1,721,013 research outputs found
Evidence-based nutrition - review of epidemiological studies
No full textResults from epidemiological studies are often used to explore the relationships between nutrition and health. The objective of this paper is to provide guidelines for evaluating the quality and strength of evidence from different types of epidemiological studies (including ecological, cross-sectional, case-control, cohort and experimental studies) for conclusions about the relationship between nutrition and health.The discussion include advantages and disadvantages of these different types of studies, exposures, outcomes, the role of chance, bias and confounding factors, recruitment and sampling procedures and criteria, study size and power, measurement error (random and systematic), time effects, observer and participant effects, compliance, as well as analysis and interpretation of results. A checklist for reviewing epidemiological studies is given as guide to assess the quality of the data and the suitability of the study results for specific conclusions
Guest editorial. How do we turn policy into action? World Nutrition Congress, Rio de Janeiro, 27-30 April 2012
No full textEvidence-based nutrition
No full textThe evidence-based approach has recently been implemented to translate the vast body of literature available into effective action aimed at addressing the pressing nutritional problems that affect populations.In this paper, the first in a series on the topic, the meaning of evidence-based nutrition (EBN) is clarified and the broad outlines of how to review and interpret both individual papers and reviews of a collection of papers is discussed.The objectives of the EBN approach and the steps to follow in the process are outlined. A useful checklist for the critical appraisal of research papers is given and criteria for reviewing reviews of all relevant available information are discussed. The benefits of the EBN approach are highlighted
The incidence and distribution of Legg-Calvé-Perthes' disease in Liverpool, 1982-95
No full textAIMS
To determine the incidence and distribution of Legg-Calvé-Perthes' disease in Liverpool, in the period 1982-95.METHODS
Examination of information in a register, analysing the patients' addresses by indices of deprivation.RESULTS
A total of 122 white children were diagnosed as having Perthes' disease during the study, whereas black and minority groups form 5.8% of the population. The incidence rate in inner Liverpool had decreased to 10.5 in the period 1990-95. Simple Spearman correlations revealed an association between the disease incidence in electoral wards and deprivation. Regression analysis showed that for the period 1990-95 the most powerful effects on incidence were increases in ward deprivation since 1976, the percentage free school meals in 1986, the ward Health Index in 1981, and the percentage low birth weight in 1981.CONCLUSIONS
We suggest that environmental influences may come into play some years before a child presents with pain in the hip. There may be a genetic predisposition to the disease
Prevalence of risk of undernutrition is associated with poor health status in older people in the UK
No full textObjectives: To establish the prevalence of the risk of undernutrition, using criteria similar to those used by the Malnutrition Advisory Group (MAG), in people aged 65 y and over, and to identify relationships between risk of undernutrition and health and demographic characteristics.Design: A cross-sectional nationally representative sample of free-living and institutionalized older people in the UK (65 y of age and over). Secondary analysis of the National Diet and Nutrition Survey based on 1368 people aged 65 y and over.Results: About 14% (21% in those living in institutions) were at medium or high risk of undernutrition based on a composite measure of low body mass index and recent reported weight loss. Having a long-standing illness was associated with a statistically significantly increased risk of undernutrition (odds ratio: men 2.34, 95% CI 1.20-4.58; women 2.98; 1.58-5.62). The risk of undernutrition increased: in women reporting bad or very bad health status; in men living in northern England and Scotland; for those aged 85 y and older; for those hospitalized in the last year, and those living in an institution. Lower consumption of energy, meat products or fruit and vegetables and lower blood measures of zinc, vitamins A, D, E and C were associated with statistically significantly increased risk of undernutrition.Conclusions: A substantial proportion of the older population of the UK is at risk of undernutrition. High-risk subjects are more likely to have poorer health status. It is unlikely that the individuals at high risk are being detected currently, and therefore effective care is not being provided, either in the community or in institutions.Sponsorship: This analysis was partly funded by a grant from the Department of Health. We are grateful for helpful comments from Professor MJ Wiseman and the anonymous reviewers.<br/
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