429 research outputs found
Investing in justice : ethics, evidence, and the eradication investment cases for lymphatic filariasis and onchocerciasis
No full textIt has been suggested that initiatives to eradicate specific communicable diseases need to be informed by eradication investment cases to assess the feasibility, costs, and consequences of eradication compared with elimination or control. A methodological challenge of eradication investment cases is how to account for the ethical importance of the benefits, burdens, and distributions thereof that are salient in people's experiences of the diseases and related interventions but are not assessed in traditional approaches to health and economic evaluation. We have offered a method of ethical analysis grounded in theories of social justice. We have described the method and its philosophical rationale and illustrated its use in application to eradication investment cases for lymphatic filariasis and onchocerciasis, 2 neglected tropical diseases that are candidates for eradication
Ethical considerations for global health decision-making : justice-enhanced cost-effectiveness analysis of new technologies for Trypanosoma brucei gambiense
No full textWe sought to assess formally the extent to which different control and elimination strategies for human African trypanosomiasis; Trypanosoma brucei gambiense; (Gambiense HAT) would exacerbate or alleviate experiences of societal disadvantage that traditional economic evaluation does not take into account. Justice-enhanced cost-effectiveness analysis (JE-CEA) is a normative approach under development to address social justice considerations in public health decision-making alongside other types of analyses. It aims to assess how public health interventions under analysis in comparative evaluation would be expected to influence the clustering of disadvantage across three core dimensions of well-being: agency, association and respect. As a case study to test the approach, we applied it to five strategies for Gambiense HAT control and elimination, in combination with two different other evaluations: a cost-effectiveness analysis and a probability of elimination analysis. We have demonstrated how JE-CEA highlights the ethical importance of adverse social justice impacts of otherwise attractive options and how it indicates specific modifications to policy options to mitigate such impacts. JE-CEA holds promise as an approach to help decision makers and other stakeholders consider social justice more fully, explicitly and systematically in evaluating public health programs
Biography of the Hon. W. H. Merritt, M.P., of Lincoln, District of Niagara, by J. P. Merritt; with annotations, marginalia and handwritten additions, ca. 1875
No full textWilliam Hamilton Merritt was the most important entrepreneur in the Niagara region in his era. His contributions to the creation of the Welland Canal and of vital transportation routes between Upper Canada and Montreal, and to points across the Atlantic Ocean are widely known to be highly significant. Merritt was also involved in railroad development and banking.The record is the biography of William Hamilton Merritt written by his son J.P. (Jedediah Prendergast) Merritt.
The pages have been annotated and cross referenced, as perhaps by the author himself or by a close family member. Additional nine pages of handwritten notes have been glued into the book as providing additional information to the content. Three newspaper clippings were added as well, with a few others missing. The inside cover of the book has been inscribed, “Merritt Collection”
A study of twenty five mothers who were committed for neglect of their minor children to the Reformatory for Women, Framingham, Massachusetts 1941-1946, 1947
No full text
Dormitator latifrons
No full textDormitator latifrons (Richardson, 1844). Pacific Fat Sleeper or Spotted Sleeper. To 61 cm (2 ft) TL (Eschmeyer and Herald 1983). Palos Verdes, southern California to Peru (Bussing 1998), including Islas Galápagos (Grove and Lavenberg 1997); also Lake Merritt, San Francisco Bay area (Long 1996). Benthic; marine, brackish, and fresh waters (Fricke et al. 2020); depth: to 2 m (7 ft) or more (Robertson and Allen 2002).Published as part of Love, Milton S., Bizzarro, Joseph J., Cornthwaite, Maria, Frable, Benjamin W. & Maslenikov, Katherine P., 2021, Checklist of marine and estuarine fishes from the Alaska-Yukon Border, Beaufort Sea, to Cabo San Lucas, Mexico, pp. 1-285 in Zootaxa 5053 (1) on page 203, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5053.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/557800
Controlled butchery observations as a means for interpreting Okote member hominin carnivory at Koobi Fora, Kenya
No full textThree archaeological assemblages from Okote Member (1.5 Ma) deposits at Koobi Fora, Kenya described by Pobiner (2007, Pobiner et al., 2008) have well preserved cortical surfaces that bear abundant hominin butchery traces on large and small mammalian taxa, minimal carnivore tooth marking, and lack in situ lithic materials. Pobiner suggests that Homo erectus generally enjoyed primary access to carcass resources with a traditional assemblage-scale analysis of butchered specimens and anatomical interpretations of cut mark location. Bunn (1981, 1994) proposes a foraging strategy for Okote hominins that links core tool butchery and curation to locally unavailable stone raw material sources in the Ileret and Koobi Fora areas of the Eastern Turkana basin. Evidence of core tool use is interpreted from the presence of wide, shallow cut marks on large animals bones. To evaluate these interpretations of hominin carnivory and bring greater resolution to archaeofaunal cut mark interpretation, I undertook a series of actualistic butchery experiments to document how tool type (flake versus Oldowan core), butchery action (skinning, defleshing bulk tissue, defleshing scrap tissue, disarticulation) and animal size (goat versus cow) influence skeletal patterns of cut mark location, and to construct general models of cut mark cross-sectional size and the geometric organization of cut mark clusters that can discriminate these independent variables. Results indicate that tool type cannot be identified in any analysis, and that animal size influences cut mark size and organization, falsifying Bunn’s hypothesis of core tool use. Skinning and disarticualtion produce wide and deep cut marks that can be distinguished from defleshing, although the amount of tissue removed (defleshing bulk versus scrap) cannot be determined from cut mark size or cluster organization. All three mark categories occur at distinct skeletal locations, but disarticulation and defleshing cooccur on the elbow. However, these actions can be distinguished on the elbow when cut mark cluster geometry is considered. A model that identifies hominins’ early access to carcass resources from elbow specimens with evidence of defleshing and disarticulation versus late access from disarticulated elbow specimens brings increased behavioral resolution to cut mark interpretation and supports previous findings of Okote hominins’ primary carcass consumption.Ph.D.Includes bibliographical referencesIncludes vitaby Stephen Ryan Merrit
Induction of alkaline phosphatase during lymphocyte blast transformation in cba mice, 1979
No full textAlkaline phosphatase is a membrane-bound enzyme which hydrolyzes phosphate esters at an alkaline pH. This enzyme has been found localized on the murine thymic lymphoblast, in the placenta and embryonic thymus up to 16 day gestation. Alkaline phosphatase has also been found in cells surrounding the germinal centers in the normal adult spleen of C57B1/6J mice. Lymphocytes from the thymus, nodes, and spleen of normal adult CBA mice were stimulated with concanavalin A to determine the appearance of alkaline phosphatase during dedifferentiation of the normal immune response and to determine the macromolecular requirements needed for this enzyme induction. Fluorometric analysis of time course experiments of blasting lymphocytes indicated that alkaline phosphatase does appear in blasting lymphocytes. Mitomycin C inhibited DNA synthesis and alkaline phosphatase induction. Actinomycin D inhibited both RNA and DNA synthesis and alkaline phosphatase induction. Therefore, the induction of alkaline phosphatase may be used as a lymphoblastic marker in studying dedifferentiation in the normal immune response
The indirect approach
No full textAid and conditionalities are the"carrots and sticks"of the conventional, direct approach to fostering economic development. The economic theory of agency is the most sophisticated treatment of the direct carrots-and-sticks approach to influencing human behavior. Considering the outcomes of the conventional approach, it might be worthwhile to explore alternative indirect approaches that focus on enabling clients to act more autonomously, rather than try for fuller control of clients'actions (or"agents"behaviors) with improved carrots and sticks. Are there inherent limitations in the direct approach that will not be addressed with better crafted"agency contracts"or closer monitoring of the agents? The author traces the intellectual history of indirect approaches from Socrates to modern thinkers, such as Wittgenstein, Gandhi, and McGregor. One theme of his survey is that constructivist and active-learning pedagogies constitute an indirect approach in which the teacher does not directly transmit knowledge to the learner, through training, and instruction. These pedagogies - translated into social and economic development as learning writ large - from the basis for an alternative indirect approach to fostering development. Actions have motives, just as beliefs have grounds, concludes the author. In the wide spectrum of human endeavor, there is only a fairly small"bandwidth"in which motives can be supplied by the carrots, and sticks of the direct approach (including agency theory, and market-driven activities as special cases of the direct approach to affecting behavior). Outside that spectrum, trying to use direct methods in a controlling manner, contradicts the motives for actions (and the grounds for beliefs) - like trying to"buy love."For higher activities, motives must come from within. Helpers can at best use an indirect approach to bring doers to the threshold; the doers have to do the rest, which makes the results their own.Public Health Promotion,Teaching and Learning,Curriculum&Instruction,Health Monitoring&Evaluation,Educational Sciences,Educational Sciences,Teaching and Learning,Health Monitoring&Evaluation,General Technology,Curriculum&Instruction
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