117,755 research outputs found
Caucaseuma variabile Antic & Makarov 2016
No full textCaucaseuma variabile Antić & Makarov, 2016 Figs 1, 7G Caucaseuma variabile Antić & Makarov, 2016: 50, 38–42. Material examined (2 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀) RUSSIA • 2 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀; Krasnodar Province, Caucasian Nature Reserve, valley of Khodzhibi river; 43º49.388′ N, 40º31.138′ E; 2050 m a.s.l., 6 Nov. 2020; Y. Chumachenko leg.; Abies and Betula forest; DSTU. Remarks and distribution Epigean species. This species shows a disjunct distribution so far. It is known from Russia, from North Ossetia, near Alagir (type locality!), from Krasnodar Province, near Sochi and from Stavropol Botanical Garden in Stavropol Province. Also, it is known from the Mtskheta-Mtianeti region in Georgia (Fig. 1). Key to the species of the genus Caucaseuma Strasser, 1970 (based on the anterior gonopods of males) 1. Anterior part of angiocoxites with a pair of distal notches............................................................... 2 – Anterior part of angiocoxites without a pair of distal notches.......................................................... 5 2. Anterior parts of angiocoxites with a pair of anterior triangular processes (Fig. 7H)............................................................................................................................................ C. strasseri Antić sp. nov. – Without such processes..................................................................................................................... 3 3. Medial projection of anterior part of angiocoxites fused distally (Fig. 7C)............................................................................................................................................ C. minellii Antić & Makarov, 2016 – Medial projection of anterior part of angiocoxites not fused distally............................................... 4 4. Lateral projections of angiocoxites distally rounded; smaller species, 11 mm (Fig. 7E)....................................................................................................................... C. kelasuri Antić & Makarov, 2016 – Lateral projections of angiocoxites distally in the form of elongated processes strongly curved posteriad; larger species, 16–17 mm (Fig. 7F).................................... C. lohmanderi Strasser, 1970 5. Anterior part of angiocoxites with two distinctive, bifurcated, posterior projections/processes (see Antić & Makarov 2016: 31, fig. 20b, c, bp1 and bp2; Fig. 7A)....................................................................................................................................................... C. elephantum Antić & Makarov, 2016 – Without such posterior projections/processes................................................................................... 6 6. Anterior parts of angiocoxites with a deep V-shaped incision distally (Fig. 7B)........................................................................................................................ C. fanagoriyskaya Antić & Makarov, 2016 – Anterior parts of angiocoxites without a deep V-shaped incision distally........................................ 7 7. Margins of the anterior parts of angiocoxites circular (Fig. 7D)................................................................................................................................................... C. glabroscutum Antić & Makarov, 2016 – Margins of the anterior parts of angiocoxites subquadrangular (Fig. 7G)............................................................................................................................................. C. variabile Antić & Makarov, 2016 To easily distinguish all eight species of the genus Caucaseuma, see also Figure 7. Key to the species of the genus Caucaseuma Strasser, 1970 (based on the anterior gonopods of males) 1. Anterior part of angiocoxites with a pair of distal notches............................................................... 2 – Anterior part of angiocoxites without a pair of distal notches.......................................................... 5 2. Anterior parts of angiocoxites with a pair of anterior triangular processes (Fig. 7H)............................................................................................................................................ C. strasseri Antić sp. nov. – Without such processes..................................................................................................................... 3 3. Medial projection of anterior part of angiocoxites fused distally (Fig. 7C)............................................................................................................................................ C. minellii Antić & Makarov, 2016 – Medial projection of anterior part of angiocoxites not fused distally............................................... 4 4. Lateral projections of angiocoxites distally rounded; smaller species, 11 mm (Fig. 7E)....................................................................................................................... C. kelasuri Antić & Makarov, 2016 – Lateral projections of angiocoxites distally in the form of elongated processes strongly curved posteriad; larger species, 16–17 mm (Fig. 7F).................................... C. lohmanderi Strasser, 1970 5. Anterior part of angiocoxites with two distinctive, bifurcated, posterior projections/processes (see Antić & Makarov 2016: 31, fig. 20b, c, bp1 and bp2; Fig. 7A)....................................................................................................................................................... C. elephantum Antić & Makarov, 2016 – Without such posterior projections/processes................................................................................... 6 6. Anterior parts of angiocoxites with a deep V-shaped incision distally (Fig. 7B)........................................................................................................................ C. fanagoriyskaya Antić & Makarov, 2016 – Anterior parts of angiocoxites without a deep V-shaped incision distally........................................ 7 7. Margins of the anterior parts of angiocoxites circular (Fig. 7D)................................................................................................................................................... C. glabroscutum Antić & Makarov, 2016 – Margins of the anterior parts of angiocoxites subquadrangular (Fig. 7G)............................................................................................................................................. C. variabile Antić & Makarov, 2016 To easily distinguish all eight species of the genus Caucaseuma, see also Figure 7.Published as part of Antić, Dragan & Makarov, Slobodan, 2022, Review of the genus Caucaseuma Strasser, 1970, with the description of a new cavernicolous species from the Western Caucasus and an updated key and distribution (Diplopoda, Chordeumatida, Anthroleucosomatidae), pp. 90-107 in European Journal of Taxonomy 819 (1) on page 102, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.819.1783, http://zenodo.org/record/656461
Peer-review of monograph of V. V. Makarov, N. Ya. Makhamat, A. M. Gulyukin, M. I. Gulyukin “Anthrax: Modern Knowledge and Global Occurrence”. М.: Agentstvo tvorcheskikh tekhnologiy, 2019. 145 p.: il. ISBN 978-5-6042239-6-3
No full textPeer-review of monograph of V. V. Makarov, N. Ya. Makhamat, A. M. Gulyukin, M. I. Gulyukin “Anthrax: Modern Knowledge and Global Occurrence”. М.: Agentstvo tvorcheskikh tekhnologiy, 2019. 145 p.: il. ISBN 978-5-6042239-6-3
Clathrocaspia knipowitschii subsp. knipowitschii knipowitschii (Makarov 1938
No full textClathrocaspia knipowitschii knipowitschii (Makarov, 1938) Fig. 13 a–d, f–p Caspia gmelini [sic] var. Knipowitschii, nov.— Makarov 1938: 1058. Caspia gmelini [sic] Dyb.— Makarov 1938: 1058, textfig. 1 [non Clessin & W. Dybowski in W. Dybowski, 1887]. P. [yrgula] (Caspia) makarovi sp. n. — Golikov & Starobogatov 1966: 353–354, fig. 1(5). P. [yrgula] (Caspia) knipowitchi [sic] (Makarov, 1938)— Golikov & Starobogatov 1966: 354, fig. 1(6). non Pyrgula [(Caspia)] knipowitchi [sic] (Mak.)— Logvinenko & Starobogatov 1969: 379, fig. 367(8). C. [aspia] knipowitschi [sic] (Makarov, 1938)— Golikov & Starobogatov 1972: 99, pl. 2, fig. 17. Caspia (Clathrocaspia) knipowitchi [sic] Makarov, 1938 —Anistratenko & Prisjazhnjuk 1992: 19, fig. 2b. Caspia knipowitchi [sic] Makarov, 1938 — Kantor & Sysoev 2006: 87–88, pl. 41, fig. J. Caspia makarovi (Golikov et Starobogatov, 1966) — Kantor & Sysoev 2006: 88, pl. 41, fig. L. Caspia (Clathrocaspia) makarovi (Golikov et Starobogatov, 1966) — Anistratenko 2007b: 796, 797, fig. 2(20). Caspia knipowitchii [sic] Makarov, 1938 — Anistratenko 2013: 53–55, figs 1A–I, 3A–D, 5A–D. Caspia makarovi (Golikov & Starobogatov, 1966) — Anistratenko 2013: 56–59, figs 2A–E, 3E. ? Caspia milae n. sp. —Boeters, Gl̂er & Georgiev in Boeters et al. 2015: 180–183, figs 9–21. Clathrocaspia knipowitschii (Makarov, 1938) — Wesselingh et al. 2019: 70–71. ? Clathrocaspia milae (Boeters, Gl̂er & Georgiev, 2015)— Wesselingh et al. 2019: 72. Type material. The types of C. knipowitschii are lost. All material of Makarov that was supposedly stored in Odessa was almost certainly destroyed during World War II (M. Son and I. Sinegub, pers. comm. 05/2020); despite considerable effort, the material could not be located in any collection. To fix the identity of C. knipowitschii we designate a neotype. Unfortunately, there is no topotypic material from the mouth of Dniester River in any collection we are aware of, and no fresh material was encountered there during an expedition in 2016. Thus, we choose as neotype a specimen from the nearest possible location with similar ecological settings, i.e. the mouth of the Dnieper River near Kherson, from where Makarov (1938) also reported specimens. The neotype (IZAN 522/1) fits well to the original description in terms of size, shape and sculpture. The type material of C. makarovi includes the holotype (ZIN 4492 /1), collected by S.A. Zernov in 23/09/1908 (during the “ Academician Baer ” steamship expedition), and 126 paratypes (ZIN 4499 /2–4501/10), collected by S.A. Zernov in 15/08–15/09/1909 (during the “ Meotida ” steamship expedition). Type locality. The neotype comes from the mouth of Dnieper River near Kherson, Kherson region (Ukraine) (Table 1, locality 30b). The original (lost) type series comes from the mouth of Dniester River. The type locality of C. makarovi is the Dnieper River liman (locality 31). Other material. Fifty two specimens from the neotype locality (IZAN 522, locality 30b) and three specimens from the close-by locality 30c (UGSB 25234–25236). Further 19 specimens were retrieved from Holocene deposits of near Kiliya, Odessa region, Ukraine (IZAN unnumbered, locality 32); this also includes four paratypes of C. brotzkajae from the same lot referred to C. knipowitschii herein. 228 specimens derive from late Holocene deposits from six piston cores in the Razim-Sinoe lake complex, Romania (RGM 1309843 and unnumbered; localities 33a–f). Remarks. Detailed descriptions of Clathrocaspia knipowitschii and C. makarovi were provided by Anistratenko (2013), including information on protoconch, radula and operculum. Here we review all material presently available for both species, including the holotype of C. makarovi. Both species comprise a wide range of shell variability, concerning size, shape (elongate versus more bulky) and whorl convexity. Although typical C. knipowitschii sensu Makarov (1938) (Fig. 13a, b) and C. makarovi sensu Golikov & Starobogatov (1966) (Fig. 13c, d, f) can be clearly distinguished, there are numerous intermediate morphologies that do not allow establishing clear species boundaries. Moreover, the different forms co-occur in the same habitats. Only the protoconch of C. makarovi is slightly smaller than that of C. knipowitschii (Anistratenko 2013) though this feature is also slightly variable. Given the morphological similarity these differences may be considered as intraspecific variation. Moreover, unpublished genetic data suggest that recent populations of Clathrocaspia inhabiting the Dnieper-Bug estuary and determined as C. makarovi and C. knipowitschii belong to a single species (T. Wilke, pers. comm. 05/2020). Hence, we confirm the previous assumption of Wesselingh et al. (2019) and consider C. makarovi as a junior synonym of C. knipowitschii. As already discussed by Wesselingh et al. (2019), Clathrocaspia milae closely resembles C. knipowitschii. Boeters et al. (2015) distinguished the two species based on the degree of cover of the umbilicus, the shape of the peristome and the size and number of whorls of the protoconch. Most of these characteristics are found to be quite variable within populations of C. knipowitschii. Until molecular information is available we only tentatively list C. milae among the synonyms of C. knipowitschii. Moreover, while soft-body morphology of C. milae was described by Boeters et al. (2015), data on the anatomy of C. knipowitschii are not yet available. The concept of C. knipowitschii applied in the literature differs largely among authors. For example, C. knipowitschii sensu Logvinenko & Starobogatov (1969), who list the species among the Caspian Sea gastropods, is much broader than “real” C. knipowitschii; their illustration closely resembles C. brotzkajae, and we consider their record synonymous with that species (see also Remarks section of that species). Distribution and ecology (including C. makarovi). Restricted to the Azov-Black Sea Basin, where the species occurs in Taganrog bay, delta of the Don, Dnieper, Dniester, Danube rivers, estuaries and coastal lakes of NW part of the Black Sea Basin (Golikov & Starobogatov 1972; Anistratenko 2007a; our data). Also known from Holocene deposits of the Danube Delta (Anistratenko & Prisjazhnjuk 1992) and offshore Crimea (in phaseoline silt; Golikov & Starobogatov 1966, 1972). In the Dnieper-Bug estuary, C. knipowitschii inhabits lotic waters of the Dnieper riverbed and its branches usually at a depth of 2– 10 m. In 2015, a maximal population density of 4590 spec./m² and a and biomass of 7.73 g /m² were measured in the Dnieper across from Kherson Hydrobiological Station on silty sand among the colonies of Dreissena at a depth of 2 m (Alexenko & Kucheryava 2019, T. Alexenko, pers. comm. 06/2020). Snails prefer substrates such as sand, silty sand, as well as the shells or shell fragments of bivalves and gastropods; in some localities in the Southern Bug snails occurred on stones at 1 m depth (Alexenko & Alexandrova 1987; Alexenko & Kucheryava 2019).Published as part of Anistratenko, Vitaliy V., Neubauer, Thomas A., Anistratenko, Olga Yu., Kijashko, Pavel V. & Wesselingh, Frank P., 2021, A revision of the Pontocaspian gastropods of the subfamily Caspiinae (Caenogastropoda: Hydrobiidae), pp. 151-197 in Zootaxa 4933 (2) on pages 174-177, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4933.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/455014
Typhloiulus gellianae Makarov & Rada 2006
No full text<i>Typhloiulus gellianae</i> Makarov & Rađa, 2006 <p> <i>Typhloiulus gellianae</i> Makarov & Rađa 2006</p> <p> <b>Distribution.</b> Known only from the type locality: Croatia: Jama u Kukljici Pit near v. Kukljica, island of Ugljan.</p>Published as part of <i>Vagalinski, Boyan, Stoev, Pavel & Enghoff, Henrik, 2015, A review of the millipede genus Typhloiulus Latzel, 1884 (Diplopoda: Julida: Julidae), with a description of three new species from Bulgaria and Greece, pp. 334-362 in Zootaxa 3999 (3)</i> on page 339, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3999.3.2, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/234012">http://zenodo.org/record/234012</a>
Notes on the systematics and nomenclature of some taxa of the genus Chlaenius Bonelli, 1810 (Coleoptera, Carabidae) from the Far East
No full textSundukov, Yurii N., Makarov, Kirill V. (2022): Notes on the systematics and nomenclature of some taxa of the genus Chlaenius Bonelli, 1810 (Coleoptera, Carabidae) from the Far East. Zootaxa 5222 (2): 190-200, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5222.2.
Typhloiulus giganteus Curcic & Makarov 2003
No full textTyphloiulus giganteus Ćurčić & Makarov, 2003 Typhloiulus (Typhloiulus) giganteus Ćurčić & Makarov, 2003 Material. Holotype ♂ (UB), antenna, leg-pairs 1 and 2, gnathochilarium, gonopods and penis on slide preparation. Descriptive notes. Male legs in anterior part of body with a very small, weakly pronounced adhesive pad on tibia, and with an oval pit on postfemur. Distribution. Known only from the type locality: FYR of Macedonia: cave Momichek near v. Belica.Published as part of Vagalinski, Boyan, Stoev, Pavel & Enghoff, Henrik, 2015, A review of the millipede genus Typhloiulus Latzel, 1884 (Diplopoda: Julida: Julidae), with a description of three new species from Bulgaria and Greece, pp. 334-362 in Zootaxa 3999 (3) on page 339, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3999.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/23401
Caucaseuma Strasser 1970
No full textKey to the species of the genus Caucaseuma Strasser, 1970 (based on the anterior gonopods of males) 1. Anterior part of angiocoxites with a pair of distal notches............................................................... 2 – Anterior part of angiocoxites without a pair of distal notches.......................................................... 5 2. Anterior parts of angiocoxites with a pair of anterior triangular processes (Fig. 7H)............................................................................................................................................ C. strasseri Antić sp. nov. – Without such processes..................................................................................................................... 3 3. Medial projection of anterior part of angiocoxites fused distally (Fig. 7C)............................................................................................................................................ C. minellii Antić & Makarov, 2016 – Medial projection of anterior part of angiocoxites not fused distally............................................... 4 4. Lateral projections of angiocoxites distally rounded; smaller species, 11 mm (Fig. 7E)....................................................................................................................... C. kelasuri Antić & Makarov, 2016 – Lateral projections of angiocoxites distally in the form of elongated processes strongly curved posteriad; larger species, 16–17 mm (Fig. 7F).................................... C. lohmanderi Strasser, 1970 5. Anterior part of angiocoxites with two distinctive, bifurcated, posterior projections/processes (see Antić & Makarov 2016: 31, fig. 20b, c, bp1 and bp2; Fig. 7A)....................................................................................................................................................... C. elephantum Antić & Makarov, 2016 – Without such posterior projections/processes................................................................................... 6 6. Anterior parts of angiocoxites with a deep V-shaped incision distally (Fig. 7B)........................................................................................................................ C. fanagoriyskaya Antić & Makarov, 2016 – Anterior parts of angiocoxites without a deep V-shaped incision distally........................................ 7 7. Margins of the anterior parts of angiocoxites circular (Fig. 7D)................................................................................................................................................... C. glabroscutum Antić & Makarov, 2016 – Margins of the anterior parts of angiocoxites subquadrangular (Fig. 7G)............................................................................................................................................. C. variabile Antić & Makarov, 2016 To easily distinguish all eight species of the genus Caucaseuma, see also Figure 7.Published as part of Antić, Dragan & Makarov, Slobodan, 2022, Review of the genus Caucaseuma Strasser, 1970, with the description of a new cavernicolous species from the Western Caucasus and an updated key and distribution (Diplopoda, Chordeumatida, Anthroleucosomatidae), pp. 90-107 in European Journal of Taxonomy 819 (1) on page 102, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.819.1783, http://zenodo.org/record/656461
THE RESEARCH OF ADVANCED HYBRID LEARNING FOR STUDENTS OF SPECIALTY 226 PHARMACY, INDUSTRIAL PHARMACY: PHARMACEUTICAL TECHNOLOGIES, PERFUMERY AND COSMETICS TECHNOLOGIES AND DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS
No full textMakarov O. V., Borsch O. A. THE RESEARCH OF ADVANCED HYBRID LEARNING FOR STUDENTS OF SPECIALTY 226 PHARMACY, INDUSTRIAL PHARMACY: PHARMACEUTICAL TECHNOLOGIES, PERFUMERY AND COSMETICS TECHNOLOGIES AND DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS. Актуальні проблеми транспортної медицини / Actual problems of transport medicine / 2018;4(54):154-159. ISSN 1818-9385
DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2525698
http://aptm.org.ua
THE RESEARCH OF ADVANCED HYBRID LEARNING FOR STUDENTS OF SPECIALTY 226 PHARMACY, INDUSTRIAL PHARMACY: PHARMACEUTICAL TECHNOLOGIES, PERFUMERY AND COSMETICS TECHNOLOGIES AND DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS
O. V. Makarov, O. A. Borsch
Odessa National Polytechnic University
[email protected]
Abstract
The practical experience and research results of hybrid educational course influence on the successful material assimilation and certification by students of CTF ONPU were revealed. The specifics of implementation, deployment and support of distance courses and factors influencing the success of the hybrid learning were given.
Keywords: hybrid learning, distance learning courses, educational process management systems, experience in implementing MOODLE and edX
Acanthophorella barjadzei Antic & Makarov 2016
No full text<i>Acanthophorella barjadzei</i> Antić & Makarov, 2016 <p>Figs 1A–D, 17–20, 21B, 22</p> <p> <i>Acanthophorella barjadzei</i> Antić & Makarov, 2016: 143, figs 118–120.</p> Material examined <p> <b>Topotypes</b> GEORGIA • 2 juvs; Racha-Lechkhumi and Kvemo Svaneti Region, Ambrolauri Municipality, Racha karst massif, Velevi village, Dolabistavi Cave; 1170 m a.s.l.; 15 Jun. 2019; H. Reip, J. Hentschel, L. Binz and E. Göbel leg.; SMNG • 2 juvs; same cave as for preceding; 25 May 2022; S. Barjadze, A. Faille and E. Maghradze; SMNS.</p> <p> <b>Additional material</b></p> <p> GEORGIA – <b>Racha-Lechkhumi and Kvemo Svaneti Region</b> • 1 ♂, 1 ♀, 1 juv.; Ambrolauri Municipality, Racha karst massif, Nikortsminda village, Nikortsminda Sakinule Cave; 1196 m a.s.l.; 24 Jul. 2022; D. Antić, E. Kiria, L. Shavadze and S. Barjadze leg.; IZB • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; NHMW MY10367 • 1 ♂; same collection data as for preceding; IZISU • 2 ♂♂, 6 ♀♀ (one used for SEM), 1 juv.; same cave as for preceding; 14 Jun. 2019; H. Reip, J. Hentschel, L. Binz and E. Göbel leg.; SMNG • 2 ♂♂ (one used for SEM), 1 ♀, 3 juvs; Muradi Cave; 1500 m a.s.l.; 24 Jul. 2022; D. Antić, E. Kiria, L. Shavadze and S. Barjadze leg.; IZB • 2 ♀♀, 2 juvs; same cave as for preceding; 18 Oct. 2021; J. Grego and R. Straub leg.; IZISU.</p> Remarks <p> As more males and females are now available for <i>A. barjadzei</i>, we provide some additional descriptive notes here (Figs 17–20). Males 19–23.5 mm long, vertical diameter of the largest ring 1.40–1.50 mm. Females 17.5–26 mm long, vertical diameter of the largest ring 1.40–1.70. Head and gnathochilarium densely setose (Figs 17B, 18A). Antennomere 7 with one rather bacilliform sensillum (sensillum basiconicum?) curved distad, located below sensillum trichodeum (Fig. 18D). Lateral to antennal sockets, a group of papilliform outgrowths present. Number of ommatidia 5–10, but mainly 5–7, in 2–3 rows, arranged in elongated triangles; ommatidia pale brownish or completely transparent (Figs 1A, C, 17A–B, D, 18B). In one female, the number of ommatidia is 9+10. Leg-pairs 3 and 4 in males with femoral, postfemoral and tibial distoventral pads. Leg-pair 10 in males with a rounded or subtriangular, distal, coxal protrusion, but also with a triangular, posterior, proximal, coxal protrusion. The anterior and posterior gonopods of the males from Muradi and Nikortsminda Sakinule caves almost completely agree with the gonopods of the holotype from Dolabistavi Cave. Angioxocal tufts (tf) (= hairy levers + lobes) complicated, including lobes with long and short hairlike outgrowths and spiculiform outgrowths, distally with an opening (Fig. 19E–F). The only difference spotted between males from Muradi and Nikortsminda Sakinule caves compared to the holotype is the presence of much shorter lateral lamellae (Fig. 19A, F) in males from the two mentioned caves. Leg-pair 2 in females with well-developed distomesal protrusions on coxae covered with small tubercles and setae. Vulvae (Figs 19G–I, 20) with anterior part as wide as vulval length. Operculum (o) well-developed, bilobed, with 6+6 setae (5+5 lateral shorter setae and 1+1 mesal longer setae). Bursa (b) with strongly thickened anteroproximal lips on which the operculum rests. Lateral valve with eight setae, mesal valvee with nine setae. Posteriorly, bursa with wrinkled lateral lobe.</p> Localities and ecology <p> The type locality, Dolabistavi Cave, like other caves in the Racha karst massif, is formed in Cretaceous limestone. The explored length of the cave is 140 m, with a depth of 20 m (Tatashidze <i>et al.</i> 2009). The cave is characterised by narrow passages without speleothems, and with a stream in the lower level, which is the source of the Khoteura River. Until this study, <i>A. barjadzei</i> was only known from its type locality. Antić & Makarov (2016) stated that this species probably lives also in Muradi Cave, but in the absence of adult males they left the identification to future studies. Now that we have adult males at hand, we can confirm <i>A. barjadzei</i> from Muradi and Nikortsminda Sakinule caves. Muradi Cave is another high altitude cave with a low and wide entrance (4× 1 m). The cave has 660 m of investigated channels and is characterised by two levels, a lower and an upper, separated by a 10 m vertical passage. From the entrance, the cave descends steeply to the lower level. The temperature in the cave is 7°C. This is one of the most famous caves in Georgia in terms of speleothems, which are very numerous and diverse in the upper level (Asanidze <i>et al.</i> 2017). The most interesting and unique among them are certainly the pool speleothems (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z2TfqQEUxMA). Nikortsminda Sakinule is a 100 m long and 15 m deep cave that is poor in speleothems but well known for its ice formations and low temperature (Tatashidze <i>et al.</i> 2009). From the huge entrance the cave slopes steeply downwards. This part of the cave is mainly characterised by lined boulders and stones. From the lower part of the cave, a steep ascent leads to the second part, which is much wetter and with a mostly clay substrate.</p> <p> In Dolabistavi Cave, specimens of <i>A. barjadzei</i> were found in the dark parts, crawling around on the wet rocks. In Muradi Cave, specimens were found in the lower part of the cave (we did not explore the upper part), walking and probably feeding on wet dead wood. In Nikortsminda Sakinule Cave, specimens were found between near the entrance and the second, completely dark part of the cave. All animals were found in the left part of the cave, which is almost in complete darkness and characterised by very wet and cold stones. The specimens mainly walked on the stones covered with green algae or on dead wood or deeper on clay. Some were feeding on algae, as the green colour was clearly visible in the gut.</p> <p> Besides <i>A. barjadzei</i>, another troglobiotic millipede inhabiting all three caves is the hydrophilous <i>Leucogeorgia longipes</i> Verhoeff, 1930 (Antić & Reip 2020 for Dolabistavi; unpublished for Muradi and Nikortsminda Sakinule). One more interesting, stygobiotic species from Dolabistavi Cave is the recently described, <i>Hausdorfenia pseudohauffenia</i> Grego & Mumladze, 2020 (Gastropoda) (Grego <i>et al.</i> 2020). For additional taxa known from Dolabistavi Cave see Barjadze <i>et al.</i> (2015). In Nikortsminda Sakinule Cave, five mite and one springtail species have been recorded so far (Barjadze <i>et al.</i> 2015). During the expedition, we registered additional four troglobionts from the genera <i>Neobisium</i> (Pseudoscorpiones), <i>Nemaspela</i> Šilhavý, 1966 (Opiliones), <i>Inotrechus</i> (Coleoptera) and <i>Pseudosinella</i> Schäffer, 1897 (Collembola) (unpubl.). In Muradi Cave, besides two troglobiotic millipede species, we registered two troglophiles, viz., <i>Micropterna clavata</i> and <i>Stenophylax permistus</i> (both Trichoptera) (unpubl.).</p> <p> Based on the ecology, the unpigmented body and the unpigmented or pale brownish and reduced number of ommatidia, <i>A. barjadzei</i> can be considered as a troglobiont. Furthermore, this species is characterised by a more robust and larger body (cave gigantism), compared to its congeners. With a length of up to 26 mm, <i>A. barjadzei</i>, together with the members of the troglobiotic genus <i>Heterocaucaseuma</i> Antić & Makarov, 2016, is the largest chordeumatidan in the Caucasus.</p> Distribution <p>A Georgian endemic known from three high-altitude caves (ca 1200–1500 m a.s.l.) in the Racha karst massif (Fig. 22, cyan circles).</p>Published as part of <i>Antić, Dragan, Šević, Mirko, Barjadze, Shalva & Makarov, Slobodan, 2023, Review of the genus Acanthophorella Antić & Makarov, 2016 (Diplopoda, Chordeumatida, Anthroleucosomatidae), with descriptions of three new species from the Caucasus, pp. 39-76 in European Journal of Taxonomy 908</i> on pages 64-70, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.908.2337, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/10149298">http://zenodo.org/record/10149298</a>
Amara (Tibetamara) Makarov & Sundukov 2021, subgen. n.
No full textTibetamara Makarov et Sundukov, subgen. n. Type species: Amara validula Tschitschérine, 1898, designated herewith. Species composition. Amara validula Tschitschérine, 1898. Diagnosis. Body robust, rather large (10–11 mm), dark; antennae monochromous, reddish. Head: two supraorbital pores; mentum tooth well-developed, bifid. Prothorax: relatively large, transverse (about 1.5 times as wide as long), slightly trapezoidal, with two basal foveae on each side; outer basal fovea with a distinct lateral fold reaching the basal margin; two lateral setae; posterior angles distinct, pointed. Propleuron and prosternum punctate; prothorax of male and female of similar structure except punctuation being more or less strongly and longitudinally depressed between coxae. Prosternal intercoxal process not marginated and asetose apically. Elytra: relatively short, only 1.3 times as long as wide, moderately convex; shoulder angle distinct, with a tooth; parascutellary pore absent; striae punctate; stria 7 with one preapical setiferous puncture. Ventral side of meso- and metasterna densely and coarsely punctate. Abdomen: sternites III–V each with one pair of setae; anal sternite with 2–4 setae in males and 4 setae in females. Legs: claws long and slender; apical spur of protibia simple; dorsal side of protibia with 4–6 setae; middle femur with 2 setae along posterior margin; mesotibia in males with a row of small tubercles on inner side; metatibia of male on inner side with one additional row of rather long setae on apical third. Ventral sides of meso- and metatarsomeres 1–3 with lateral rows of long bifid or trifid setae (Figs 13, 14), this resulting in apical quarter of plantar surface of these tarsomeres and being entirely clothed with setae. At least some of the apical setae longer than apical width of tarsomere. Aedeagus: median lobe without groove on right side; lamella long, narrow, tapering towards apex; right paramere robust, short, without apical hook. Position within the genus. The subgeneric division of the genus Amara (Andrewes 1930; Bates 1873; Hieke 1978, 1983, 1990, 1994, 1999a, 2001, 2003c, 2005, 2006, 2012; Jeannel 1942; Lutshnik 1935) is mainly based on the chaetotaxy of the prothoracic process, legs, and abdominal sternites; the presence or absence of margination at the tip of the prothoracic process; the number of preapical setiferous punctures in elytral stria 7; the structure of the apical spur of the fore tibia; the sculpture and chaetotaxy of the middle of the prothorax, middle and hind tibiae in male; the shape and structure of the pronotum; the colour of the antennae; the presence or absence of a scutellary pore on the elytra; the structure of the aedeagus median lobe and right paramere in males, and of the gonostyles in female. However, most of the characters listed above demonstrate similarities in different subgenera or are variable within one subgenus. As a result, there are exceptions or species with a transitional combination of features in almost every subgenus, this often complicating their identification. In his first works on the genus Amara, Hieke (1978) already expressed cautiously the idea that we observe many characters of the subgenera and groups of species in Amara in the process of their formation. Therefore, features characteristic of all members of one subgenus can be found in other subgenera, albeit weakly expressed. A character such as a fovea on the male prothorax, which is characteristic of the subgenera Xenocelia, Pseudocelia, Camptocelia, Cumeres, Bradytus etc., exceptionally occurs in the nominative subgenus as well (Hieke 2002); the parascutellar pore present in all species of the subgenus Zezea is also found among Amara s. str. and Celia, etc. Later, Hieke returned to his idea and expressed it more clearly, proposing to broaden the interpretation of synapomorphism as the ability (potency) of a certain characteristic to emerge: “… eine Synapomorphie nicht der gemeinsame Besitz von apomorphen Merkmalen ist, sondern die gemeinsame genetische Potenz, ein bestimmtes apomorphes Merkmal auszubilden.” (Hieke 2005: 149). One may disagree with that statement, but it is obvious that the genus Amara shows a very wide combinatorial set of diagnostic characters. A natural reflection of the distribution of features can be presented in a matrix (Table 1). This allows for a comparison between Tibetamara subgen. n. and all other subgenera of Amara. Bradytus, which previously included A. validula, differs from Tibetamara subgen. n. in having a groove on the right side of the median lobe of aedeagus, margination on the prosternal intercoxal process, presence of a punctate area or a deep fossa in the middle of the male prothorax, fewer (1–3, rarely 4) setae on the dorsal side of the fore tibia, and a different structure of the tarsi. The subgenus Bradytulus Tschitschérine, 1894, is similar to Tibetamara subgen. n. in many characters, but in Bradytulus the proternal intercoxal process margined at least at the apex. The subgenus Pseudocelia Lutshnik, 1935 differs from Tibetamara subgen. n. in having poorly developed or reduced outer basal foveae of the pronotum. Both Reductocelia Lafer, 1989 and Xenocelia Hieke, 2001 have sclerotized structures in the endophallus, usually 2–3 preapical setiferous punctures at the apex of elytral stria 7, and (in some Reductocelia, in all Xenocelia) 4 setae on the anal sternite in both sexes. In addition, in Xenocelia, the outer basal foveae of the pronotum are not separated from the lateral margin by a convex fold; males show a punctate area or a fovea in the middle of the prosternum, as well as a short groove on the right side of the median lobe of aedeagus. Several subgeneric complexes differ from Tibetamara subgen. n. in having either a margined prosternal intercoxal process with additional setae (Camptocelia Jeannel, 1942, Xanthamara Bedel, 1899, Leuris Lutshnik, 1927, Cumeres Andrewes, 1924, Heterodema Tschitschérine, 1894, Leiocnemis C. Zimmermann, 1832, Paracelia Bedel, 1899, Pseudoleiromorpha Hieke, 1981, Percosia C. Zimmermann, 1832, Phaenotrichus Tschitschérine, 1898, Neopercosia Hieke, 1978, Parapercosia Tschitschérine, 1899, Pseudoleirides Kryzhanovskij, 1968, Polysitamara Kryzhanovskij, 1968, and Harpalodema Reitter, 1888) or additional setae on the prosternal process are combined with the absence of its margination (Bradytodema Hieke, 1983, some Pseudoleirides Kryzhanovskij, 1968 and Pseudoleiromorpha Hieke, 1981). Finally, a number of subgenera with an unmargined prosternal intercoxal process, as in Tibetamara subgen. n., possess numerous additional setae on the femora of the middle and hind legs (Phanerodonta Tschitschérine, 1894, Hyalamara Tschitschérine, 1903, Ammoxena Tschitschérine, 1894, Cribramara Kryzhanovskij, 1964, Amathitis C. Zimmermann, 1832, Allobradytus Iablokoff-Khnzorian, 1975, Ammoleirus Tschitschérine, 1899, and Zabroscelis Putzeys, 1866). Often, the development of additional setae on the legs and ventral surface, apparently associated with a psammophilic lifestyle, is also accompanied by the complication of tarsal setae. In certain cases, apical groups of long setae are formed (Harpalodema Reitter, 1888, Phanerodonta Tschitschérine, 1894, some species of Amathitis C. Zimmermann, 1832), resembling the tarsi of Tibetamara subgen. n. in appearance. However, in all these other subgenera, it is not the number, but the length of the tarsal setae that is increased, and they remain arranged in regular lateral rows typical of the genus. An increased number of setae on the tarsi is described for A. (Bradytus) pingshiangi Jedlička, 1957 (Kavanaugh et al. 2014); however, as this species has an unmargined prosternal intercoxal process and a fovea in the middle of the male prosternum is absent, its inclusion into the subgenus Bradytus is dubious (Hieke 1990). Therefore, the subgenus Tibetamara subgen. n. possesses a predominantly plesiomorphic (according to Hieke, 1978, 1983, 2005) set of characters and, in their combination, it is similar to the “ Curtonotus -Komplex” sensu Hieke (1978). It seems noteworthy that Tschitschérine (1898: 217) already noted the similarity between A. validula and Curtonotus Stephens, 1827, when describing the former. The subgenera of this complex differ from Tibetamara subgen. n. by the presence of large tubercles or teeth on the middle tibia of males, as well as of two lateral rows of short spinules on the ventral surface of the tarsus. Their right paramere is long, with a narrow tip (Curtonotus, Armatoleirides Tanaka, 1957) or with a hook (Leirides Putzeys, 1866, Microleirus Kryzhanovskij, 1974, Leiramara Hieke, 1988, and Leironotus Ganglbauer, 1891). In addition, unlike Tibetamara subgen. n., species of Leirides, Microleirus, and Leiramara have a marginated prosternal intercoxal process, and the male prosternum of Armatoleirides has a punctate fovea in the middle. ......continued on the nextt page ......continued on the nextt page * The table does not include the subgenus Shunichius, known to us only from the literature. ABBREVIATIONS. All columns in parentheses indicate the rare condition of the feature; “+”—present, “-”—absent. Right paramere: O—simple; T—truncated; sH—with small apical hook, bH—with big apical hook; Number of lateral setae on pronotum: b—both, a—anterior only, p—basal only, n—none;Antenna coloring: UC—unichromatic; BC—bicolor, with light basal antennomeres; Medial protibial spurs: S—simple, T—trifid; fovea of prosternum of male: “+”—present, “-” - absent, s—sculptured area; Males metatibia: O—ordinary; SH - sparse hairs, TB - thick brush-like patch; Males mesotibia: O—ordinary; sG—small grains, sT—small teeth; bT—large teeth; Number of setae on last abdominal ventrite: females | males. NOTES. 1 The number of setae in the stria 7 is indicated without a small apical seta, which is poorly visible in many species and it is often not clear to which stria it belongs. 2 subgenus Eoleirides is known only from females. 3 with a distinct subapical tooth. 4 A. biarticulata has a small fovea. 5 exclusion of A. glabrata with very small punctate fovea. 6 sometimes the edging is indistinct or present only at the apex of the process. 7 big hook only at A. chinensis Tschitschérine, 1894. 8 rarely 3–5 setae. 9 exception: A. lamia with 4 setiferous pore punctures. 10 transitional state, the apical spure of the protibia on the inner side forms an additional denticle (Lutshnik, 1927). 11 absent from A. transcaspica and A. hermoniensis . 12 A. infuscata often has only two setae. 13 the edging is very thin. 14 with the exception of some specimens of A. fedtschenkoi . 15 characteristics drawn up on the basis of A. murgabica and A. punctipennis; A. kirgisica differs significantly from them. 16 in A. pseudofulva is not bordered. As a result, we consider the structure of the aedeagus, primarily a very short right paramere with a blunt tip (Fig. 9), as well as the chaetotaxy of the tarsi, to be the unique features (autapomorphies) among Amara that warrant the recognition of a new subgenus, based on A. validula alone. Etymology. The name is derived from combining the name of the mountainous plateau Tibet, whence A. validula is reliably known, with the generic name Amara. Feminine.Published as part of Makarov, Kirill V. & Sundukov, Yurii N., 2021, A new subgenus of the genus Amara Bonelli, 1810 (Coleoptera: Carabidae) from northeastern Tibet, China, pp. 228-240 in Zootaxa 5057 (2) on pages 229-236, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5057.2.4, http://zenodo.org/record/558809
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