1,721,096 research outputs found
Recommendations for increasing the acceptance of agri- environmental schemes - Results of an empirical study in Lower Saxony
No full textSince 1992 agri-environmental schemes (AES) have been a mandatory part of the second pillar of the Common Agricultural Policy of the European Union. The goal of AES is to integrate nature protection and conservation into agricultural production. In Germany AES are implemented by the Federal States. Currently in Lower Saxony and Bremen the budget for rewarding the achievement of AES has not been exhausted to the full extent. Therefore, it is desirable to increase farmers' participation in AES. This paper shows how farmers' attitudes towards AES are generated and how participation rates could be increased. First of all, different economic and non-economic factors which have an impact on the acceptance of AES will be identified on the basis of a detailed literature analysis. From the economic point of view it is decisive for the acceptance of AES that the compensatory payment equates to the costs incurred in carrying out the AES. Two of the most important non-economic influencing factors are the advisory services concerning the implementation of AES and the farmers' level of confidence in agri-environmental policy. In a second step the results of an empirical study conducted by the authors in June 2008 among farmers in Lower Saxony will be presented. In the course of this empirical study the farmers' attitudes towards AES and towards new innovative elements of AES were elicited. These include resultoriented payment, auctions, participative elements and regionalisation. It becomes apparent that the farmers' participation in AES can be increased by result-oriented payment, by the possibility of participation during the development process of AES and by regionalisation. However, there are uncertainties regarding auctions. To increase participation in AES it would be necessary to account for the wishes of the farmers. Otherwise participation in AES could not be expected to increase. The implementation of result- oriented payment, regionalisatio
A theoretical rethinking of ecosystem services from the perspective of social-ecological system
No full texthttp://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001809 National Natural Science Foundation of Chin
Bilateral virtual water trade in agricultural products: a case study of Germany and China
No full textMost studies in the field of virtual water trade concentrate either on the global, national or sub-national level, or on the water footprint of individual products. This article assesses the virtual water trade in agricultural products between Germany and China during the period 2008-2010. Germany exported 192millionm(3) of virtual water to China and imported 801millionm(3) from China. Through the bilateral trade, Germany saved 69.8millionm(3) water, while China had a net water loss of 469.4millionm(3). Thus, the global water loss amounts to 399.6millionm(3)
Recommendations for increasing the acceptance of agri- environmental schemes - Results of an empirical study in Lower Saxony
No full textSince 1992 agri-environmental schemes (AES) have been a mandatory part of the second pillar of the Common Agricultural Policy of the European Union. The goal of AES is to integrate nature protection and conservation into agricultural production. In Germany AES are implemented by the Federal States. Currently in Lower Saxony and Bremen the budget for rewarding the achievement of AES has not been exhausted to the full extent. Therefore, it is desirable to increase farmers' participation in AES. This paper shows how farmers' attitudes towards AES are generated and how participation rates could be increased. First of all, different economic and non-economic factors which have an impact on the acceptance of AES will be identified on the basis of a detailed literature analysis. From the economic point of view it is decisive for the acceptance of AES that the compensatory payment equates to the costs incurred in carrying out the AES. Two of the most important non-economic influencing factors are the advisory services concerning the implementation of AES and the farmers' level of confidence in agri-environmental policy. In a second step the results of an empirical study conducted by the authors in June 2008 among farmers in Lower Saxony will be presented. In the course of this empirical study the farmers' attitudes towards AES and towards new innovative elements of AES were elicited. These include resultoriented payment, auctions, participative elements and regionalisation. It becomes apparent that the farmers' participation in AES can be increased by result-oriented payment, by the possibility of participation during the development process of AES and by regionalisation. However, there are uncertainties regarding auctions. To increase participation in AES it would be necessary to account for the wishes of the farmers. Otherwise participation in AES could not be expected to increase. The implementation of result- oriented payment, regionalisatio
Attitudinal determinants of willingness-to-pay for river ecosystem improvements in central Chile: A choice experiment
Full text linkA respondent's preference for non-market goods depends not only on the attributes of the goods but also on the respondent's attitude towards the goods being valued. Accounting for these characteristics may substantially improve the ability of stated choice models to represent preference heterogeneity. In this regard, we analyzed the influence of respondent attitudes on the valuation of river ecosystem quality attributes affected by pulp mill wastewater in two central Chilean watersheds. We applied the Choice Experiment (CE) method to assess preferences on river pollution risk, water quality effects, threatened species and the yield in local fisheries. The payment vehicle was an additional annual charge to the electricity bill. All three environmental attributes and the payment attribute were highly significant determinants of choice (P <= 0.001). A calculated mean WTP value for an optimistic policy scenario was 13 USD/year per household. As hypothesized, attitudes influenced stated respondent preferences with some differences between the two studied watersheds. Overall, our findings suggest that attitudinal variables deserve more attention in the analysis of preferences for water resource improvements in emerging economies
Sicherstellung pflegerischer Langzeitversorgung – Strategien zur Steigerung ehrenamtlichen Engagements
No full textSubjektive Qualität ambulanter Pflege – Bewertungsrelevante Aspekte aus Sicht von Pflegebedürftigen und Pflegepersonen
No full textIn diesem Beitrag wird untersucht, welche Aspekte die Grundlage für die Bewertung der Qualität ambulanter Pflege aus Sicht von Pflegebedürftigen und Pflegepersonen bilden. Bislang wurde dies in der aktuellen Pflegeforschung und in Befragungen zur pflegerischen Versorgung vernachlässigt. Auf Grundlage von qualitativen Interviews mit Pflegebedürftigen und deren Pflegepersonen konnten verschiedene Kriterien herausgearbeitet werden, die für die subjektive Bewertung der Pflegequalität maßgeblich sind. Darauf aufbauend wird vorgeschlagen, diese Kriterien in zukünftige Untersuchungen oder Befragungen zur Qualität der ambulanten pflegerischen Versorgung zu integrieren.This paper examines the subjective perspective of home care recipients, which has so far been given little consideration in current care research and corresponding surveys to determine the appropriateness of care. Qualitative interviews with recipients and their private caregivers were used to identify various criteria by which both of them subjectively assess the quality of home care. Finally, it is recommended to integrate these criteria into existing measuring instruments to evaluate the quality of outpatient care in order to achieve a comprehensive assessment of the appropriateness of long-term outpatient care
Ecosystems in Books: Evaluating the Inspirational Service of the Weser River in Germany
No full textAttempts at assessing the monetary value of cultural ecosystem services has proven challenging due to their non-material and non-market characteristics. Innovative methods are needed to fill this methodological gap. In this paper, a novel approach is developed for evaluating the inspirational service, one type of valuable cultural service, of a specific ecosystem embodied in published books. Taking the Weser River in Germany as an example, a breadth of evidence found in 19 books shows the strong inspiration of the river to people living around it who create plenty of literary and artistic works that represent different faces of the river, such as novels, poems, folklore and paintings. Based on the prices of these books and the estimated number of persons who have read these books, the total value of the inspirational service provided by the Weser River is calculated as 168,499 € from 1980 to 2019, leading to the annual value of 5616.63 €/year and the unit value of 0.24 €/ha/year with the water surface area of 23,123 ha and the period of 30 years. The advantages and shortcomings of this approach are discussed, and suggestions for the improvement and further research are made
The origin of cost–benefit analysis: a comparative view of France and the United States
No full textAbstract Background Cost–benefit analysis (CBA), as a common instrument in the decision making process on how to allocate financial resources, has been widely used in various research areas and in almost all of countries over the world. However, the origin and the historical development of CBA has long been subject to neglect. We attempt to fill this gap and clarify the origin and the early development of CBA. Methods A comparative analysis is used to investigate the origin and the early development of CBA in France and the USA. The comparison is focused on two questions: (1) which criteria should be applied to decide whether or not a project should be carried out, and (2) with which procedure these criteria can be used for real projects. Results The origin of CBA can be dated back to the work of Saint-Pierre in France in 1708. Dupuit introduces the concept of consumer’s surplus that founds the economic basis of CBA. These works are not taken seriously in France and do not draw attention from other countries. Hence, until the 1930s, the principle of CBA is newly proposed in the US and the Green Book marks the mature of CBA. Conclusions The early development of CBA in France and the US is independent from the aspects of historical background, personnel, approaches and standardization. This study could help researchers of various disciplines be sure about the history of CBA when they perform this analysis in their research areas
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