2 research outputs found
FINANCING STRATEGIES, MACROECONOMIC FACTORS, INSTITUTIONAL QUALITY AND THE ACHIEVEMENT OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS: A CRITICAL LITERATURE REVIEW
Full text linkPurpose of the Study - The world through United Nations leadership has defined the post-2015 development agenda comprising of 17 goals, 169 targets and 230 global indicators, cutting across social, economic and environmental pillars, which when attained by all nations by the year 2030, will create the future the world needs. The purpose of this study is to critically review the existing literature on the effects of financing strategies, macroeconomic factors and institutional quality on the achievement of the development goals. Findings - Africa has embraced the Sustainable Development Goals framework and relies on domestic finances, foreign direct investment, external debt, trade, official development assistance, financial and technical cooperation to fund various development programs. The implementation of the post-2015 sustainable development goals has shifted from global to national and local perspective. Most of the existing studies focused on the eight millennium development goals with a global perspective. As a consequence, the significance and effectiveness of the diverse and conflicting policy recommendations founded on Millennium Development Goals studies and their contribution to the achievement of the post-2015 SDGs remains doubtful. This paper concludes that Africa in particular, will require more than identification of appropriate financing strategies in order to achieve the target development goals. The success of the financing strategies on the achievement of development goals will depend on how African nations address macroeconomic factors and institutional quality factors in its quest to achieve the sustainable development goals by year 2030. Implications – Africa will need policy intervention to address institutional quality factors such as political stability, corruption levels, financial market developments and human capital development. These factors affect the direction and or strength of the relationship between the financing strategies and development goals. In additional Africa nations need to address the macroeconomic factors such as the employment levels, income levels, inflation rates and economic growth. The microeconomic factors emerge to explain the impact of the financing strategies on the achievement of the development goals. Value of the study - the study identifies and document existing knowledge gaps and proposes study approaches to address the gap thereby enriching existing body of knowledge. In addition, this study provide in-depth analysis that will inform the understanding of the direction and impact of the various financing strategies on the achievement of development goals, which can form the basis for the policy review.
Analysis of biological relationships in the hemoparasitechelonian model in Colombia
No full textilustraciones, fotografías, gráficas, mapas, tablasAlgunos géneros de parásitos del suborden Adeleorina infectan usualmente hospederos intermediarios como las tortugas. Sin embargo, el conocimiento que se tiene acerca de las especies de parásitos que infectan estos hospederos es escasa. En la literatura, para la identificación de parásitos de este suborden se usan herramientas morfológicas, morfométricas y técnicas moleculares; principalmente información del gen 18S rDNA. Sin embargo, el uso de este gen tiene varias deficiencias. Para incrementar el conocimiento de los parásitos que infectan quelonios, así como en las técnicas moleculares para investigación en diversidad, este estudio tuvo como objetivos: 1) identificar la diversidad genética de linajes de parásitos aislados mediante amplificación distintos genes, 2) Integrar líneas de evidencia tanto morfológica como molecular para la identificación de unidades linajes evolutivos desconocidos y 3) diseñar herramientas alternativas para el diagnóstico e identificación de estos parásitos mediante la implementación de nuevos marcadores moleculares que han sido poco explorados en organismos de este suborden.
Para alcanzar estos objetivos se obtuvieron y analizaron muestras sanguíneas de 457 individuos pertenecientes a 16 de las 29 especies de tortugas continentales presentes en Colombia. Todas las muestras fueron analizadas por métodos moleculares y 203 de estas muestras también fueron analizadas por microscopia. Como resultado de los analisis se pudo describir una nueva especie de Hepatozoon (Hepatozoon simidi sp. nov) en Rhinoclemmys melanosterna (Geoemyidide) basados en información acerca de la morfología de los estadios sanguíneos y secuencias de un fragmento del gen 18S. También se diseñaron nuevos sets de primers para los genes mitocondriales citocromo oxidasa I (coxI), citocromo oxidasa III (coxIII) y citocromo b (cytb) basados en la secuenciación genómica del parásito obtenido de una muestra tomada de Podocnemis vogli (Podocnmeididae). Se aislaron por lo menos 30 linajes diferentes de cada gen analizado, demostrando una alta diversidad genética de parásitos en estos hospederos. Sin embargo, los índices de diversidad evaluados demuestran que aún se desconoce la diversidad real de linajes parasitarios en estos hospederos. Adicionalmente, los resultados también evidenciaron varios procesos como heteroplasmía y/o especiación críptica, están afectando la identificación y caracterización de la diversidad de parásitos. Este estudio constituye el comienzo de una interesante e importante área de investigación. (Texto tomado de la fuente)Some genera of parasites of the suborder Adeleorina usually infect intermediate hosts such as turtles. However, little is known about the diversity of parasites that infect these hosts. In the literature, for the identification of parasites of this suborder, morphological and morphometric tools as well as molecular techniques are used; mainly information from the 18S rDNA gene. However, the use of this gene has several shortfalls. To increase the knowledge on parasites infecting chelonians and the knowledge on different molecular markers that can offer more inflrmation for diversity reseach, this study had the following goals: 1) to identify the genetic diversity of isolated parasite lineages using the amplification of different genes, 2) to integrate morphological and molecular evidence for the identification of unknown evolutionary lineages, and 3) to design alternative tools for the diagnosis and identification of these parasites through the implementation of new molecular markers that have been little explored in organisms of this suborder and that are infecting turtles in Colombia. To reach those goals, a total of 457 blood smples of individuals belonging to 16 of the 29 species of continental turtles in Colombia were obtained and analyzed. All samples were analyzed by molecular methods and 203 of these samples were also analyzed by microscopy. As results of the performed analyses, a new species of Hepatozoon (Hepatozoon simidi sp. nov) was described infecting Rhinoclemmys melanosterna (Geoemydidae) based on the integration of morphological information of the blood stages and the sequences of a fragment of the 18S gene. New sets of primers for the mitochondrial genes cytochrome oxidase I (coxI), cytochrome oxidase III (coxIII) and cytochrome b (cytb) were designed based on the genomic sequencing of a sample from a parasite that had infected a Podocnemis vogli (Podocnemididae) individual. At least 30 different lineages were isolated from each gene analyzed, evidencing a high genetic diversity of parasites in these hosts. However, diversity indexes evaluated showed that the real diversity of parasitic lineages in these hosts is still unknown. Aditionally, the results also evidenced several phenomena such as heteroplasmy and /or criptic speciation, which are affecting the identification and characterization of the diversity of parasites. This study represents the beggining of an interesting and important field of research.MaestríaMagister en Infecciones y salud en el TrópicoParasitología y Biología molecular en reptile
