550 research outputs found
Does strict employment protection discourage job creation? Evidence from Croatia
No full textEmployment protection legislation in Croatia is among the most strict in Europe. Firing is difficult and costly, and flexible forms of employment are limited. Is this apparent rigidity reflected-as one would expect based on standard economic theory-in low labor market dynamics? Is job creation low and hiring limited? Is the job security of insiders achieved at the cost of outsiders not being able to enter thelabor market? The author attempts to answer these questions by examining job flows. If the employment protection legislation is binding, then job and worker turnover should be low. He shows that this is indeed the case. Hiring is limited and the average job tenure is very long in Croatia. Job destruction is low, however job creation is still lower. The result is accumulation of unemployment, in large part due to new labor market entrants not being able to find a job. The high degree of job protection also seems to strengthen the bargaining position of insiders and results in relatively high wages. So, wages in Croatia are higher than among its competitors, even after adjusting for productivity. These high labor costs are likely to contribute to limited job creation in existing firms, but also are likely to discourage the entry of-and thus job creation in-new firms. The author presents evidence that firm growth has been indeed limited in Croatia, contributing to the low employment level. The author examines other potential causes of high unemployment in Croatia (the unemployment benefit system, labor taxation, the wage structure, and skill and spatial mismatches). He argues that they do not play a substantial part in accounting for poor labor market outcomes in Croatia. The author concludes that the stringent employment protection legislation is the key labor market institution behind low job creation and high unemployment. Based on this he recommends specific measures aimed at liberalizing the labor market to foster job creation and employment.Labor Management and Relations,Labor Policies,Labor Markets,Environmental Economics&Policies,Trade Finance and Investment,Labor Markets,Labor Management and Relations,Labor Standards,Banks&Banking Reform,Environmental Economics&Policies
Why is unemployment so high in Bulgaria?
No full textThe author seeks to determine the main factors behind poor labor market outcomes in Bulgaria. Unemployment in Bulgaria is high and of long duration. The accumulation of the unemployment stock has been caused by relatively high inflows into unemployment coupled with limited outflows. These features of the Bulgarian labor market are typical of other transition economies in Central Europe and exploring their sources is of broad interest. The author focuses on determinants of and constraints to job creation. He uses data on job creation and job destruction from a survey of employment in all registered firms. He finds that the source of large inflows into unemployment is intensive enterprise restructuring associated with a high pace of job reallocation. However, job creation falls short of job destruction. Three main factors account for the limited job creation and hiring, and thus for low outflows from unemployment: a) The unfriendly business environment, reflected by a low rate of new firm formation, and a relatively small, small and medium enterprise sector. b) Labor market rigidities, including excessive hiring and firing costs. c) Skill and spatial mismatches brought about by enterprise restructuring, as well as low skills and marginalization of the long-term unemployed who cannot successfully compete for new jobs. The author recommends a three pronged strategy to improve labor market performance: (1) removing bureaucratic constraints to entry and expansion of firms; (2) enhancing labor market flexibility through lowering hiring and firing costs; and (3) improving the educational system so as to equip workers with broad and portable skills.Environmental Economics&Policies,Labor Policies,Labor Markets,Public Health Promotion,Health Monitoring&Evaluation,Environmental Economics&Policies,Labor Markets,Health Monitoring&Evaluation,Labor Standards,Banks&Banking Reform
Labor market developments during economic transition
No full textThe paper reviews labor market developments in the transition economies of Europe and Central Asia. It argues that the scarcity of productive job opportunities and the growing labor market segmentation are the two main labor market problems facing the transition economies. In the European transition economies thelack of jobs has led to persistent open unemployment. In the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) it has led to hidden unemployment (underemployment and low productivity employment). Unemployment in the European transition economies is supported by the developed social safety net. In contrast, in the CIS for most workers unemployment is not an affordable option. They either stick to their old, unproductive jobs in unrestructured enterprises, or work in the informal sector, or resort to subsistence agriculture. Thus, underemployment in the CIS is a mirror image of unemployment in the European transition economies. Accordingly, the high employment-to-population ratios in many CIS countries do not necessarily signify favorable labor market performance. Instead they often indicate delayed enterprise restructuring, the maintenance of unsustainable jobs in uncompetitive firms, and the existence of a large informal sector as an employer of last resort. Labor market segmentation has been caused by a sharp increase in earnings differentials and the attendant increase in the incidence of low-paid jobs, by the polarization of regional labor market conditions, and finally by the growth of the informal sector offering casual, low-productivity jobs. Labor market segmentation and accompanying inequalities are more pronounced in the CIS than in the European transition economies.Labor Markets,Labor Standards,Labor Management and Relations,Educational Policy and Planning,Work&Working Conditions
Concept Drift Detection Using Autoencoders in Data Streams Processing
No full textIn this paper, the problem of concept drift detection in data stream mining algorithms is considered. The autoencoder is proposed to be applied as a drift detector. The autoencoders are neural networks that are learned how to reconstruct input data. As a side effect, they are able to learn compact nonlinear codes, which summarize the most important features of input data. We suspect that the properly learned autoencoder on one part of the data stream can then be used to monitor possible changes in the following stream parts. The changes are analyzed by monitoring variations of the autoencoder cost function. Two cost functions are applied in this paper: the cross-entropy and the reconstruction error. Preliminary experimental results show that the proposed autoencoder-based detector is able to handle different types of concept drift, e.g. the sudden or the gradual. © 2020, Springer Nature Switzerland AG
SAFETY AS AN ELEMENT OF CREATING COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE AMONG AIRLINES GIVEN THE EXAMPLE OF THE AIRBUS A350 XWB AND THE BOEING 787 DREAMLINER AIRCRAFT
No full textThe competitive advantage of the passenger air transport market is a significant part of airline operations. An important element, a condition that may determine the achievement of competitive advantage, is the issue of safety, which also applies to the operation of aircraft. An example of creating an effective competitive advantage may be the operation of a new aircraft by air carriers. This article presents the process of creating a competitive advantage on the example of the Airbus A350 XWB and the Boeing 787 Dreamliner aircraft considering the safety aspect, which in the case of new means of transport in civil aviation may primarily concern the seeming childhood diseases occurring in the initial use of new aircraft. This article, in the form of comparative analysis, indicates the key features that determine the attractiveness of the new aircraft as a product on the passenger air transport market. Secondary data on the characteristics of the Airbus A350 XWB aircraft were used and compared with the data of the Boeing 787 Dreamliner to illustrate the properties that may indicate the manufacturer's superiority. Furthermore, this article proposes a scheme of creating competitive advantage in passenger air transport, which can be a model for creating a competitive advantage in civil aviation. The close relationship between the economic and technological aspects in creating competitive advantage was buttressed as well. This article also analysed secondary data related to the number of ordered and used aircraft and aviation events registered on the website: https://aviation-safety.net [8], which could have an impact on the level of safety of flight operations. Brought to the fore were situations in which the seeming childhood diseases in aircraft operated by the American manufacturer, Boeing 787 Dreamliner, such as defects in engines, power elements and risks associated with the use of composite materials, which were first used on such a large scale in the construction of wide-body aircraft
Between provocation and a voice of dissent. Donald Trump's political leadership in the background of American political culture
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Staring down the barrel: portrayals of Black heroes in the westerns of the 1970s and today
No full textThe scope and topic of my thesis project is to investigate the figure of the black western hero, primarily in films from the 1970s. I analyze Sydney Poitier’s Buck and the Preacher (1972), Martin Goldman’s The Legend of Nigger Charley (1972), and Mel Brooks’s Blazing Saddles (1974). My argument rests in the consideration of filmmakers who use western tropes and cultural cues to provide an alternate understanding of American social and racial realities by incorporating blackness into this tradition. On a grander scale my thesis topic forces re-evaluations of the usual questions of mimesis, genre reproduction, and authorship that plague film study. To ground my study in theories of visual representation, I use Laura Mulvey’s concept of visual pleasure and gazing in film and Homi K. Bhabha’s theory of colonial mimicry. My thesis project argues that studying the black western protagonist brings forth questions of American artistic, economic, and socio-political realities. I also look at a recent manifestation of this phenomenon, Quentin Tarantino’s Django Unchained (2012), to grasp what about these realities has changed and what has remained constant.M.A.Includes bibliographical referencesby John Rutkowsk
Corrections to “Gastrointestinal stromal tumours: ESMO–EURACAN Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up” (Annals of Oncology (2018) 29(S4) (iv68–iv78), (S0923753419316916), (10.1093/annonc/mdy095))
No full textAnn Oncol 2018; 29: iv68–iv78 (doi:10.1093/annonc/mdy095) The following corrections have been made under authorship: The author R.L. Haas has been added with the corresponding affiliation and author disclosure statement. The author name P. Rutkovski has been replaced with: P. Rutkowski Under authorship, the author name: A. Hannu has been replaced with: H.T. Aro. Under authorship, A. A. Safwat's affiliation: Finland has been replaced with: Denmark. Under authorship, the author name: W. Van der Graaf has been replaced with: W.T.A. van der Graaf. W.T.A. van der Graaf's institution: 30 has been replaced with: 30, 33, 51
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