21,414 research outputs found
Evaluative and speaker-positioning function bundles in spoken academic English. English as a Medium of Instruction at UNIBO
No full textLexical bundles, “the most frequent recurring lexical sequences in a register” (Biber et al 1999, ch. 13) have been investigated across a range of different genres. They have been found to mark ideology in political debate (Partington & Morley 2004), while possibly register-idiosyncratic variations have been found in argumentative discourse (Miller & Johnson, 2014a, 2014b, 2009). Morley (2004) and Murphy and Morley (2006) examine their discourse-marking function of introducing the writer’s evaluation in newspaper editorials, also with the aid of patterns of metaphors in newspaper editorials and news reports.
In the field of academic English, mastery of lexical bundles has been recognised as essential for fluent speech (Hyland 2012). The frequency of certain lexical bundles has been compared in different genres and registers (conversation and academic prose: Biber & Conrad 1999), while Biber et al (2004) and Biber and Barbieri (2007) have compared them in university spoken and written registers, and DeCarrico and Nattinger (1988, 1992) and Nesi and Basturkmen (2006) have focussed on lexical bundles in spoken academic registers among native speakers of English.
Following Miller and Johnson’s investigations of lexical bundles such as we must, it is time and it is + ADJ (2014a, 2014b, 2009) in argumentative discourse typical of parliamentary proceedings, where some register-idiosyncratic variation emerged, this paper aims to investigate other evaluative and speaker-positioning function bundles (Halliday 1985). Instead of parliamentary discourse, however, the present study focuses on the spoken Academic English of non-native English-speaking Italian native lecturers during lectures at an Italian University. While both academic genres, lectures and office hours are different on a level of interaction, with interaction being an inherent characteristic of the latter, while the former, particularly in the Italian academic context, still tends to be monologic with little space for participation from students. Lecturer discourse in the two genres is scrutinised in relation to the function bundles used, particularly those indicating the stance towards or opinion of the speaker towards a particular proposition, for example the likelihood of it taking place, its importance, or its necessity (Biber et al. 2004, Biber & Barbieri 2007), and occurring in the phraseology It v-link ADJ (+ that/to...).
Selected lectures and office hours from the macro-areas of Physical Sciences and Social Sciences were recorded and transcribed to form the EmiBO corpus (Johnson & Picciuolo 2022) of nearly 240,000 words. A comparative corpus investigation was performed using SketchEngine (Kilgarriff et al. 2004) to compare frequent phraseology across macro-areas and genres. The aim of this study is to reveal patterns in usage of this particular phraseology across macro disciplinary area (Physical Sciences compared with Social Sciences subjects), and subgenre (lecture vs office hour sessions).
The most frequent adjective in this phrase in argumentative discourse in Miller and Johnson (2009) was important and its synonyms. Investigation will show whether the same holds true for the academic context, in particular as regards production by non native speakers. Groom’s (2005) semantic divisions for categorising the evaluators are used. My hypothesis is that this phrase, an example of ‘explicit’ stance marking, is mainly used to further the informational content of the lecture, signalling the lecturer’s opinion of the importance or relevance of the information to follow.
Appropriate use of lexical bundles is an essential component of fluent spoken and written academic production, making it possible to distinguish between the novice and expert user (Nesi & Basturkmen 2006; Hyland 2012). This is particularly relevant in the Italian university context, where English as a Medium of Instruction is a fairly recent phenomenon and many Italian lecturers do not have a high level of English language proficiency (Campagna & Pulcini 2014: 180). While competent English language speakers have a greater reserve of options to draw on, including both implicit and explicit markers (Deroey 2018), less confident speakers might tend to overuse or misuse this phrase. In order to investigate this, corpus findings were tested against a corpus of academic spoken English produced by native speaking lecturers (BASE).
Biber, D. & Barbieri, F. (2007). Lexical bundles in university spoken and written registers. English for Specific Purposes, 26 (3), pp. 263–286.
Biber, D., Conrad, S. & Cortes, V. (2004). ‘If you look at...’: Lexical bundles in university teaching and textbooks. Applied Linguistics, 25 (3), 371–405.
Biber, D., Conrad, S., & Reppen, R. (1998). Corpus linguistics: Investigating language structure and use. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, MA.
Biber, D., Johansson, S., Leech, G., Conrad, S. & Finegan, E. (1999). Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English, Pearson Education Ltd., Harlow, Essex.
Biber, D. & Conrad, S.( 1999). Lexical bundles in conversation and academic prose. In Hasselgard, H. & S. Oksefjell (eds), Out of Corpora. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 181-190.
Campagna, S. & Pulcini, V. (2014). English as a Medium of Instruction in Italian Universities. Textus 1, 173-190.
DeCarrico, J. & Nattinger, J.R. (1988). Lexical phrases for the comprehension of academic lectures, English for Specific Purposes, 7(2), 91–102.
DeCarrico, J. and Nattinger, J. R. (1992). Lexical Phrases and Language Teaching. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Deroey, K. L. B. (2018). The representativeness of lecture listening coursebooks: Language, lecture authenticity, research-informedness. Journal of English for Academic Purposes, 34, 57-67.
Groom, N. (2005). Pattern and Meaning across genres and disciplines: an exploratory study. Journal of English for Academic Purposes, 4, 257-277.
Halliday, M.A.K. (1985). Dimensions of Discourse Analysis: Grammar. In Webster J.J. (ed.), The Handbook of Discourse Analysis, Vol. 2: Dimensions of Discourse, Academic Press, London, pp. 29-56.
Hyland, K. (2012). Bundles in Academic Discourse. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 32, 150-169.
Johnson, J.H. & Picciuolo, M. (2022). The EmiBO Corpus. A resource for investigating lecture discourse across disciplines and lecture modes in an EMI context. Lingue e Linguaggi, 53, 253-272.
Kilgarriff, A., Rychlý, P., Smrž, P., Tugwell, D. (2004). The Sketch Engine. Proceedings of the 11th EURALEX International Congress, pp. 105-116.
Miller, D.R. & Johnson J.H. (2009), Phraseological choice as ‘register-idiosyncratic’ evaluative meaning? A corpus-assisted comparative study of Congressional debate. Paper given at the Corpus Linguistics Conference, Liverpool UK, 21-23 July, 2009.
Miller D.R. & Johnson, J.H. (2014a). ‘Register-idiosyncratic’ evaluative choice in Congressional debate: a corpus-assisted comparative study. In Fontaine, L., Bartlett, T. & O’Grady, G. (eds.), Systemic Functional Linguistics. Exploring Choice, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 432-453.
Miller, D.R. & Johnson, J.H. (2014b). Evaluative phraseological choice and speaker party/gender. A corpus-assisted comparative study of register-idiosyncratic meaning in Congressional debate. In Thompson, G. & Alba-Juez, L. (eds.), Evaluation in Context, John Benjamins, Amsterdam /Philadelphia, pp. 345-366.
Morley, J. (2004). The Sting in the tail? Persuasion in English editorial discourse. In Partington, A., Morley J. & Haarman L. (eds), Corpora and Discourse. Bern: Peter Lang, pp. 239-255.
Murphy, A.C. & Morley, J. (2006). The peroration revisited. In Bhatia, V.K. & M. Gotti (eds) Explorations in specialized genres. Bern: Peter Lang pp. 201-215.
Nesi, H. & Basturkmen, H. (2006). Lexical bundles and discourse signaling in academic lectures. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics, 11, 283–304.
Partington, A. & Morley, J. (2004). At the heart of ideology: Word and cluster/bundle frequency in political debate. Practical Applications in Language and Computers, 179-192
The Gospel on the Margins: The Ideological Function of the Patristic Tradition on the Evangelist Mark
Full text linkIn spite of the virtually unanimous patristic opinion that the evangelist Mark was the interpreter of Peter, one of the most prestigious apostolic founding figures in Christian memory, the Gospel of Mark was mostly neglected in the patristic period. Not only is the text of Mark the least well represented of the canonical Gospels in terms of the number of patristic citations, commentaries and manuscripts, the explicit comments about the evangelist Mark reveal some ambivalence about its literary or theological value. In my survey of the reception of Mark from Papias of Hierapolis until Clement of Alexandria, I will argue that the reason why the patristic writers were hesitant to embrace the Gospel of Mark was that they perceived the text to be amenable to the Christological beliefs and social praxis of rival Christian factions. The patristic tradition about Mark may have little historical basis, but it had an important ideological function in appropriating the text in the name of an apostolic authority from the margins or periphery
Anna V. Johnson Anderson album, class of 1912 (AL-58)
No full text"My Golden School Days" record book from Gallaudet University Archives, filled out by Anna V. Johnson Anderson of the class of 1912. Includes photos, program books, and notes on Anderson's classmates, teachers, school year events, vacation trips, and more.This Item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s)
LGBTI variations in crime reporting: how sexual identity influences decisions to call the cops
Full text linkResearch shows that people vary in their willingness to report crime to police depending on the type of crime experienced, their gender, age, and their race or ethnicity. Whether or not lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and intersex (LGBTI) and heterosexual people vary in their willingness to report crime to the police is not well understood in the extant literature. In this article, I examine variations in LGBTI respondents' attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control on their intentions to report crimes to the police. Drawing on a survey of LGBTI individuals sampled from a Gay Pride community event and online LGBTI community forums (N = 329), I use quantitative statistical methods to examine whether LGBTI people's beliefs in police homophobia are also directly associated with the behavioral intention to report crime. Overall, the results indicate that LGBTI and heterosexual people differ significantly in their intention to report crime to the police, and that a belief in police homophobia strongly influences LGBTI people's intention to underreport crime to the police
Cortisol response and immune-related effects of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar Linnaeus) subjected to short- and long-term stress
No full textIt is generally considered that stress causes decreased immune function in fish. In this study we examined in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar Linnaeus) the effects of both short- (a single 15 s out of water) and long-term (4 weeks of daily handling 15 s out of water) stress on plasma cortisol (free and total) and glucose levels, expression of interleukin-1\u3b2 (IL-1\u3b2) and survival of head kidney (HK) macrophages under culture with Aeromonas salmonicida. In the short-term study, samples were collected prior to the application of the stressor, and at 1, 3, 6, 12 and 24 h post stress. Free and total plasma cortisol levels and the percentage of free cortisol increased significantly in the stressed group at 1 and 3 h post stress. Plasma glucose levels were significantly higher than those of control fish at 1, 3 and 6 h post stress. Constitutive expression of IL-1\u3b2 in macrophages isolated from head kidneys in stressed fish was significantly higher at 1 and 3 h post stress. However, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulated expression of IL-1\u3b2 in HK macrophages, exhibited significantly higher fold increases in unstressed fish compared to stressed fish. In the long-term study, with the exception of an increase in plasma glucose levels at 1 week, there were no significant differences in stress parameters between groups. There was a significantly higher constitutive IL-1\u3b2 expression in macrophages isolated from stressed fish over the first 2 weeks. At weeks 1, 2 and 3 the magnitude of IL-1\u3b2 response of isolated HK macrophages to LPS stimulation was reduced in >90% of the stressed fish. At 4 weeks there was no significant difference in inducible IL-1\u3b2 expression between the groups. Macrophages isolated from stressed fish also showed significantly decreased survival when exposed to A. salmonicida. This study shows a clear pattern from repeated handling stress, whereby effects on immune cells begin with increased constitutive expression of IL-1\u3b2, followed by decreased stimulation of leucocytes by extracellular antigen, and finally decreased leukocyte survival when exposed to A. salmonicida. The implications of these changes in the immune system will be discussed with respect to the use of classical indicators of stress to predict possible effects on the immune system of fish.Peer reviewed: YesNRC publication: Ye
Johnson, Earl S., The Humanistic Teachings of Earl S. Johnson. Boulder: Westview Press, 1983.
No full textPresents collected articles by the author which identifies his values
The Body in Literature: Mark Johnson, Metaphor, and Feeling
No full textAn inadequate grasp of the role of imagination has vitiated understanding of human cognition in western thinking. Extending a project initiated with George Lakoff in <I>Metaphors we Live By</I> (1980), Mark Johnson's book <I>The Body in the Mind</I> (1987) offers the claim that all thinking originates in bodily experience. A range of schemata formed during our early experience manipulating a physical world of surfaces, distances, and forces, lays the foundation of later, more abstract modes of thought. In presenting his argument, Johnson lays special stress on the qualities and dynamics of the image schemata, the (generally unnoticed) metaphoricity of the transformations underlying abstract thought, and the new significance that should be attributed to the imagination, which is the general term Johnson wishes to claim for the mental processes he expounds. In this paper I draw attention to the importance of Johnson's insights for understanding literary response. In particular, I will show how a typical procedure of literary texts involves bringing to awareness image schemata of the kind that Johnson describes. At the same time, several problems in Johnson's account which limit its usefulness will also be examined: an undue reliance upon the spatial properties of schemata; a conflation of dead with live or poetic metaphors; and a neglect of other bodily influences on thought, especially kinaesthetic and affective aspects. These problems, for example, limit the usefulness of Johnson's attempt to build on Kant's theory of imagination. In comparison with Coleridge, who also attempted to build on Kant, Johnson is unable to overcome the formalism of Kant's theory. Coleridge's account of imagination, I will suggest, provides a better foundation for examining the bodily basis of meaning, while remaining compatible with Johnson's intentions and his more valuable insights
Utah Agricultural College Correspondence with Becker Brewing and Malting Company, 1914
No full textThis series of correspondence between Mark Johnson and the Becker Brewing and Malting Company concerns credit on returned bottles in exchange for a discount on a barrel of beer. Mark Johnson was an employee of the Utah Agricultural College. The language in this correspondence is very typical for ordering beer and for resolving customer issues with the Becker Brewing and Malting Company
Letter from Joseph S. Tomlinson to Mr. & Mrs. Johnson Armstrong
Full text linkJoseph S. Tomlinson has just returned from a trip to Maysville, Kentucky, where he stayed in the home of Johnson Armstrong and his wife. He writes a letter of appreciation to his hosts. [At the time, Tomlinson was completing his degree at Transylvania University in Lexington, KY. Graduating in 1825, he was admitted on trial to the Kentucky Conference in September of 1825 and appointed to a professorship at Augusta College in Maysville. Johnson Armstrong was a trustee at the college.] The letter is difficult to read and the author was initially identified as Tolindaw . Comparing the signature in the October 31, 1844 letter, it is clear that both letters were written by Tomlinson. Abstract Number - 534https://digitalcommons.owu.edu/finley-letters/1831/thumbnail.jp
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