to solve an operating problem; and the second to solve a planning problem. The optimal control of multi-carrier energy resources is obtained through the solution of a nonlinear optimization problem aimed at minimizing the overall cost of production, equipment wear (BESS) and interruption costs. The chapter collects some results of the "San Paolo Power Park" research project. The project was aimed substantially at the design of an energy district, in which combining low environmental impact methods is possible to fulfill urban regeneration objectives, improving the quality of life of citizens. The project is part of the Strategic Plan for the development of the metropolitan area of the city of Bari
Optimal Gas Flow Algorithm for Natural Gas Distribution Systems in Urban Environment
No full textThis chapter deals with crucial issues on the evolution of natural gas distribution grids, starting from research and field tests activities conducted as part of a research project named "Smart Grid Project". One of the goals of the Smart Grid Project was the design, set up and installation of a prototype of a Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) system equipped with the remote control of three of the 180 Final Reduction Units (FRUs) that supply the urban gas distribution grid of the Bari municipality, a medium-sized town in Italy. Modern natural gas distributions networks should be operated under real-time monitoring and control with an aim of achieving the optimization of various parameters. The general Optimal Gas Flow (OGF) problem can be formulated as a general nonlinear optimization problem, where inequality constraints are treated with penalty functions since the inequality limits in the current problem can be considered as soft constraints
Multicarrier Energy System Optimal Power Flow
No full textThis chapter presents a new modified optimization algorithm based on a powerful heuristic method, namely Time Varying Acceleration Coefficient Gravitational Search Algorithm (TVAC-GSA), to solve optimal power flow (OPF) problems in multi-carrier energy systems focusing the interactions between the power grid and the gas network. The proposed algorithm is based on the Newtonian laws of gravitation and motion. Multi-carrier networks are simultaneously optimized to meet demands more efficiently. In general, they include several energy systems, such as electrical and gas infrastructures. The chapter addresses the main complexities associated with the multi-carrier system structure and several dispatched hubs equipped with Combined Heat and Power (CHP) units/furnaces/transformers. In order to understand how TVAC-GSA works, it is interesting to compare the main differences between its main structure and well-known heuristic algorithm such as particle swarm optimization (PSO). In both PSO and TVAC-GSA, the optimization is obtained by the agent's movement in the search space
Consolidamento strutturale, restauro conservativo, adeguamento impianti, eliminazione barriere architettoniche della sede municipale di Polpenazze del Garda
No full textIl progetto di restauro del castello di Polpenazze aveva come obiettivo quello di adeguare la struttura da un punto di vista strutturale e igienico, nonchè quello di garantire l'accessibilità agli utenti diversamente abili, ora completamente esclusi da ogni possibilità di utilizzo dei servizi comunali.
L'edificio è costituito dall'assemblaggio di una serie di corpi differenti: il mastio di ingresso al castello e i corpi esterni alle mura, aggiunti in varie fasi costruttive. Le trasformazioni avvenute negli anni e sopratutto le diverse destinazioni d'uso hanno determinato una eterogeneità di soluzioni che hanno avuto come esito finale la presenza di livelli diversi di quote, quasi uno per ogni locale componente la sede municipale.
L’inserimento della struttura di distribuzione verticale (blocco scala -ascensore) all’interno della torre del Mastio non solo ha risposto alla necessità di garantire l’accessibilità agli uffici ma ha permesso di realizzare un percorso museale della torre offrendo una lettura storica della più ricca testimonianza del castello di Polpenazze, a partire dalle fondazioni, molto più alte rispetto alla quota di calpestio attuale (a seguito di un abbassamento del livello stradale eseguito nel ‘500) fino alla terminazione della torre mozzata. Questo obiettivo è stato raggiunto utilizzando la trasparenza dei vetri sia della cabina ascensore che della struttura.
Il superamento di altre barriere architettoniche è avvenuto attraverso operazioni di integrazione dello spessore dei solai con materiale alleggerito in modo da ridurre al massimo i dislivelli, eventualmente collegati con rampe con pendenze minime
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