150 research outputs found
Reference electric distribution network modelling and integration of electric vehicle charging stations
No full textSmartcities,withprosumersatthecentre,areatthefrontlineoftheenergytransition. The national and international policies should encourage then this transition by promoting, among many aspects, energy digitalization, massive penetration of renewable energies and electrification of the transport sector. To embrace all these changes, a holistic view, covering not only the distribution system, is necessary to plan, design and reorganize in particular urban areas. The radical distribution networks transformation is monitored and presented, both considering technical and non-technical aspects, which aims at encouraging potential directions that distribution system operators can pursue. The thesis work has three main objectives. From the distribution system operator (DSO) perspective, the main objective is to investigate how the technical and non-technical features vary among distribution system networks in Europe. From the modelling perspective, the second main objective is firstly to define a method which incorporates the previous findings to properly design a tool able to reproduce representative urban networks and secondly to validate the results through a statistical methodology. From the electric vehicle’s infrastructure perspective, the thirdmainobjectiveisfirstlytounderstandtheelectricvehiclesdemandbehaviour and develop models capable of reproducing them, and secondly to assess, through a dedicated methodology, the electric vehicles charging infrastructure features and performance. Theresultsfromthisthesisindicatesthattheincreasingattentiontowardthedistribution sector should not be underestimated by the main actor, distribution system operator, which appears to have different approaches in smartening and digitalizing their network especially concerning electric mobility, demand response and
data management between distribution and transmission system operators (TSO). It is urgent for policy makers and stakeholders involved to align distribution system operators to a common strategy to tackle the introduction in the distribution network grids of new players. Tools like DiNeMo platform applied in this thesis may be used to perform preliminary research studies concerning the installation of newcharginginfrastructure, renewableenergygeneratorsornetworkreinforcement analysis. Indeed, it is crucial for regulators to take into account the physical layer of distribution grids when designing new policies and incentives in order to address challenges of tomorrow’s cities
Senari e trimetri giambici nelle versioni poetiche di Marco Tullio Cicerone. Annotazioni di metrica verbale
No full textGli obiettivi del contributo sono definiti dall'esame delle traduzioni metriche elaborate da Cicerone, di alcuni passi della produzione drammatica di Eschilo, Sofocle ed Euripide ( per un totale di 117 metri giambici, di cui 83 senari e 34 trimetri). Nell'impiego del senario l'Arpinate si è richiamato sostanzialmente alla tradizione indigena inaugurata da Livio Andronico; per quanto invece concerne il trattamento della seconda struttura metrica, esso esibisce le caratteristiche dei trimetri che compaiono qua e là nelle opere poetiche degli Auctores arcaici, ma al tempo stesso anticipa in qualche misura l'archittetura del verso occorrente nelle sezioni dialogiche delle Tragedie senecane
Business Models for Electricity Distribution in Europe: Evidence from the JRC DSO Observatory 2018
No full textThis paper presents information on how European DSOs operate their business, including management of smart grid features. This work builds on the data collected and presented in the Distribution System Operators (DSO) Observatory report, held by our team in the Joint Research Centre (JRC). We first give a summary of the DSO report, presenting aggregated information on the technical data characterizing the DSOs as well as on the smart grid dimension. Further on, we present information on how the DSOs are distributed in Europe according to the clients they serve and their annual distributed energy. Patterns formed with respect to the DSOs at European member states are given. In addition, we give feedback on how the DSOs contribute to the smart grid realization, for instance by applying Demand Side Flexibility (DSF) programs and in the coordinated operation of transmission and distribution networks
Distribution Network Model Platform: A First Case Study
No full textDecarbonisation policies have recently seen an uncontrolled increase in local electricity production from renewable energy sources (RES) at distribution level. As a consequence, bidirectional power flows might cause high voltage/ medium voltage (HV/MV) transformers to overload. Additionally, not-well-planned installation of electric vehicle (EV) charging stations could provoke voltage deviations and cables overloading during peak times. To ensure secure and reliable distribution network operations, technology integration requires careful analysis which is based on realistic distribution grid models (DGM). Currently, however, only not geo-referenced synthetic grids are available inliterature. This fact unfortunately represents a big limitation. In order to overcome this knowledge gap, we developed a distribution network model (DiNeMo) web-platform aiming at reproducing the DGM of a given area of interest. DiNeMo is based on metrics and indicators collected from 99 unbundled distribution system operators (DSOs) in Europe. In this work we firstly perform a validation exercise on two DGMs of the city of Varaždin in Croatia. To this aim, a set of indicators from the DGMs and from the real networks are compared. The DGMs are later used for a power flow analysis which focuses on voltage fluctuations, line losses, and lines loading considering different levels of EV charging stations penetration
A multi-layer architecture for distributed data acquisition
No full textThis paper describes an architecture for distributed control of a sensors network through Internet. The architecture is based on a multiple layer structure that allows scalability when a large number of sensors is planned. Accounting and access policies are also addressed. Since standard web interfaces are adopted, the architecture allows an easy integration with already available products to be obtained. A practical case-study is also presented where sites in different cities cooperate for data retrieval from different sensor
Interaction of Consumers, Photovoltaic Systems and Electric Vehicle Energy Demand in a Reference Network Model
No full textThe electrification of the transport sector is one of the most promising solutions to mitigate the dependency from fossil fuels. At the distribution level, an uncoordinated management of electric vehicles (EVs) added to the high shares of intermittent RES could hinder security of supply and hide related economic benefits. To cope with these challenges, smart charging strategies and Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) services are required. The aim of this paper is to identify successful EVs charging/discharging strategies to balance residential PV electricity production in a representative distribution network context. The results illustrate that well-defined schemes can lead to several grid benefits: better control over supply-demand imbalances, contained impact on voltage spread, reduction of high peak and extreme ramp-up. These results refer to the technical side, and may be used in combination with energy price information to provide new hints on how to design effective electric vehicles' tariffs
A laboratory experimental system for infiltration studies
No full textThe investigation of a few hydrological processes under natural conditions can be distorted by their interactions. In this context, a laboratory system that allows a few mechanisms of the infiltration process to be studied univocally is presented. The core component of the system is a physical model consisting of a soil tank with slope angle, γ, adjustable from 1 ° to 15 °. A generator of artificial rainfall can produce rainfall rates up to 50 mm h−1. Surface runoff and deep flow, Qd, are continuously monitored. An overall analysis of three previous investigations performed by the physical system and directed to clarify the infiltration process is also briefly reported. These investigations, that concerned the validation of a local conceptual model for erratic rainfalls, the role of run-on and the effects of sloping soil surfaces, were all carried out by using different configurations of the system. Great slope effects in bare soils were observed. For example, under steady conditions, a ratio Qd(γ = 1 °) / Qd(γ = 10 °) equal to about 4 was observed in a loam soil. Finally, on the basis of the acquired knowledge, further investigations to be realized with the same basic elements are proposed to derive a conceptual model that describes the soil surface gradient effects
Hydropower in Central Italy: current status and future prospects
No full textThe largest source of renewable energy comes from a proven technology, hydropower. Hydropower is renewable because it draws its essential energy from the sun which drives the hydrological cycle which, in turn, provides a continuous renewable supply of water. The main goal of this paper is to optimize the use of hydropower resources in Umbria, a region of Central Italy. To this scope, we initially analyse the currently operating hydroelectric plants, taking into account both those of great size and the very small installations. Successively, we discuss the perspectives of this area in terms of exploitable hydraulic potential. It has been found that in Umbria are currently working 38 hydropower installations: 84% of them are run-of-river power plants, 10% are hydropower stations with a reservoir, while 6% works in both ways. Currently, 70 turbines are working: 41 are Francis, while the remaining, excluding a small Pelton and a Banki-Michell, are characterized by high degrees of reaction (Kaplan or helixes). The total installed hydroelectric capacity is over 650 MW, corresponding to an average annual production of approximately 1415 GWh. Most of these hydropower plants, 35 corresponding to 92% of the total, is privately owned: 13 from a big multinational company, 16 from small and medium size companies, 6 from private people. Only 3 installations are owned by municipalities. The described situation characterizes the Umbria region as a geographic area where the ratio between the exploited potential and the economically feasible potential has already reached a value not far from its physiological limit. In this context it is clear that in Umbria no large installations (> 10 MW) can be planned; instead, considering also the low number of existing hydropower stations with respect to the extension of the area (currently equal to 1 plant for each 222 Km2), a significant potential for the realization of small run-of-river power plants exists. At the moment 5 new hydropower plants are under construction, while about 100 small installations (<2 MW) are waiting to finalize their authorization process, during which the following issues are typically addressed and resolved by the local scientific community: 1) the increase of hydraulic risk produced during extreme precipitation events; 2) the management of hydrometric stations located near the new installations; 3) the environmental impact; 4) the definition of selection criteria when in the same location there are two or more requests of hydropower installations
Reducing fossil fuel-based generation: Impact on wholesale electricity market prices in the North-Italy bidding zone
No full textDecarbonisation policies aim at reducing fossil fuel based generation in favour of cleaner renewable energy
sources. Changes in the generation mix to supply future electricity demand will require tools capable to emulate
the bidding behaviour of new generation plants. Price forecasting tools lacking this feature and only based on
historical data time series might soon become not satisfactory for this scope. This paper presents a methodology
that, by considering hourly electricity generation offers (price, volumes) datasets, allows simulating future
electricity wholesale’s prices. This is done by taking into account new generation units and the dismissing of old
(coal-based) units according to the demand and generation forecasts in the European Ten Year Network
Development Plan (TYNDP) 2030 scenarios. Machine learning, clustering and distribution sampling techniques
are used in this work to finally estimate prices distribution in 2030 in the biggest bidding zone of the Italian
market. The results suggest that the prices obtained in the different scenarios do converge to those estimated by
the TYNDP. The approach used bypasses the need to have access to all the transactions of a given market.
Probability distributions are in fact enough in the proposed methodology to achieve similar results to those based
on full knowledge of transaction datasets
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