104 research outputs found
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THE LIVED EXPERIENCES OF HADIYA EMIGRANTS TO SOUTH AFRICA AND THE GULF STATES: CULTURAL MODELS, SOCIAL LEARNING, AND TRANSNATIONALISM
Get PDFAbstractby Mulye Girma Tadesse, Ph.D.Washington State UniversityMay 2020Chair: Barry S. HewlettThe dissertation investigates how the Hadiya of central Ethiopia, think, feel, and experience international migration to South Africa and the Gulf States. The dissertation focuses on four general questions. What are the lived experiences of Hadiya community members that emigrated to South Africa and the Gulf States? What are the Hadiya cultural domains of success, and how do Hadiya think, feel, and evaluate the good life? How do local Hadiya learn about migration (from whom do they learn about it and how do they learn it)? How does international migration and transnationalism impact what the Hadiya view as the “good life” (horrem dennammo)? Data were collected in 2017 and 2018 in Hossana, Ethiopia. Methods included participant observation and informal interviews in the community, case study interviews with 46 returned migrants, freelisting exercises about perceptions of the “good life” with 66 informants, a pile sorting activity with 22 informants, and a random sample survey of 374 households in Hossana. The study shows that several common themes emerge from the lived experiences of international migrants (e.g., material benefits influence migration, emigration facilitated by knowing Hadiya in the destination country, Hadiya value international migration ) and that the Hadiya have a cultural model about international migration which includes local terms, where to go, why to migrate, when to return, etc. Hadiya cultural values associated with the “good life” (e.g., min anna or owning a house, ula or having land, minissama and minisakaheima or living within marriage and marrying in future, and continuing education or losana lossima) motivated people to migrate in order to move closer to the Hadiya “good life” and minimize experiences of structural violence (e.g., lack of access to health and education resources). Results suggest that trusted cultural knowledge about international migration is usually acquired from friends and brothers and sisters rather than parents, i.e., horizontal transmission is common and vertical transmission is limited
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IMAGINED PLACEMAKING: TIZITA, “PLACEBASED-NOSTALGIA”, AND THE CREATION OF IMMIGRANT SELVES AMONG AMHARA ETHIOPIANS IN MINNESOTA, USA
No full textThis research investigates the experiences of Amhara Ethiopians in Minnesota, USA, emphasizing tizita, “place-based-nostalgia”, imagined placemaking, and creation of immigrant selves, by nuancing a multimodels approach including imagined-ness of community, cultural schema theories, cultural domain analysis, theories of self-construct, and counterfactual thoughts. The primary research methods used include participant observation, key informant interviews, and informal conversations. Formal data was gathered from a total of 70 participants selected based on snowballing, chain referral technique, and analyzed using narrative (discourse) analysis, salience score analysis, and elicitation of self-schemas. The research mainly addressed: How do Amhara immigrants in USA engage in imagined placemaking guided by tizita, “place-based-nostalgia”, rooted in the vitality of history, and reconcile American and Amhara cultural schemas as well as negotiate models of Amhara (non-western) and Western self to create an immigrant self capable of successfully adjusting in American cultural context? It specifically addressed: How history shapes Amhara’s relations with other groups; why Amhara engage in imagined placemaking; major discrepancies and challenges; major conflicting cultural schemas and how they impact adjustment processes; whether Amhara self-concepts changed; and, how negotiating cultural schemas and self-construal models creates contextualized selves. The research finds that, tizita, “place-based-nostalgia”, coupled by historicity, is a crucial aspect of Amhara imagined placemaking. Besides, they reconcile discrepant expectations and realities as well as conflicting home culture and destination culture schemas while strategizing minority ideological resistance, and, without changing their core-self-schemas, create a contextualized self. The research draws how Amhara, coming from a non-western culture, engage in tizita, placemaking, identity consolidation, ideological resistance, and creation of contextualized selves to becoming capable persons in American cultural context. More broadly, it speaks to tizita, “place-based-nostalgia”, as an experience of immigrants in general, although the Amhara situation elaborates a place-based nostalgia and are dealing with a history fraught with the ambiguities of place, it may be the case that imagining a home that is full of ambiguities is something that immigrants in general have to grapple with, and this aspect of the immigrant experience has not been fully appreciated yet, and this dissertation helps to draw attention to it
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LIFE HISTORY THEORY WITHIN THE HUMAN NICHE: CONCEPTUAL CONUNDRUMS, COALESCING COMMENTARIES, AND A CONSIDERATION OF CULTURE
Get PDFThe evolutionary fate of humans is intimately tied to the outcomes of two questions; when and how often should we reproduce? Life history theory can account for “when” and “how often” but, as a biological theory, must be refined when applied within the cultural, economic, and political complexities of the human niche. The process of refining life history theory and method to address patterns of human reproduction frames this three-study dissertation. Addressing the nature of risk within the human niche, the first study employs structural equation modeling techniques to isolate the impacts of varying types of condition-dependent risks on teenage and total fertility rates across 191 countries. Motivating the second study is the necessary integration of life history theory into a unified theory of demography. Applying a fixed effects approach to data from 167 countries and across 40 years, this study models how the main drivers of fertility behavior interact across both space and time. The final study demonstrates the broad applicability of life history theory within the human niche through an examination of the demographic and consumption patterns fueling anthropogenic climate change. Multilevel models using data from 45,000 individuals across 75 nations are specified to determine how local risk and parental investment interact with cultural time orientations to pattern global carbon emissions. To conclude, results of the three studies are revisited to propose areas in which life history theory can continue its expansion within the human niche
Life-history theory and climate change: resolving population and parental investment paradoxes
No full textPopulation growth in the next half-century is on pace to raise global carbon emissions by half. Carbon emissions are associated with fertility as a by-product of somatic and parental investment, which is predicted to involve time orientation/preference as a mediating psychological mechanism. Here, we draw upon life-history theory (LHT) to investigate associations between future orientation and fertility, and their impacts on carbon emissions. We argue '
-strategy' life history (LH) in high-income countries has resulted in parental investment behaviours involving future orientation that, paradoxically, promote unsustainable carbon emissions, thereby lowering the Earth's
or carrying capacity. Increasing the rate of approach towards this capacity are '
-strategy' LHs in low-income countries that promote population growth. We explore interactions between future orientation and development that might slow the rate of approach towards global
. Examination of 67 000 individuals across 75 countries suggests that future orientation interacts with the relationship between environmental risk and fertility and with development related parental investment, particularly investment in higher education, to slow population growth and mitigate
carbon emissions. Results emphasize that LHT will be an important tool in understanding the demographic and consumption patterns that drive anthropogenic climate change
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Dimensions of wild yam foraging among a Congo Basin forager population
Get PDFOver twenty years ago, several anthropologists began to question the ability of foragers to inhabit rainforest environments prior to the advent of agriculture. The current paper tests the hypothesis that foragers could not occupy rainforest environments prior to the development of agriculture. This hypothesis suggests that the major limiting factor to sustained human occupation is the availability of edible carbohydrates in rain forest ecosystems. Edible carbohydrate resources available in rainforests, in particular wild yams, are scarce, exhibit unpredictable distributions and require large handling times. A direct consequence of the ITF hypothesis is the reliance of tropical foragers on domesticated sources of carbohydrates, a pattern that has been documented across tropical environments, is one of necessity. The applicability of these assumptions is tested using wild yam return rate data from the Bofi, a northern Congo Basin forager population. Return rates of wild yams in the current study will demonstrate, in contradiction to the ITF hypothesis, that wild-yams could sustain independent occupation of the Northern Congo Basin rain forests. Furthermore, these results challenge the assumption that the contemporary reliance of tropical foragers on domesticated sources of carbohydrates is born from necessity
Evolutionary Psychology and Climate Change: Understanding the Impact of Time Perspective on Carbon Emissions across 75 Countries
No full textThe Process Model and the Stagnation of New Public Policy: An Analysis of the Terri Schiavo Case
Get PDFThough tragic, the case of Florida’s Terri Schiavo offers an unprecedented case study. The instance\u27s unique circumstances provide one with a valuable and tangible illustration of political theory and the formation of public policy. Despite national media attention and the infamous case’s lengthy court proceedings, the Terri Schiavo saga failed to make any legitimate national policy changes. The author examines how public policy’s Process Model, despite the case of Terri Schiavo and subsequent national concern, contributed to the stagnation of euthanasia legislation on a federal, state, and local level
Early American Republicanism as Demonstrated by Early American Theater
No full textThis thesis examines the role of theatre in promoting and perpetuating the early American republican and liberal ideals during the pre-Revolutionary and Revolutionary periods. The investigation begins with the idea of the use of theatre as utilized by nations to oppress a populace to maintain the status quo and reinforce the societal structure of the community. Augusto Boal’s theory of theatre as a tool for oppression is used to demonstrate the point beginning with Ancient Greece. To understand the idea of revolutionary theatre, the author examines how theatre has been historically used to satirize and rebel against the social order. The historical ideals of republicanism, liberalism, virtue, and natural rights as developed from the Magna Carta to the American Revolutionary War are dissected. Authors and orators such as John Wycliffe, Jan Hus, Martin Luther, and John Locke are studied. The paper then moves into the introduction of theatre as brought to the Americas from England followed by the rhetoric of the revolutionary propaganda in place at the time. The author then continues this line of inquiry into the period of the Revolutionary War itself. The use of theatre by both the British military and the Continental Army is discussed with the main focus on General Howe’s meschianza and the production of Joseph Addison’s Cato at Valley Forge. It is concluded that theatre played a significant role in the creation of the United States of America and American identity by using the rhetoric of republicanism, egalitarianism, and patriotism
Deadly silence? : suitability and limitations of subsonic ammunition for wildlife management applications
No full textVon Menschen verursachter Lärm kann bei Wildtieren zu einer Reduktion der Fitness führen (Schroeder et al. 2012). Als solcher kann ein Überschallknall, der im Flug von typischen Jagdgeschossen abgegeben wird, auch durch die Verwendung eines Schalldämpfers nicht minimiert werden (Caudell et al. 2013). Wird dies jedoch durch eine reine Reduktion der Geschossgeschwindigkeit unter die Schallgeschwindigkeit erreicht (Murphy et al. 2018), führt dies zu einer schlechten zielballistischen Wirkung (Caudell et al. 2013). Im Zuge der Arbeit wird das zielballistische Verhalten verschiedener Geschosse, mit unterschiedlicher Geschwindigkeit aber ähnlicher kinetischer Energie, verglichen. Der Autor zeigt erfolgreich, dass das flugballistische Problem der stark gekrümmten Flugbahn von Unterschallmunition durch ein Zielfernrohr mit elektronischer Flugbahnkompensation ausgeglichen werden kann. Versuche mit ballistischem Ton haben im Unterschallbereich erhebliche Differenzen in der zielballistischen Wirkung zwischen Geschossen unterschiedlicher Bauart gezeigt. Auch die Geschosswirkung zwischen den getesteten Projektilen mit Überschallgeschwindigkeit und Unterschallgeschwindigkeit zeigte deutliche Unterschiede. Die Grenzen der Anwendbarkeit von Unterschallmunition im Wildtiermanagement bleiben in Bezug auf zielballistische Wirkung weiterhin offen. Ein modifizierter Testaufbau wird beschrieben. Der Autor hinterfragt die Zulänglichkeit der geltenden österreichischen Jagdgesetze in Bezug auf die zielballistische Wirkung von Unter- und Überschallmunition. Basierend auf Gremses (2015) Streben nach einem Prüfverfahren für Jagdgeschosse, empfiehlt der Autor für Jagdgeschosse ein Zulassungsverfahren, das die zielballistische Wirkung sowie Materialanalysen umfasst. Der Autor fordert dementsprechend eine Überarbeitung aller österreichischen Jagdgesetze, um einen klaren und effektiven Rechtsrahmen zu schaffen, der beim Tötungsschuss eine schnelltötende Wirkung ohne Qualen erwarten lassen kann.Anthropogenic noise may lead to a reduction of fitness of wildlife (Schroeder et al. 2012). Due to the supersonic crack emitted from an object, flying faster than the speed of sound, the noise emitted from a hunting rifle tends not to be limited to the noise a suppressor is able to reduce (Caudell et al. 2013). While it is possible to lower these emissions substantially, by limiting the projectile speed to the speed of sound (Murphy et al. 2018), the sole reduction of a hunting rifle’s projectile velocity results in poor terminal performance (Caudell et al. 2013). In this thesis, the author compares ballistics of subsonic ammunition and supersonic hunting ammunition of similar kinetic energy on impact. The author successfully tests the capabilities of modern riflescopes to compensate for the highly curved flight trajectory of subsonic ammunition. The ballistic tests, with calibrated clay blocks as the main simulant, showed a substantial difference in terminal performance within different subsonic ammunition, due to projectile design. The tests also revealed substantial differences between the tested subsonic ammunition and supersonic ammunition. The limitations of subsonic ammunition for wildlife management applications, in terms of terminal capabilities, remain unclear. A modified test-setup for further studies is outlined. The author questions the sufficiency of the current Austrian hunting laws in regards to the terminal ballistics of subsonic and supersonic ammunition. Based on Gremse’s (2015) call for an examination and authorization process of hunting projectiles, the author suggests an authorization process that includes terminal ballistics experiments and material analysis of projectiles used for hunting. The author calls for the refactoring of all Austrian hunting laws, to ensure a simple yet effective legal framework, which facilitates quick incapacitation and death of game animals, without needless torment.verfasst von Alexander PetschnigMasterarbeit Universität für Bodenkultur Wien 2022Zusammenfassung in deutscher Sprach
Deadly silence? : suitability and limitations of subsonic ammunition for wildlife management applications
No full textVon Menschen verursachter Lärm kann bei Wildtieren zu einer Reduktion der Fitness führen (Schroeder et al. 2012). Als solcher kann ein Überschallknall, der im Flug von typischen Jagdgeschossen abgegeben wird, auch durch die Verwendung eines Schalldämpfers nicht minimiert werden (Caudell et al. 2013). Wird dies jedoch durch eine reine Reduktion der Geschossgeschwindigkeit unter die Schallgeschwindigkeit erreicht (Murphy et al. 2018), führt dies zu einer schlechten zielballistischen Wirkung (Caudell et al. 2013). Im Zuge der Arbeit wird das zielballistische Verhalten verschiedener Geschosse, mit unterschiedlicher Geschwindigkeit aber ähnlicher kinetischer Energie, verglichen. Der Autor zeigt erfolgreich, dass das flugballistische Problem der stark gekrümmten Flugbahn von Unterschallmunition durch ein Zielfernrohr mit elektronischer Flugbahnkompensation ausgeglichen werden kann. Versuche mit ballistischem Ton haben im Unterschallbereich erhebliche Differenzen in der zielballistischen Wirkung zwischen Geschossen unterschiedlicher Bauart gezeigt. Auch die Geschosswirkung zwischen den getesteten Projektilen mit Überschallgeschwindigkeit und Unterschallgeschwindigkeit zeigte deutliche Unterschiede. Die Grenzen der Anwendbarkeit von Unterschallmunition im Wildtiermanagement bleiben in Bezug auf zielballistische Wirkung weiterhin offen. Ein modifizierter Testaufbau wird beschrieben. Der Autor hinterfragt die Zulänglichkeit der geltenden österreichischen Jagdgesetze in Bezug auf die zielballistische Wirkung von Unter- und Überschallmunition. Basierend auf Gremses (2015) Streben nach einem Prüfverfahren für Jagdgeschosse, empfiehlt der Autor für Jagdgeschosse ein Zulassungsverfahren, das die zielballistische Wirkung sowie Materialanalysen umfasst. Der Autor fordert dementsprechend eine Überarbeitung aller österreichischen Jagdgesetze, um einen klaren und effektiven Rechtsrahmen zu schaffen, der beim Tötungsschuss eine schnelltötende Wirkung ohne Qualen erwarten lassen kann.Anthropogenic noise may lead to a reduction of fitness of wildlife (Schroeder et al. 2012). Due to the supersonic crack emitted from an object, flying faster than the speed of sound, the noise emitted from a hunting rifle tends not to be limited to the noise a suppressor is able to reduce (Caudell et al. 2013). While it is possible to lower these emissions substantially, by limiting the projectile speed to the speed of sound (Murphy et al. 2018), the sole reduction of a hunting rifle’s projectile velocity results in poor terminal performance (Caudell et al. 2013). In this thesis, the author compares ballistics of subsonic ammunition and supersonic hunting ammunition of similar kinetic energy on impact. The author successfully tests the capabilities of modern riflescopes to compensate for the highly curved flight trajectory of subsonic ammunition. The ballistic tests, with calibrated clay blocks as the main simulant, showed a substantial difference in terminal performance within different subsonic ammunition, due to projectile design. The tests also revealed substantial differences between the tested subsonic ammunition and supersonic ammunition. The limitations of subsonic ammunition for wildlife management applications, in terms of terminal capabilities, remain unclear. A modified test-setup for further studies is outlined. The author questions the sufficiency of the current Austrian hunting laws in regards to the terminal ballistics of subsonic and supersonic ammunition. Based on Gremse’s (2015) call for an examination and authorization process of hunting projectiles, the author suggests an authorization process that includes terminal ballistics experiments and material analysis of projectiles used for hunting. The author calls for the refactoring of all Austrian hunting laws, to ensure a simple yet effective legal framework, which facilitates quick incapacitation and death of game animals, without needless torment.verfasst von Alexander PetschnigMasterarbeit Universität für Bodenkultur Wien 2022Zusammenfassung in deutscher Sprach
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