18,364 research outputs found
Terrorism and jihad in Indonesia: Questions and possible ways forward
No full textWe critically examine the three papers on terrorism and jihad in Indonesia contained in this issue. First, we argue that thorough discussion and definition of key terms (including religious violence and jihad) would have led to a much stronger framework for understanding the voices of the activists and their supporters. Second, the authors could have engaged more systematically with the international literature on intergroup relations and conflict to discuss how psychological and social processes of radicalization are similar or different in the Indonesian context. Third, we highlight methodological and ethical shortcomings in the three papers that call into question a number of the conclusions drawn by the authors. We outline future research questions and provide suggestions to strengthen this important line of research. © 2013 Wiley Publishing Asia Pty Ltd with the Asian Association of Social Psychology and the Japanese Group Dynamics Association.Altemeyer B, 1998, ADV EXP SOC PSYCHOL, V30, P47; Baltes P. B., 2006, HDB CHILD PSYCHOL, V1, P569, DOI DOI 10.1002-9780470147658.CHPSY0111; Fischer R, 2008, BASIC APPL SOC PSYCH, V30, P167, DOI 10.1080-01973530802209202; Fischer R, 2012, JUSTICE AND CONFLICTS: THEORETICAL AND EMPIRICAL CONTRIBUTIONS, P345, DOI 10.1007-978-3-642-19035-3_21; Ginges J, 2011, AM PSYCHOL, V66, P507, DOI 10.1037-a0024715; International Crisis Group, 2012, 228 INT CRIS GROUP; Khomeini R., 2003, GREATEST JIHAD COMBA; Klandermans B, 2002, AM BEHAV SCI, V45, P887, DOI 10.1177-0002764202045005009; Klein O, 2007, PERS SOC PSYCHOL REV, V11, P28, DOI 10.1177-1088868306294588; Milla M. N., 2013, ASIAN J SOC PSYCHOL, V16, P88; Muluk H., 2013, ASIAN J SOC PSYCHOL, V16, P97; Noricks D., 2009, SOCIAL SCI COUNTERTE, P299; Putra I. E., 2013, ASIAN J SOC PSYCHOL, V16, P79; Qutb S., 1982, MILESTONES PATH; Ramadan T., 2008, RADICAL REFORM ISLAM; Ramadan T., 2009, ISLAM W CHALLENGES M; Reicher S, 2004, POLIT PSYCHOL, V25, P921, DOI 10.1111-j.1467-9221.2004.00403.x; Said E., 1981, COVERING ISLAM MEDIA; Sidanius J., 2001, SOCIAL DOMINANCE INT; Simon B, 1998, J PERS SOC PSYCHOL, V74, P646, DOI 10.1037--0022-3514.74.3.646; Simon B, 2001, AM PSYCHOL, V56, P319, DOI 10.1037--0003-066X.56.4.319; Stephan W.F., 2000, CLAR S APPL SOC PSYC, P23; Tetlock PE, 2003, TRENDS COGN SCI, V7, P320, DOI 10.1016-S1364-6613(03)00135-9; Tyler Tom R., 1997, SOCIAL JUSTICE DIVER; van de Vijver F. J. R., 1997, METHODS DATA ANAL CR; van Zomeren M, 2008, PSYCHOL BULL, V134, P504, DOI 10.1037-0033-2909.134.4.50411
Erratum to Fischer et al. "Inhibitor development in nonsevere haemophilia across Europe" (Thromb Haemost 2015; 114: 670-675).
No full text[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1160/TH14-12-1044.]. In the Original Article by Fischer et al. "Inhibitor development in non- severe haemophilia across Europe" (Thromb Haemost 2015; 114: 670-675), the author R. Hollingsworth was omitted by mistake. Please find the corrected list of authors here: Fischer K, Iorio A, Lassila R, Peyvandi F, Calizzani G, Gatt A, Lambert T, Windyga J, Gilman EA, Hollingsworth R, Makris M, on behalf of the EUHASS participants
sj-docx-1-mpp-10.1177_23814683221086623 – Supplemental material for Improving Diagnostic Efficiency with Frequency Double-Trees and Frequency Nets in Bayesian Reasoning
No full textSupplemental material, sj-docx-1-mpp-10.1177_23814683221086623 for Improving Diagnostic Efficiency with Frequency Double-Trees and Frequency Nets in Bayesian Reasoning by Alexandra K. Kunzelmann, Karin Binder, Martin R. Fischer, Martin Reincke, Leah T. Braun and Ralf Schmidmaier in MDM Policy & Practice</p
CM1 code and trajectories for "Hail Trajectories in a Wide Spectrum of Supercell-like Updrafts" by Jannick Fischer et al
No full textThis repository contains data for reproducing results in "Hail Trajectories in a Wide Spectrum of Supercell-like Updrafts". Onefile.F and namelist.input provide the CM1 model code for the control simulation (also see Fischer and Dahl 2020 for details on how to implement the heat source by searching for the iheat parameter and modifying the heat source parameters) and the .tar.gz files contain all trajectories from the named simulations E1 to E4, S0.05 to S0.21 and R4000 to R8000 (name endings correspond to R, S_0, and heat source depth used, see table in paper appendix). Column values for each trajectory file represent [x,y,z,size]. For additional data please contact the corresponding author
Marietta High School students
No full textMarietta High School students; studio portrait, names written in reverse. L-R: Beman Biehl; Dorothy Burkhart; Leonard Martin (Orian, v. 21, 1939, p. 48-49)
Emissions Pricing, Spillovers, and Public Investment in Environmentally Friendly Technologies
No full textIn a second-best world of below-optimal pollution pricing, the public return to R&D may be greater than under Pigouvian pricing, due to excess benefits of increasing abatement, or it may be lower, since private actors lack the incentives to take full advantage of the new, cleaner technologies. This paper uses a simple model to demonstrate the interaction between environmental policies, R&D externalities, and the social return to innovation. The results indicate that strong public support for innovation is only justified if at least a moderate emissions policy is in place and spillover effects are significant. Furthermore, in most cases, policy constraints that limit regulatory burdens tend to further limit the scope for public support, even when cost reductions allow for more stringent abatement targets. An exception is when knowledge of the policy adjustment process further reduces private innovation incentives.emissions price, technological innovation, spillovers, R&D policy
[Is the formal quality of multiple choice questions used for continuing medical education influenced by guidelines for authors provided by the publishing houses?]
No full textHintergrund: Ein weit verbreitetes Format in der ärztlichen Fortbildung (Continuous Medical Education, CME) stellt die Bearbeitung von Fachartikeln in Online- und Printmedien mit Lernerfolgskontrolle in Schriftform (CME-Fragen) dar. In den letzten Jahren wurden verschiedene Qualitätssicherungsmaßnahmen für CME-Fragen im Multiple Choice-Format von Seiten der deutschen Fachzeitschriftenverlage eingeführt.
Ziel der Arbeit: Die vorliegende Studie untersucht, ob sich die formale Qualität der CME-Fragen seit der Einführung von Qualitätssicherungsmaßnahmen verbessert hat und inwiefern eine Korrelation zur Ausführlichkeit der Autorenhinweise besteht.
Material und Methoden: Insgesamt wurden 720 Fragen aus sechs wissenschaftlichen Fachzeitschriften unterschiedlicher Verlagshäuser ausgewertet. Eine 10 Kriterien umfassende Fehlerliste, die in einer Vorarbeit verwendet wurde, wurde modifiziert und erweitert. Die vorhandenen Autorenhinweise der sechs Fachzeitschriften wurden auf ihre Ausführlichkeit hin untersucht.
Ergebnisse: Die Analyse der CME-Fragen zeigte große Unterschiede in der formalen Qualität. Der Anteil formal fehlerhafter Fragen lag 2012 zwischen 34% und 92%. Bei einer Zeitschrift zeigte sich eine deutliche Verbesserung der formalen Qualität der CME-Fragen nach Einführung von Autorenhinweisen (61% fehlerhafte Fragen in 2006 vs. 33% in 2012). Es zeigte sich eine negative Korrelation zwischen der Ausführlichkeit der Autorenhinweise und dem Anteil formal fehlerhafter Fragen.
Diskussion: Es wird vermutet, dass die Veröffentlichung und Ausarbeitung von Autorenhinweisen einen positiven Einfluss auf die formale Qualität von CME-Fragen hat, auch wenn der Begutachtungsprozess im Rahmen der Qualitätssicherung ebenfalls einen großen Einfluss haben könnte.Introduction: The widespread use of flawed multiple choice questions (MCQs) in continuing medical education (CME) has been demonstrated in different studies. In recent years, quality control measures have been established by some German publishing houses to ensure the quality of MCQs.
Objectives: The purpose of the present study is to evaluate whether the quality of author’s guidelines and the quality of MCQs correlate and whether the quality of MCQs in CME has improved following the implementation of quality control measures.
Materials and Methods: A set of 720 items from 6 journals was selected for analysis. A list of 10 item- writing flaws provided by Kühne-Eversmann et al. was modified. The existing guidelines for authors of the six selected journals were categorized by their comprehensiveness.
Results: There were substantial differences in item quality with the percentage of flawed items ranging between 34 % and 92 % of all items published by a journal. One journal showed considerable improvement of item quality following the implementation of guidelines for authors (61 % flawed items in 2006 vs. 33% in 2012). The comprehensiveness of the author’s guidelines correlated negatively with the number of item-writing flaws.
Conclusions: The correlation between the existence of elaborate guidelines for authors and the absence of item-writing flaws in MCQs suggests that the publication of guidelines for authors could result in a higher quality of MCQs, even though the review process might have a major influence
Zur Entwicklung von Pflege und Pflegewissenschaft
No full textSchaeffer D, Moers M, Rosenbrock R. Zur Entwicklung von Pflege und Pflegewissenschaft. In: Schwartz FW, Walter U, Siegrist J, et al., eds. Public Health: Gesundheit und Gesundheitswesen. 3., überarbeitete Auflage. München: Urban & Fischer; 2012: 308-310
Neural Network Modelling of Constrained Spatial Interaction Flows
No full textFundamental to regional science is the subject of spatial interaction. GeoComputation - a new research paradigm that represents the convergence of the disciplines of computer science, geographic information science, mathematics and statistics - has brought many scholars back to spatial interaction modeling. Neural spatial interaction modeling represents a clear break with traditional methods used for explicating spatial interaction. Neural spatial interaction models are termed neural in the sense that they are based on neurocomputing. They are clearly related to conventional unconstrained spatial interaction models of the gravity type, and under commonly met conditions they can be understood as a special class of general feedforward neural network models with a single hidden layer and sigmoidal transfer functions (Fischer 1998). These models have been used to model journey-to-work flows and telecommunications traffic (Fischer and Gopal 1994, Openshaw 1993). They appear to provide superior levels of performance when compared with unconstrained conventional models. In many practical situations, however, we have - in addition to the spatial interaction data itself - some information about various accounting constraints on the predicted flows. In principle, there are two ways to incorporate accounting constraints in neural spatial interaction modeling. The required constraint properties can be built into the post-processing stage, or they can be built directly into the model structure. While the first way is relatively straightforward, it suffers from the disadvantage of being inefficient. It will also result in a model which does not inherently respect the constraints. Thus we follow the second way. In this paper we present a novel class of neural spatial interaction models that incorporate origin-specific constraints into the model structure using product units rather than summation units at the hidden layer and softmax output units at the output layer. Product unit neural networks are powerful because of their ability to handle higher order combinations of inputs. But parameter estimation by standard techniques such as the gradient descent technique may be difficult. The performance of this novel class of spatial interaction models will be demonstrated by using the Austrian interregional traffic data and the conventional singly constrained spatial interaction model of the gravity type as benchmark. References Fischer M M (1998) Computational neural networks: A new paradigm for spatial analysis Environment and Planning A 30 (10): 1873-1891 Fischer M M, Gopal S (1994) Artificial neural networks: A new approach to modelling interregional telecommunciation flows, Journal of Regional Science 34(4): 503-527 Openshaw S (1993) Modelling spatial interaction using a neural net. In Fischer MM, Nijkamp P (eds) Geographical information systems, spatial modelling, and policy evaluation, pp. 147-164. Springer, Berlin
Dr. med – Was beeinflusst die Forschungsproduktivität während und in den ersten Jahren nach der Promotion?
No full textZielsetzung: Verschiedene Studienergebnisse zeigen ein geringes wissenschaftliches Interesse Medizinstudierender, während gleichzeitig ein Mangel an ärztlichen Wissenschaftlern beklagt wird. Ziel der vorliegenden Studie ist, zu untersuchen, was die Publikationsproduktivität während und nach Abschluss der medizinischen Promotion beeinflusst.
Methoden:
- Stichprobe: Promovierte (Dr. med.) der medizinischen Fakultät der LMU München 2011 bis 2013
- Outcome-Variablen: Anzahl der in Pubmed gelisteten Publikationen je Promovend sowie deren Impactfaktoren (IF).
- Einflussfaktoren: Geschlecht, Alter, Note der Promotion, Teilnahme an einem strukturierten Promotionsprogramm (SPP), gemeinsame Publikationen mit Betreuer.
Die Auswertung erfolgte mittels nicht-parametrischer Verfahren.
Ergebnisse: Vor Abschluss der Promotion publizieren Männer durchschnittlich 1.98 (SD±3.64) Artikel und Frauen 1.15 (±2.67) (p<0.0001, d=0.27). Im Anschluss publizieren 40% der Männer im Gegensatz zu 24.3% der Frauen auch weiterhin (p<0.0001, Ф=0.168). Die Höhe der IF unterscheidet sich nicht.
Strukturiert Promovierte publizieren bis zum Promotionsabschluss 2.82 (±5.41) Artikel und individuell Promovierte 1.39 (±2.87) Artikel (p<0.0001, d=0.46). Diese Unterschiede bestehen auch nach Promotionsabschluss (45.5% vs. 29.7%, p=0.008, Ф=0.088). Zudem wirkt sich der Besuch eines SPPs positiv auf die Höhe der IF aus (4.33±2.91 vs. 3.37±2.82, p=0.006, d=0.34).
Eine frühe Promotion im Lebenslauf und eine exzellente oder sehr gute Benotung der Doktorarbeit beeinflussen die Publikationsproduktivität zudem positiv. Gemeinsame Publikationsaktivitäten mit Betreuern resultieren in höheren IF.
Diskussion: Die Ergebnisse unterstützen bisherige Annahmen zur Unterrepräsentanz von Frauen in der medizinischen Forschung und untermauern die Bedeutung von SPP zur Vorbereitung und Rekrutierung des wissenschaftlichen Nachwuchses in der Medizin. Die Forschungsförderung von Frauen sowie der Ausbau von SPP in der Medizin werden empfohlen.
Literatur
1. Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft. Empfehlungen der Senatskommission für Klinische Forschung –Strukturierung der wissenschaftlichen Ausbildung für Medizinerinnen und Mediziner. Berlin: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft; 2010. http://www.dfg.de/download/pdf/dfg_im_profil/geschaeftsstelle/publikationen/medizinausbildung_senat_klinische_forschung.pdf
2. Pfeiffer M, Dimitriadis K, Holzer M, Reincke M, Fischer MR. The motivation to become a medical doctor –doctoral students in a formal academic study program compared with those pursuing their doctorate independently. Dtsch Med Wochenschr. 2011;136(17):876-871. DOI: 10.1055/s-0031-1275820
3. West JD, Jacquet J, King MM, Correll SJ, Bergstrom CT. The Role of Gender in Scholarly Authorship. PLoS ONE. 2013;8:e66212. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066212
4. Ziemann E, Oestmann JW. Publications by doctoral candidates at Charité University Hospital, Berlin from 1998-2008. Dtsch Arzebl Int. 2012;109:333-337
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