159 research outputs found
Describing non-instrumental seismological data in QuakeML: the need for a macroseismic extension
No full textQuakeML offers a standard format for exchanging event parameters using a hierarchic structure based on XML. Since the early proposal (Schorlemmer et al., 2004), the QuakeML documentation mentions the possibility of extending the schema in order to describe macroseismic data. Until now, however, QuakeML does not offer any method to describe macroseismic intensity data, and consequently it is not possible to describe how earthquake parameters are derived from these data. According to the source of information, macroseismic data can be subdivided into three groups: 1) derived from historical, descriptive sources, 2) collected from field surveys lead by expert seismologists right after a damaging earthquake occurs, and 3) based on questionnaires compiled by non-seismologists such as 3a) public officers or 3b) the general public through online forms. The different methods of data collection express earthquake effects by means of the same unit, the so-called Macroseismic Data Point (MDP) and it is constituted by at least three elements: a) an origin time, b) an intensity value, and b) the locality (place name and coordinates) to which the assessed intensity is referred. Each earthquake is then described by a set of MDPs, all with the same origin time. A series of descriptive information can also be included: the reference to the used sources of data, such as a published paper or an online database, the quality/reliability of the assessed intensity, the reference to a Gazetteer identifier, and so on. An extension to QuakeML has been specifically devised for sharing MDPs and set of MDPs in the framework of the European Archive of Historical Earthquake Data (AHEAD), a platform aimed at preserving and making available seismological data of past earthquakes. As AHEAD is made of existing regional macroseismic databases and a central hub, it is of fundamental importance to adopt a standardised way of publishing, sharing, and possibly storing data using a common format. QuakeML was identified as the most suitable starting point, and the missing elements were added following a coherent scheme. A tool called Macroseismic Intensity Data Online Publisher (MIDOP; Locati and Cassera, 2006; http://www.emidius.eu/MIDOP/) was developed in order to promote the adoption of common procedures and to support the growth of newly established regional archives. At the same time, the web portal of the AHEAD central hub was developed to make the gathered data available to the community (Locati et al., 2014; http://www.emidius.eu/AHEAD/). The presentation will illustrate the proposed QuakeML extension for macroseismic data, its current implementation and use for sharing historical earthquakes data.PublishedIstanbul, Turkey4T. Sismologia, geofisica e geologia per l'ingegneria sismica4IT. Banche dat
The building up process of a macroseismic intensity database
No full textSince the late nineties Italy has a well-established tradition of making available on the Internet a national macroseismic intensity database. The last updated version called DBMI11 was released in December 2011.
By using this public database everyone can obtain information about the effects caused in a populated place by an earthquake of the past. A huge quantity of well organised historical information can be effortlessly retrieved and used as the background information of the seismic hazard assessment.
Other similar activities are carried out by the same DBMI working group: the creation of a transnational European database called AHEAD (Archive of historical Earthquake Data) and the related effort of supporting the growth of other European intensity databases (Catalonia, Spain, Portugal, Greece and UK) and, at world-wide scale, the support for the "Global Earthquake History", the GEM (Global Earthquake Model) global component.
This presentation will describe how these databases are built, how they are structured and which tools are used both for managing data and for the Internet publication.PublishedBologna, Italy5.1. TTC - Banche dati e metodi macrosismiciope
Catalogo Parametrico dei Terremoti Italiani, versione CPTI15
No full textTrent’anni fa veniva completata la compilazione del "Catalogo dei Terremoti Italiani dall’anno 1000 al 1980" del Progetto Finalizzato Geodinamica, pubblicato nel 1985 da Daniele Postpischl (Postpischl, 1985a). Il Gruppo Catalogo dei Terremoti, autore di quel lavoro, si era posto l’obiettivo di “verificare le informazioni sui terremoti italiani contenuti nei diversi Cataloghi disponibili”, in particolare del catalogo ENEL (1977), e prepararne una nuova e più avanzata versione. A conclusione di quel lavoro, che ai componenti del Gruppo di Lavoro era apparso fin da subito del tutto preliminare a fronte delle ambizioni iniziali, quello che appariva chiaro era l’aver fatto riemergere un intero settore disciplinare pressoché dimenticato, quello della sismologia storica, e l’aver reso possibili, con la compilazione del catalogo e delle schede monografiche sui più forti terremoti italiani pubblicati nell’”Atlas of isoseimal maps of Italian earthquakes” (Postpischl, 1985b), “i primi concreti avanzamenti in un processo ancora lungo di ricerche, per giungere a prodotti definitivi”.
Che si potesse arrivare a prodotti definitivi è un’idea rapidamente superata, resa evidente dal lungo percorso che ha portato alla versione attuale del Catalogo Parametrico dei Terremoti Italiani, erede di quella stagione. Nel corso degli anni i margini di miglioramento delle conoscenze sui terremoti noti alla tradizione sismologica si sono rivelati – e lo sono tuttora – enormi e si sono aperte strade di ricerca del tutto nuove.
Questa versione del Catalogo, trent’anni dopo, è un ulteriore importante contributo al miglioramento delle conoscenze sui caratteri della sismicità del territorio nazionale, la definizione dei processi sismogenetici, l’identificazione e caratterizzazione delle strutture attive e al miglioramento delle stime di pericolosità.
La prima versione del Catalogo Parametrico dei Terremoti Italiani, risalente al luglio del 1999 (CPTI99; Gruppo di Lavoro CPTI, 1999), fu concepita come catalogo di consenso all’interno della comunità scientifica del settore per unificare e omogeneizzare, attraverso procedure di stima dei parametri uguali per tutti i terremoti, tutte le informazioni disponibili sui terremoti italiani fino ad allora prodotte da fonti diverse o riportate da cataloghi tra loro alternativi (NT4.1, Camassi e Stucchi, 1997; CFTI 1 e 2, Boschi et al., 1995;1997). Nel maggio 2004 fu rilasciata una seconda versione (CPTI04, Gruppo di Lavoro CPTI, 2004) utilizzata per la compilazione della Mappa di Pericolosità Sismica del territorio nazionale MPS04 (Gruppo di Lavoro MPS, 2004; Stucchi et al., 2011). Tale versione era di fatto nuova solo per la finestra temporale 1981‐2002, mentre si rifaceva al precedente CPTI99 per la restante parte, ad eccezione della conversione della magnitudo Ms a Mw attraverso formule empiriche. Successivamente, alcune versioni sperimentali e/o parziali sono state rilasciate per usi interni all’INGV o di progetti specifici.
La terza versione pubblica, denominata CPTI11 (Rovida et al., 2011), è stata rilasciata a dicembre 2011. Insieme ad un profondo aggiornamento dei dati di base sia macrosismici (raccolti nella versione DBMI11 del Database Macrosismico Italiano; Locati et al., 2011) sia strumentali, altre importanti innovazioni riguardavano la struttura, con la presenza contemporanea di parametri macrosismici e strumentali (oltre a una determinazione preferita), e l’inclusione di numerose repliche e foreshocks. Per contro, per motivi di tempo, erano stati considerati solo dati macrosismici pubblicati prima del 2007 senza aggiornare né le relazioni empiriche per l’omogeneizzazione delle magnitudo strumentali, né le procedure di calcolo dei parametri macrosismici, ad eccezione dell’utilizzo sperimentale del metodo di Bakun e Wentworth (1997) per alcuni terremoti con epicentro in mare.
Grazie anche agli sviluppi metodologici maturati nell’ambito di alcuni progetti europei e, soprattutto, al considerevole quantitativo di nuovi dati di intensità pubblicati in questi ultimi cinque anni, unitamente a stime aggiornate delle magnitudo strumentali, si è oggi realizzato, insieme alla nuova versione del database macrosismico associato DBMI, un profondo aggiornamento del catalogo, denominato CPTI15
MIDOP - Macroseismic Intensity Data Online Publisher
No full textWithin the activities of the Networking Activity 4 (NA4) module called “Distributed Archive of Historical Earthquake Data” of the European Commission NERIES project, a massive quantity of historical earthquakes related data is being published online. The NA4 working team is composed of many researchers coming from five European National Institutions. The retrieved data ranges from year 1000 to year 1900 and covers all of Europe.
One of the fundamental components of historical seismology research is the so called “macroseismic intensity data” which describes the level of damage caused by an earthquake in a list of places. Usually these data come in form of printed maps and/or tables; only rarely data are available in digital form. Among other tasks, the NA4 working team is dedicated to publishing maps representing retrieved material.
Until now no dedicated software for online map publishing existed and general purpose solutions were adopted. However a macroseismic map requires a series of additional information such as explanation on the sources used, detailed places information and representation of the level of damage using special glyph.
These requirements are of difficult implementation using out-of-the-box tools, resulting in extremely time-consuming hard to do customization and manual operations, tasks that NERIES NA4 couldn’t afford.
To solve the situation the working team decided to create MIDOP, a specific tool that allows webinexperienced researchers to easily transform unappealing tables into deeply customized interactive maps.
A completely coding-free approach has been adopted sporting a user friendly web interface capable of generating entire websites from scratch. Once a website has been created, its publication on the web is easy as dragging a folder to the final web server. Thanks to its SVG and JavaScript integration the web server will only manage static pre-generated pages, resulting in a secure and lightweight web application from the server point-of-view. Only the client computer resources will be used when users require actions such zoom, pans or mapped places search.
The MIDOP tool is based on open source solutions such as JavaScript, PHP and MySQL and extensively uses SVG for visual representation and interaction. The tool is being released under an open source license. This document is a comprehensive final user manual.Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e VulcanologiaPublished5.1. TTC - Banche dati e metodi macrosismiciope
MIDOP - Macroseismic Intensity Data Online Publisher
No full textWithin the activities of the Networking Activity 4 (NA4) module called “Distributed Archive of Historical Earthquake Data” of the European Commission NERIES project, a massive quantity of historical earthquakes related data is being published online. The NA4 working team is composed of many researchers coming from five European National Institutions. The retrieved data ranges from year 1000 to year 1900 and covers all of Europe.
One of the fundamental components of historical seismology research is the so called “macroseismic intensity data” which describes the level of damage caused by an earthquake in a list of places. Usually these data come in form of printed maps and/or tables; only rarely data are available in digital form. Among other tasks, the NA4 working team is dedicated to publishing maps representing retrieved material.
Until now no dedicated software for online map publishing existed and general purpose solutions were adopted. However a macroseismic map requires a series of additional information such as explanation on the sources used, detailed places information and representation of the level of damage using special glyph.
These requirements are of difficult implementation using out-of-the-box tools, resulting in extremely time-consuming hard to do customization and manual operations, tasks that NERIES NA4 couldn’t afford.
To solve the situation the working team decided to create MIDOP, a specific tool that allows webinexperienced researchers to easily transform unappealing tables into deeply customized interactive maps.
A completely coding-free approach has been adopted sporting a user friendly web interface capable of generating entire websites from scratch. Once a website has been created, its publication on the web is easy as dragging a folder to the final web server. Thanks to its SVG and JavaScript integration the web server will only manage static pre-generated pages, resulting in a secure and lightweight web application from the server point-of-view. Only the client computer resources will be used when users require actions such zoom, pans or mapped places search.
The MIDOP tool is based on open source solutions such as JavaScript, PHP and MySQL and extensively uses SVG for visual representation and interaction. The tool is being released under an open source license. This document is a comprehensive final user manual.Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e VulcanologiaPublished5.1. TTC - Banche dati e metodi macrosismiciope
Temporal relationships, transitions and structure of the behavioural repertoire in male Apennine chamois during the rut
No full textThe reproductive behaviour of adult male Rupicapra pyrenaica ornata was studied in the Abruzzo National Park. Older males grouped and succesesfully defended larger harems, containing a greater number of prime females. Males herded females mainly by the Head Down threat, in both the still and moving postures. The aggressive connotation of the Snort, a usually assumed "alarm' call, is discussed in the harem formation context. The courtship sequences is described. The function of female reactive urination is evaluated in this context. A harem holder did not only have to prevent females from leaving, but he had also to deal with male competitors. -from Author
MIDOP: Macroseismic Intensity Data Online Publisher
No full textWithin the Networking Activity 4 (NA4) "Distributed Archive of Historical Earthquake Data" of the EU NERIES project, a massive quantity of macroseismic data related to earthquakes of the past centuries is being published online. The NA4 working team is composed of many researchers coming from five European National Institutions. The retrieved data range from year 1000 to year 1900 and cover all of Europe. The presented tool "MIDOP" is being specifically developed for intuitive online publication of macroseismic maps of historical earthquakes.PublishedMountain View, California, USA5.1. TTC - Banche dati e metodi macrosismiciope
MIDOP: Macroseismic Intensity Data Online Publisher
No full textWithin the Networking Activity 4 (NA4) "Distributed Archive of Historical Earthquake Data" of the EU NERIES project, a massive quantity of macroseismic data related to earthquakes of the past centuries is being published online. The NA4 working team is composed of many researchers coming from five European National Institutions. The retrieved data range from year 1000 to year 1900 and cover all of Europe. The presented tool "MIDOP" is being specifically developed for intuitive online publication of macroseismic maps of historical earthquakes.PublishedMountain View, California, USA5.1. TTC - Banche dati e metodi macrosismiciope
Occurrence of disseminated intravascular coagulation in rat BNML leukaemia despite lack of leucocyte procoagulant activity.
No full textArchitetti lombardi a Buenos Aires: percorsi formativi e prime occasioni professionali / Arquitectos lombardos en Buenos Aires: caminos formativos y primeras oportunidades profesionales
No full textIl saggio ricostruisce i percorsi formativi di alcuni progettisti lombardi attivi a Buenos Aires tra fine Ottocento e inizi Novecento, rivisitando una tradizione storiografica che ha teso ad accreditare le notizie tratte da memorie autobiografiche o da pubblicazioni d’epoca, spesso sollecitate dagli stessi protagonisti e per questo facilmente manipolabili. Alla luce della documentazione conservata negli archivi milanesi, non tutti i protagonisti dell’architettura italiana in Argentina appaiono infatti in possesso di un diploma per l’esercizio della professione, e in molti casi il loro iter didattico risulta interrotto prima della sua conclusione.
In questo quadro, che conferma la disomogeneità della formazione dell’architetto prima delle riforme del XX secolo, un’attenzione particolare è riservata alla generazione nata negli anni Ottanta dell’Ottocento, che può contare su di un iter di studi più strutturato (nel caso milanese centrato sul binomio Accademia di Brera-Politecnico) e su una eccezionale occasione di visibilità internazionale grazie all’Esposizione del Sempione del 1906. Qui si collocano infatti, accanto alle più note performance di Sebastiano Giuseppe Locati e di Gaetano Moretti, le prime esperienze professionali di Attilio Locati e Francesco Gianotti, che ritroveremo a Buenos Aires – con Virginio Colombo e Mario Palanti – all’Esposizione del Centenario del 1910, dove si consuma l’esperienza dell’eclettismo modernista di ascendenza milanese
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