1,720,982 research outputs found
Economics of Snowboarding
No full textSince its emergence in the US in the late 1960s and 1970s, snowboarding has become a highly visible feature of popular culture. Images, narratives and representations associated with snowboarding as a cultural form are rich, evocative and wide reaching. Between 1988 and 2003 snowboarding participation increased by 385%. Some estimates suggest that there are 70 million snowboarders in the world.peerReviewe
Interrelationship of economic growth and regional religious properties
Get PDFDuring the past few years, empirical economic growth modeling has emerged by constructing and testing numerous model and explanatory variable alternatives. One of the most promising recent idea consists that also religious aspects should be included as explanatory variables into economic growth models, therefore capturing influences of culture, moral and ethics. Moral institutions and ethics affect the economic development, as for example, trust and honesty are essential requirements for emerging economic activity. In this paper, analysis of economic growth extends from international to regional level. Religious activities and beliefs are documented over a long time period in many Western economies, making quantitative empirical time series data available. Firstly, following the idea and argumentation by Barro and Mc Cleary (2003a, 2002), “religious production efficiency” measure is constructed and used in economic growth regressions for8 OECD countries, proxying quantifiable dimensions of culture. By using panel estimation methods and additionally time-series estimations for each country, rather than usual cross-country regressions, more information is gained concerning the country specific growth and religion characteristics. Empirical evidence from the panel data estimations seems to suggest that religious beliefs attain more relevance than religious attendance. Religious production efficiency, containing both belief and activity aspects, was not found statistically significant with panel data or with individual 8 OECD countries growth model, except for Finland. Significant coefficient for Finland can be explained by referring to Finland’s unique religious market properties, as the level of religious beliefs have historically been unusually high, and continue to be, in Finland. Secondly, interrelationship of Finland’s religious and economic variables are analyzed in regional level. Three small Finnish cities, all with strong religious Christian revival background, gain positive and significant coefficients when consumer income growth is regressed by religious activity. Nevertheless, more exact understanding on the links between these concepts are essentially needed to better model the economic consequences of cultural, religious and moral variables. Therefore, several suggestions are presented to gain better growth information in the future empirical growth modeling, including better theoretical background, more robust estimation techniques and longer data
Ansiokas kulttuurimatka jalkapallon historiaan ja erityisesti englantilaiseen urheiluperinteeseen
No full textnonPeerReviewe
Martin Luther’s Business Ethics and the Economic Utopia
No full textThe principle of benevolence is at the root of Martin Luther’s (1483-1546) thinking on society, the economy, and business ethics. Luther was the forerunner of the moral economy. He saw the necessity of strong public authorities, which should take into account the public interest, leading to a tamed self-interest coupled with a certain amount of benevolence. Income differentials inside the society should be kept within limits and poverty should be prevented. Luther accepted just business practices but denounced the logic of maximum profit. He criticized the right to sell a good for as much money as possible. According to Luther, there exists some contrast between a true Christian and commerce. He clearly condemned monopoly and all forms of collusion between sellers. Eschatology was an integral part of his theology as he waited for the coming of the Kingdom of Christ, where the nations would be ruled with righteousness. Before that time, people would need strict rules and temporal authority. Therefore, it can be concluded that Luther had two different economic systems in his thinking: The temporal tamed market economy and the coming eschatological economic system of Christ.peerReviewe
Sukupolvet videopelien turnajaisissa : e-urheilun markkinoiden ikärakenne
No full textDigital gaming attracts people of all ages. Nevertheless, professional esports (also known as electronic sports, e-sports, or eSports) is dominated by under 35 year olds. In this paper, e-sports market is analysed by focusing on the performance of different age-groups. Younger generations play more digital games and dominate e-sports scene, but also older people enjoy playing various video games. Two separate datasets are analysed for testing whether age is a statistically significant explanatory variable for success in professional e-sports tournaments. According to the empirical results, success in e-sports tournaments decreases with the player’s age. The best results are gained when the players are under 25 years old. Negative relationship between age and e-sports success is confirmed by analysing both 100 best e-sports players and 100 oldest players. E-sports is gaining increasing popularity in the future and therefore it will also attract more fans amongst the birth cohorts of “boomers” and “Generation X”.peerReviewe
Martti Luther taloudellisena ajattelijana
No full textProtestanttisen kristillisyyden reformaattori Martti Luther (1483–1546) oli teologian professori, mutta hänen
ajattelullaan on ollut merkittäviä yhteiskunnallisia vaikutuksia, ja hän käytti säännöllisesti taloudellisia esimerkkejä
havainnollistamaan eettisiä opetuksiaan. Luther ymmärsi hintamekanismin toiminnan markkinoiden
kysynnän ja tarjonnan tasapainottajana ja puolusti vapaata elinkeinoelämää. Lähimmäisenrakkauden tuli kuitenkin
toteutua kaikessa taloudellisessa vaihdannassa, eikä hän hyväksynyt pidäkkeetöntä voiton maksimointia
tai ostajan hädänalaisen tilan hyväksikäyttöä. Hän kritisoi voimakkaasti katolisen uskon köyhyysideaalia, luostarilaitosta,
koronkiskontaa ja monopolivoimien hyödyntämistä. Luther arvosteli kovasanaisesti kerskakulutusta
ja yläluokan mieltymistä ylellisiin tuontituotteisiin. Lutherin taloudellista ajattelua leimaa kaikessa kultaiseen
sääntöön pohjautuva etiikka, vaatimus kohtuullisuuteen ja yhteisön hyvän edistämiseen. Merkittävää on lisäksi
ollut Lutherin näkemys arkisesta työstä jokaisen ihmisen kutsumuksena.peerReviewe
Economics of Esports
No full textIn this paper, esports market development is exhibited and analyzed through various data sources and literature review. Additionally, economic concepts are applied to the esports environment. Demand characteristics of this emerging market are analyzed by applying the concept of competitive balance as commonly used in economics of sport scrutiny. The elite esports demand is proxied by gathering data on total prize money in the elite esports tournaments and explaining the esports demand by testing various factors measuring the competitive market properties. The most commonly used measurement in economics of sport for measuring withinseason competitive balance is calculated as the actual standard deviation of winning percentages to the hypothesized ideal standard deviation. Nevertheless, unique market properties of esports require novel methods and measurements. Therefore, alternative methods for measuring competitive environment properties in esports markets are developed and tested. Statistical moment methods enable the measuring of the distributional properties of prize money deviation. Distributional information is applied for constructing various index measures for testing the esports market competitive balance and that information is modeled in regression estimations for explaining the demand properties of elite esports markets. One of the main contributions of this paper is to underline the different characteristics of the esports market compared to the traditional sport environment. Finally, esports market UOH testing results are contrasted with research findings from traditional elite sports markets. It appears that esports market demand is better modelled by applying “superstar” models by Rosen (1981) and Adler (1985) than traditional within-season variation UOH models.peerReviewe
Religious Revival Movements and the Development of the Twentieth-century Welfare-state in Finland
No full textThe Lutheran state church had a monopoly status in Finland for centuries. But its dominance slowly weakened as pietistic revival movements spread in Finland in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. These movements had religious purposes, but they were also forerunners of profound social and economic changes in Finland in the twentieth century. In challenging the role of the state church, they challenged national unity, spread Western cultural values, emphasized individual rights, and improved the status of women in society. Men of political eminence, such as Anders Chydenius, introduced these influences on Finnish economic life. Overall, the revival movements helped to pave the way for the modern Finnish welfare state. During that process, the church lost some of its most important social responsibilities – health care, education and social work – as these tasks were assumed by the secular Finnish state.peerReviewe
Olympian taloudelliset unelmat
No full textThe article provides a sports-historical overview of the history of the Olympics (1896-2024) from business, national economic, and sports economics perspectives. The primary focus is on the most recent Summer Olympics and their economic success. The costs of hosting the Olympics and the potential economic benefits are examined from both theoretical and empirical perspectives. Additionally, the costs and benefits of the Games are analyzed in both the short and long term. The literature review identifies risk factors related to organizing the Olympics and their success and maps out the difficulties in pre-assessing costs. Previous studies have found that the economic success potential of hosting the Olympics is generally overestimated. While the International Olympic Committee (IOC) benefits from the Olympics, local taxpayers often end up bearing the costs. The article also considers the intangible benefits of hosting the Olympics and aims to outline the motivational factors for organizing the Games (such as tourism, infrastructure development, and numerous intangible effects), even if their economic expected value is negative. Usually, a closed bidding process takes place between potential hosting entities for organizing the Games. It is observed that the economic impact of historical Olympics on host economies is generally limited, unevenly distributed, and often negative, and that potential hosting entities in the bidding process should not rely on overly optimistic scenarios of preliminary assessments, but rather perform a thorough and realistic evaluation of the actual costs and benefits of hosting such events.peerReviewe
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