109,527 research outputs found
CONTEMPORARY INDEPENDENT SLOVENIAN CINEMA
No full textV diplomskem delu je podrobneje predstavljen neodvisni film, njegov pomen na splošno in njegov razvoj v sodobnem času v slovenskem prostoru. Diplomsko delo problematizira ustvarjanje neodvisnih filmov ter njihovo distribucijo in promocijo. Kako potekata slednji, smo podrobneje pregledali na spletu. Vse omenjeno je praktično predstavljeno na primeru analize filmov, predstavljenih na dveh projekcijah Krasni novi novi val in v okviru Turneje neodvisnih filmov.This diploma thesis presents independent film, its role in general and its contemporary forms in Slovenia. Furthermore, the creation of independent films, their distribution and promotion are discussed. The methods of independent film distribution and promotion have been examined by reviewing the material available on the web. The above issues have been practically explored by studying a selection of films screened at two »Beautiful New New Wave« projections and the so called »Tour of Independent Film«
Hybrid interconnect network for on-chip low-power clock distribution
No full textClock is regarded as the heartbeat of modern synchronous digital integrated circuits. However, with the CMOS technology shrinking, it becomes critical to deliver high-quality global clock signal with low propagation delay and hence conventional metallic interconnect seems to meet its bottleneck, as a clock distribution network (CDN) might consume up to 50% of the overall power. To address these problems, this Letter proposes a novel combination of wireless and conventional metallic interconnect to improve the performance of on-chip clock distribution. By incorporating integrated wireless clock transceivers and efficient modulation technique, overall performance has been increased significantly with a total delay reduction of 66.8% compared with a new cornerstone tapered H-tree model from 400 to 130 ps. In addition, clock uncertainties are now predictable according to the displacement of transceivers,,33 ps of clock skew at 2.5 GHz input with highly unbalanced loads could be found within the proposed CDN, and hence, indicates a promising potential of future high-performance on-chip clock distribution.</p
Won’t on-chip clock calibration guarantee performance boost and product quality?
No full textIn today’s high performance (multi-GHz) microprocessors’ design, on-chip clock calibration features are needed to compensate for electrical parameter variations as a result of manufacturing process variations. The calibration features allow performance boost after manufacturing test and maintain such performance levels during normal operation, thus preserving product quality. This strategy has been proven successful commercially. In this paper, we discuss the impact on performance and product quality of both permanent and transient faults possibly affecting these calibration circuits during manufacturing and normal operation, respectively. In particular, we consider the case of an on-chip clock calibration feature of a commercial high performance microprocessor. We will show that some possible permanent faults may render the on-chip clock calibration schemes useless (in process variations’ compensation), while it is impossible for common manufacturing testing to detect this incorrect behavior. This means that a faulty operating microprocessor may pass the testing phase and be put onto the market, with a consequent impact on product quality and increase in Defect Level. Similarly, we will show that some possible transient faults occurring during the microprocessor in-field operation could defeat the purpose of on-chip clock calibration, again resulting in faulty operation of the microprocessor. This has long range implications to microprocessors’ design as well, considering that process variations on die, as well as across the process, would worsen with continued scaling. Proper strategies to test these clock calibration features and to guarantee their correct operation in the field cannot be ignored. Possible design approaches to solve this problem will be discussed
Extended work shifts and MAK values
No full textMAK values (maximum concentrations at the workplace) are valid for exposure periods of 8 hours per day and 40 hours per week. In case of extended work shifts, it may be necessary to reduce the exposure concentration below the MAK value. This depends on the mechanism of action (either controlled by the concentration or by the concentration-time-product, C × T) and the half-life of the substance or its active metabolite. Publications addressing this issue were reviewed. In general, exposure levels do not need to be reduced for irritant substances that act primarily by a concentration-based mechanism. The use of linear C × T extrapolation is proposed for systemically acting substances with an unknown mechanism of action and half-life. The reduction of exposure levels based on worst-case considerations is recommended for systemically acting substances with a known mechanism of action and/or half-life. For practical reasons, linear C × T extrapolation as prescribed by DIN EN 689 is sufficient to prevent toxicity after extended work shifts irrespective of the mechanism of action of the substance. In any case, the BAT value (biological tolerance value) of the substance has to be observe
Phosphorus, white/yellow [MAK Value Documentations, 2012]
No full textThe German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has re‐evaluated the maximum concentration at the work place (MAK value) of white/yellow phosphorus of 0.1 mg/m3 and evaluated the MAK value of red phosphorus, considering all toxicity endpoints. Available unpublished study reports and publications are described in detail. Data is limited and no repeated dose studies are available for red phosphorus and it is assigned to Section II b of the List of MAK and BAT values. Inhalation studies in animals or humans are not available for white/yellow phosphorus. The systemic NOAEL in rats is 0.015 mg/kg body weight and day in a one‐generation study. Therefore, the MAK value is reduced to 0.05 mg/m3. Using a read‐across to the oxidation product phosphorus pentoxide or to phosphoric acid, one of the acids formed during oxidation in humid air, both with MAK values of 2 mg/m3, no irritant effects are expected for white/yellow phosphorus at 0.05 mg/m3. As the MAK value is based on a systemic effect, white/yellow phosphorus is reclassified in Peak Limitation Category II. No data are available from which a substance‐specific excursion factor could be derived, therefore the default excursion factor of 2 is assigned. No risk to the foetus is expected if the MAK value is observed. No data on sensitizing effects of white phosphorus are available. The only available genotoxicity data are negative mutagenicity tests in Salmonella typhimurium. Valid carcinogenicity studies are not available. No prolonged skin contact to white/yellow phosphorus is possible due to its burning and corrosive effects and owing to the poor water solubility of phosphorus, the calculated quantities penetrating through skin are not expected to contribute significantly to systemic toxicity
Phosphorylchlorid [MAK Value Documentation in German language, 2016]
No full textMAK Value Documentation for Phosphorus oxychloride
The German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has re‐evaluated the maximum concentration at the work place (MAK value) of phosphorus oxychloride of 0.2 ml/m3, considering the endpoints local and systemic toxicity as well as developmental toxicity. Available publications are described in detail. Phosphorus oxychloride is corrosive to eyes and skin and hydrolyses in water to hydrogen chloride and phosphoric acid, similar to phosphorus trichloride. There is not enough data for phosphorus oxychloride to set a MAK value because valid inhalation studies with repeated exposure are missing. Therefore, the MAK value of phosphorus oxychloride is derived by using a read‐across to phosphorus trichloride for which a MAK value of 0.1 ml/m3 has been set based on a 28‐day inhalation study. Considering the fivefold higher NOAEC of phosphorus trichloride for sensory irritation in volunteers and rats the MAK value for phosphorus oxychloride is lowered accordingly to 0.02 ml/m3. The assignment to Peak Limitation Category I, because local effects are critical, and the excursion factor of 1 are confirmed. The assignment to Pregnancy Risk Group C is retained as damage to the embryo or foetus is unlikely when the MAK value is observed
Phosphortrichlorid [MAK Value Documentation in German language, 2016]
No full textMAK Value Documentation for Phosphorus trichloride
The German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has re‐evaluated the maximum concentration at the work place (MAK value) of phosphorus trichloride of 0.5 ml/m3, considering the endpoints local and systemic toxicity as well as developmental toxicity. Available publications are described in detail. As described in the previous evaluation of 2006, phosphorus trichloride is corrosive to eyes and skin and in a 28‐day‐inhalation‐study irritative to the respiratory tract of rats with a NOAEC of 3 ml/m3. Since 2014, the Commission uses an empirical approach to set MAK values for substances with critical effects on the upper respiratory tract or the eyes. According to this approach, a concentration of 0.17 ml/m3 for the work place air can be calculated from this study. Therefore, the MAK value is lowered to 0.1 ml/m3. The assignment to Peak Limitation Category I, because local effects are critical, and the excursion factor of 1 are confirmed. A developmental toxicity study with phosphorus trichloride in rats shows that damage for the embryo or foetus is unlikely if the MAK‐value is observed, and the assignment to Pregnancy Risk Group C is retained
Increased respiratory volume at the workplace - Significance for the derivation of the MAK value [MAK Value Documentation, 2017]
No full textThe German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has evaluated whether MAK values which are derived from systemic effects in inhalation experiments in animals or in volunteers at rest should reflect that the respiratory volume at the workplace, and therefore the amount taken up, is higher than under these experimental conditions.
Assuming that the same external concentration in the air leads to the same internal exposure in all species at rest, it is taken into account when extrapolating data from inhalation studies in animals to humans that in the case of systemic effects the body burden (related to kg body weight) of the worker at the workplace, with an assumed respiratory volume of 10 m3 in 8 hours, is about twice as high as that of the experimental animal in the usual 6‐hour experiment. The equivalent external concentration at the workplace is, therefore, half of that used in the experiment. This extrapolation applies only for gases and vapours with a blood:air distribution coefficient of > 5 and for aerosols, provided that the effect is the product of cd7;t. If it can be shown that the critical effect depends more on the concentration than the product of cd7;t and that the steady state was reached within the duration of the experiment, the equivalent concentration at the workplace is two thirds of the concentration used in the experiment, as then extrapolation of the usual 6‐hour exposure in animal experiments to the 8‐hour exposure at the workplace is no longer necessary.
When deriving MAK values for systemic effects from studies with volunteers at rest, the MAK value is established at half of the concentration used in the volunteer study, which is calculated from the ratio of the respiratory volume of workers to that of persons at rest. Gases and vapours with a blood:air distribution coefficient of < 5 represent an exception. In addition, the results are extrapolated to the longer daily exposure at the workplace, unless there are toxicokinetic data available that show this to be unnecessary. If there are valid PBPK models of exposure with the relevant metabolites in humans and animals, these are used for extrapolation from the experimental animal to persons at the workplace
IP protection of mesh NoCs using square spiral routing
No full textIntellectual property (IP) core reuse is essential for the design process of system-on-chip (SoC). Network-on-chip (NoC) has been used as an independent IP core during SoC design. However, the NoC has not been protected via IP protection and paid attention on its innovations. This paper proposes the first known approach to protect the authorship and the usage legitimacy of NoCs using specially designed routing, square spiral routing. The special routing algorithm exploits routing redundancy inherent in the mesh NoCs and transports packets along the paths, which have very low probability to be taken under commonly used routing algorithms. These unique and diverse paths are exploited in this paper to embed information of the author and identify the legal buyer of NoCs, showing high robustness and credibility. The hardware implementation of an IP-protected mesh NoC shows that the area overhead is small, which is ~0.74%, and the power overhead is ~0.52%, while the functionality and performance of the network is not affected. In this paper, the approach is presented for the mesh NoC, but the idea is equally applicable to other NoC topologies where the unique and diverse paths also inherently exist
Letter, [Author unclear] to Paulina T. Merritt
No full textHandwritten letter to Paulina Merritt from an unknown author, October 1, 1876.
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