414 research outputs found
Baseline Risk and Marginal Willingness to Pay for Health Risk Reduction
No full textEmpirical results presented in this paper suggest that parents’ marginal willingness to pay (MWTP) for a reduction in morbidity risk from heart disease is inversely related to baseline risk (i.e., the amount of risk initially faced) both for themselves and for their children. For instance, a 40% reduction from the mean of baseline risk results in an increase in MWTP by 70% or more. Thus, estimates of monetary benefits of public programs to reduce heart disease risk would be understated if the standard practice is followed of evaluating MWTP at initial risk levels and then multiplying this value by the number of cases avoided. Estimates are supported by: (1) unique quantitative information on perceptions of the risk of getting heart disease that allow baseline risk to be defined at an individual level and (2) improved econometric procedures to control for well-known difficulties associated with stated preference data
Risk Perception, Learning, and Willingness to Pay to Reduce Heart Disease Risk
No full textThe paper investigates the validity of individual perceptions of heart disease risks, and examines how information and risk perceptions affect marginal willingness to pay (MWTP) to reduce risk, using data from a stated preference survey. Results indicate that risk perceptions held before receiving risk information are plausibly related to objective risk factors and reflect individual- specific information not found in aggregate measures of objective risk. After receiving informa- tion, individuals’ updates of prior risk assessments are broadly consistent with Bayesian learning. Perceived heart disease risks thus satisfy construct validity and provide a valid basis for inferring MWTP to reduce risk. Consistent estimators of the relationship of MWTP to endogenously perceived risk are developed. Estimating MWTP based on objective rather than subjective risks causes misleading inferences about benefits of risk reduction. An empirical case study shows that estimated benefits may be as much as 60–98 % higher when estimated using individuals’ heterogeneous perceptions of risk than when using aggregate estimates of objective risk. The main contributions include assessing the validity of risk perceptions and their updating, consistently estimating the relationship between MWTP and endogenously perceived risk, and demonstrating the importance of employing risk perception information for accurate benefit measurement
Risk Perception, Learning and Willingness to Pay to Reduce Heart Disease Risks
No full textThe paper investigates the validity of individuals’ perceptions of heart disease risks, and examines how information and risk perceptions affect marginal willingness to pay (MWTP) to reduce risk, using data from a stated preference survey. Results indicate that risk perceptions individuals held before receiving risk information are plausibly related to objective risk factors and reflect individual-specific information not found in aggregate measures of objective risk. After receiving information, individuals’ updates of prior risk assessments are broadly consistent with Bayesian learning. Perceived heart disease risks thus satisfy construct validity and provide a valid basis for inferring MWTP to reduce risk. Estimating MWTP based on objective rather than subjective risks causes misleading inferences about benefits of risk reduction. An empirical case study shows that benefits are 36% to 62% higher when estimated using objective rather than subjective risks, showing the importance of employing risk perception information to improve validity of benefit measures
Household Decision Making and Valuation of Environmental Health Risks to Parents and Their Children
No full textThis paper empirically discriminates between household decision-making models for estimating parents’ willingness to pay for health risk reductions for their children and for themselves. Models are tested using data from a stated preference survey involving 432 matched pairs of married parents. Analysis builds on a collective model of resource allocation that incorporates household production of perceived health risks and allows for differences in preferences and risk perceptions between parents. Results are consistent with Pareto efficiency within the household. Thus, for a given proportionate reduction in health risk, (1) parents are willing to pay equal amounts at the margin to protect themselves and the child and (2) parents’ choices for their children are based on household valuations, rather than individual valuations. The marginal willingness to pay of mothers and fathers for health risk protection appears insensitive to shifts in their relative contributions to the household budget
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Forces that structure plant communities: quantifying the importance of the mycorrhizal symbiosis
No full textJohn Klironomos, Martin Zobel, Mark Tibbett, William D. Stock, Matthias C. Rillig, Jeri L. Parrent, Mari Moora, Alexander M. Koch, José M. Facelli, Evelina Facelli, Ian A. Dickie and James D. Beve
Birmingham News sleeve BN0042237
No full textSongwriters / Mark Kolen / Bill Holtzclaw / Dickie Gilmor
Do Classroom Experiments Increase Learning In Introductory Microeconomics?
No full textInterest in using classroom experiments to teach economics is increasing whereas empirical evidence on how experiments affect learning is limited and mixed. The author used a pretest-posttest control-group design to test whether classroom experiments and grade incentives that reward performance in experiments affect learning of introductory microeconomics. The author measured the partial effects of experiments independently of instructor quality and teaching methods using Test of Understanding in College Economics scores. Experiments without incentives are associated with higher posttest scores and greater improvement over pretest scores, but grade incentives may offset benefits of experiments. Controlling for student aptitude and other characteristics, limiting influence of potential outliers, or adjusting for potential selection bias from incomplete observation of test scores does not alter the conclusion that experiments increase learning whereas grade incentives do not. Copyright © 2006 Heldref Publications
A natureza institucional da arte segundo George Dickie.
No full textA presente pesquisa tem por objeto a questão “o que é arte?” e seus possíveis desdobramentos dentro da produção filosófica contemporânea de perfil analítico. Para dissertar sobre este tema, optou-se por separar o texto em cinco momentos distintos e complementares. O primeiro visa apresentar o problema sobre a definição da natureza da arte, localizando-o histórica e contextualmente, e vinculando-o ao nosso atual cenário artístico para facilitar sua delimitação. O segundo momento visa apontar caminhos de identificação da natureza das coisas e neste sentido, qual deles seria o mais fecundo para se investigar algo como a arte – de natureza tão controversa e plural. O terceiro defende que a teoria institucional de George Dickie indica um caminho fecundo e adequado de identificação daquilo que a arte é. Sua tese central é que a arte só pode ser compreendida se entendida dentro de sua própria prática, sempre vinculada a um contexto sociocultural. Neste ponto, escolhemos trabalhar cada aspecto desta perspectiva detalhadamente, incluindo suas objeções. O quarto momento aborda o mesmo autor e sua posição sobre o valor da arte. No caso, em a arte produzir experiências de valor dentro da cultura, e como tais experiências podem ser medidas através das qualidades e elementos das obras de arte. O quinto e último momento traz uma conclusão onde se delimita até que ponto a perspectiva de Dickie é pertinente e onde sua visão deixa a desejar. Ou seja, nossa crítica a sua perspectiva.This research aims at the question "what is art?" and its possible developments in the production of contemporary philosophical analytical profile. To elaborate on this theme, we chose to separate the text into five distinct and complementary moments. The first is to present the problem of defining the nature of art, locating it historically and contextually, and linking it to our current art scene to facilitate its boundaries. The second phase aims to point out ways of identifying the nature of things and in this sense, which one would be more fruitful to investigate something like the art - so controversial in nature and plural. The third argues that George Dickie's institutional theory suggests a fruitful way and proper identification of what art is. His central thesis is that art can only be understood if understood within their own practice, always linked to a socio-cultural context. At this point, choose to work every aspect of this perspective in detail, including their objections. The fourth period covers the same author and his position on the value of art. In this case, experiments in the art to produce a value within the culture, and how such experiences can be measured through the qualities and elements of art works. The fifth and final moment brings a conclusion where it defines the extent to which Dickie perspective is relevant and where their vision is weak. In other words, our critique your perspective
A natureza institucional da arte segundo George Dickie.
No full textA presente pesquisa tem por objeto a questão “o que é arte?” e seus possíveis desdobramentos dentro da produção filosófica contemporânea de perfil analítico. Para dissertar sobre este tema, optou-se por separar o texto em cinco momentos distintos e complementares. O primeiro visa apresentar o problema sobre a definição da natureza da arte, localizando-o histórica e contextualmente, e vinculando-o ao nosso atual cenário artístico para facilitar sua delimitação. O segundo momento visa apontar caminhos de identificação da natureza das coisas e neste sentido, qual deles seria o mais fecundo para se investigar algo como a arte – de natureza tão controversa e plural. O terceiro defende que a teoria institucional de George Dickie indica um caminho fecundo e adequado de identificação daquilo que a arte é. Sua tese central é que a arte só pode ser compreendida se entendida dentro de sua própria prática, sempre vinculada a um contexto sociocultural. Neste ponto, escolhemos trabalhar cada aspecto desta perspectiva detalhadamente, incluindo suas objeções. O quarto momento aborda o mesmo autor e sua posição sobre o valor da arte. No caso, em a arte produzir experiências de valor dentro da cultura, e como tais experiências podem ser medidas através das qualidades e elementos das obras de arte. O quinto e último momento traz uma conclusão onde se delimita até que ponto a perspectiva de Dickie é pertinente e onde sua visão deixa a desejar. Ou seja, nossa crítica a sua perspectiva.This research aims at the question "what is art?" and its possible developments in the production of contemporary philosophical analytical profile. To elaborate on this theme, we chose to separate the text into five distinct and complementary moments. The first is to present the problem of defining the nature of art, locating it historically and contextually, and linking it to our current art scene to facilitate its boundaries. The second phase aims to point out ways of identifying the nature of things and in this sense, which one would be more fruitful to investigate something like the art - so controversial in nature and plural. The third argues that George Dickie's institutional theory suggests a fruitful way and proper identification of what art is. His central thesis is that art can only be understood if understood within their own practice, always linked to a socio-cultural context. At this point, choose to work every aspect of this perspective in detail, including their objections. The fourth period covers the same author and his position on the value of art. In this case, experiments in the art to produce a value within the culture, and how such experiences can be measured through the qualities and elements of art works. The fifth and final moment brings a conclusion where it defines the extent to which Dickie perspective is relevant and where their vision is weak. In other words, our critique your perspective
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