58 research outputs found
A Study of the Impact of Organizational Social Capital on the Improvement of Knowledge Management in Yazd\\\'s Welfare Organization
No full textIntroduction
Organizational social capital is defined as a source of social relations within the organization. As a sort of collective criteria, social capital has a vital role in organizations and it is said to be a managerial phenomenon with strong emphasis on trust, common values, joint behaviors, communication, cooperation, mutual commitment, and networking. In fact, this type of capital is an important organizational capability, which can affect organizations for creation and distribution of knowledge. In other words, it is a sustainable organizational advantage. Usually, transferring information and knowledge at macro and micro levels among people and organizations depends on people who do such transmission urgently and fast. They can in fact influence the advancement of interpersonal relationships. Because of this, the importance of communication and interpersonal relationship among personnel based on trust plays a key role in developing and utilizing knowledge. If an organization can improve effective interpersonal relationships among its staff, groups and different departments, then information transaction may work effectively and an efficient management of organizational knowledge can be assured. In this regard, creating and developing a culture based on social capital is essential for knowledge management in organizations. Hence the author of this paper decided to study and examine the relationship between social capital, and different dimensions, processes and angles of knowledge management.
Material and Methods
To proceed with research methodology, first a deep and careful literature review took place in the context of social capital and knowledge management. Also, in order to implement and carry out the research, personnel of the Welfare Organization in Yazd Province were determined as statistical population. The sample size was calculated according to Cochran formula using random sampling method. In order to collect data, standard questionnaires were applied (Filliusetal (2000) for knowledge management and Ghoshal (1998) for social capital). Further, for data analysis, relevant statistical tools such as correlation coefficient and regression were applied.
Discussion of Results and Conclusion
The findings of the research show that there is a positive and significant relationship between knowledge management and social capital in the sense that with improvement in organizational social capital, knowledge management improves as well. Our findings showed that development of social capital in the Yazd's Welfare Organization strongly boost up knowledge management. Therefore, advancement in social capital leads to creation and transference of knowledge in the organization.
Other findings of the study also show that three dimensions of social capital reinforce knowledge management activities in organization. In other words, social, relational and structural capitals have positive and significant relationships with knowledge management. Because of what was found in this study, it is expected that significant relationships between dimensions of social capital and knowledge management lead to the advancement of knowledge management in any welfare organization.
In general and with respect to these findings, it is concluded that social organizations should try to promote their social capital for an effective management of organizational knowledge. They can invest in social capital by means of effective communicational training programs, and cultivating a proper climate in the relationships of managers and employees so they can become learning and creative organizations
Anoplocheylus sinai Bagheri, Zarei, Ahaniazad, Gharekhany & Navaei-Bonab, 2013, sp. nov.
No full text<i>Anoplocheylus sinai</i> sp. nov. Bagheri <p>(Figs. 1–2)</p> <p>Female (n=11). Dimensions of holotype (measurements of paratypes in parentheses): length of body (including gnathosoma) 688 (570–710), length of body (excluding gnathosoma) 500 (470–500); width 275 (200–304), length of leg I 425 (363–408), leg II 275 (230–260), leg III 338 (304–341), leg IV 413 (375–400).</p> <p> <i>Dorsum</i> (Fig. 1 A). Peritremes present in membrane connecting gnathosoma and idiosoma, entirely chambered (approximately 30 chambers in each side); prodorsal shield with a pair of claviform sensillae (<i>sc1</i>) 60 (58–70) long (Fig. 1 C) and 5 pairs of simple setae with posterior pair (<i>sc4</i>) very long 90 (95–110) and whip-like; hysterosoma striate and with 16 pairs of setae (<i>c1-h2</i>); setae <i>d3</i> 114 (110–132) and <i>f1</i> 78 (75–80) very long</p> <p> <i>Venter</i> (Fig. 1 B). With 20 pairs of subequal setae (excluding pseudanal setae); 2 pairs of setae between coxae I, 3 pairs of aggenital setae and 3 pairs of genital setae present; with 2 pairs of pseudanal setae, <i>ps1</i> 35 (34–42) dorsally and <i>ps2</i> 60 (58–72) ventrally.</p> <p> <i>Gnathosoma</i>. Palp (Fig. 1 D) four-segmented; trochanter without setae; femur with 4 simple setae; small genu with 2 setae; tibiotarsus with 1 terminal claw, 2 subapical spurs, 1 falcate seta and 9 simple setae; subcapitulum with 4 pairs of setae, 2 pairs of subcapitular setae and 2 pairs of adoral setae; chelicerae (Fig. 1 A) separate and with 2 setae, proximal setae 45 (42–45) long</p> <p> <i>Legs</i> (Figs. 2 and 1 B). Legs with pretarsus (not shown in 2A) stalked, annulated, bearing a pliable empodium; claws absent; leg femora divided; setal counts of leg segments (solenidia and seta ĸ not included) as follows: Tarsi 21(ω)- 9(ω)-10-10, tibiae 10(φ,ĸ)-5-7-7, genua 7-5-4-4, telofemora 6-4-3-3, basifemora 8-3-3-2, trochanters 1-2-2- 1, coxal fields 4-3-3-2.</p> <p> <b>Etymology.</b> This species is named in honour of Sina Zare, son of the second author.</p> <p> <b>Other stages.</b> Unknown.</p> <p> <b>Type material.</b> Holotype and ten paratype females from soil in apple and blackcherry orchards, Miandoab and Azarshahr, East Azerbaijan province, Iran, 29 September 2010, by Elham Zarei and Mansoureh Ahaniazad. The holotype and one paratype will be deposited in the mite collection of the ARC- Plant Protection Research Institute, Pretoria, South Africa and nine paratypes were deposited in the Collection of the Acarology Laboratory, University of Maragheh, Maragheh, Iran.</p> <p> <b>Remarks.</b> <i>Anoplocheylus sinai</i> <b>sp. nov.</b> closely resembles <i>A</i>. <i>malayeriensis</i> and <i>A</i>. <i>clavatus</i> in having setae (<i>sc1</i>) claviform, five pairs of simple setae on the prodorsal shield, and <i>d3</i> and <i>f1</i> the longest hysterosomal setae. However, it can be easily distinguished from <i>A. clavatus</i> by having claviform sensillae more slender opposed to distinctly broad in <i>A. clavatus</i>. The new species can also be distinguished from <i>A. malayeriensis</i> by: (1) tarsi III and IV with 10 setae vs. 9 setae in <i>A</i>. <i>malayeriensis</i>; (2) tibiae I with 10 (φ,ĸ) vs. 9 (φ,ĸ) in <i>A. malayeriensis</i>; (3) telofemura II with 4 setae vs. 3 setae in <i>A. malayeriensis</i>; and (4) trochanter II with 2 setae vs. 1 setae in <i>A. malayeriensis.</i></p>Published as part of <i>Bagheri, Mohammad, Zarei, Elham, Ahaniazad, Mansoureh, Gharekhany, Gholamhossein & Navaei-Bonab, Reza, 2013, Two new species of the genus Anoplocheylus Berlese, 1910 (Acari: Trombidiformes: Pseudocheylidae) from Iran, pp. 291-297 in Zootaxa 3599 (3)</i> on pages 292-294, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3599.3.6, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/217493">http://zenodo.org/record/217493</a>
Anoplocheylus kazemii Bagheri, Zarei, Ahaniazad, Gharekhany & Navaei-Bonab, 2013, sp. nov.
No full textAnoplocheylus kazemii sp. nov. Bagheri (Figs. 3–4) Female (n = 2). Dimensions of holotype (measurements of paratype in parentheses): length of body (including gnathosoma) 688 (550), length of body (excluding gnathosoma) 500 (400); width 275 (239). length of leg I 323 (306), leg II 203 (197), leg III 245 (227), leg IV 308 (290). Dorsum (Fig. 3 A). Peritremes present in membrane connecting gnathosoma and idiosoma, entirely chambered (24–26); prodorsal shield with a pair of claviform sensillae (sc 1) 63 (60) long (Fig. 3 C) and 5 pairs of simple setae of which the posterior pair (sc 4) is very long 110 (95) and whip-like; hysterosoma striate and with 17 pairs of setae (c 1 -h 3) of which setae d 3 109 (100) and f 1 62 (60) are very long. Venter (Fig. 3 B). With 20 pairs of subequal setae (excluding pseudanal setae); one pair of setae between coxae I, 3 pairs of aggenital setae and 3 pairs of genital setae present; with 2 pairs of pseudanal setae, ps 1 40 (40) dorsally and ps 2 27 (20) ventrally. Gnathosoma. Palp (Fig. 3 D) four- segmented; trochanter without setae; femur with 4 simple setae; small genu with two setae; tibiotarsus with one terminal claw, two subapical spurs, one falcate seta and nine simple setae; subcapitulum with four pairs of setae, two pairs of subcapitular setae and two pairs of adoral setae; subcapitular setae much longer than adoral setae. Chelicerae (Fig. 3 E) separate and with 2 setae, proximal setae 32 (30) long. Legs (Figs. 4 and 3 B). Legs with pretarsus (not depicted in 4 A) stalked, annulated, bearing a pliable empodium; claws absent; leg femora divided; chaetotaxy of leg segments (solenidia and seta ĸ not included) as follows: tarsi 19 (ω)- 7 (ω)- 9 - 9, tibiae 8 (φ,ĸ)- 5 - 5 - 5, genua 7 - 5 - 4 - 4, telofemora 6 - 3 - 3 - 3, basifemora 6 - 3 - 2 - 2, trochanters 1 - 1-2 - 1, coxal fields 4 - 3 - 3 - 2. Etymology. This species is named in honour of Dr. Sahrouz Kazemi, International Center for Science, High Technology & Environmental Sciences, and friend of the senior author Other stages. Unknown. Type material. Holotype and one paratype female were collected from the soil from apple tree orchards of Miandoab, West Azerbaijan province, Iran; 17 September 2001; by Elham Zarei. The holotype will be deposited in the mite collection of the ARC- Plant Protection Research Institute, Pretoria, South Africa and paratype female was deposited in the Collection of the Acarology Laboratory, University of Maragheh, Maragheh, Iran. Remarks. Anoplocheylus kazemii sp. nov. closely resembles A. malayeriensis and A. sinai sp. nov. in having setae sc 1 (sensillae) claviform, 5 pairs of simple setae on the prodorsal shield, and d 3 and f 1 the longest hysterosomal setae. However, it can be distinguished from both of them by leg chaetotaxy: (1) tarsi I–IV with 19 (ω)- 7 (ω)- 9 - 9 opposed to 21 (ω)- 8 (ω)- 9 - 9 in A. malayeriensis and 21 (ω)- 9 (ω)- 10 - 10 in A. sinai; (2) tibiae I–IV with 8 (φ, ĸ)- 5 - 5 - 5 opposed to 9 (φ, ĸ)- 5 - 5 or 7 - 6 in A. malayeriensis and 10 (φ, ĸ)- 5-7 - 7 in A. sinai; (3) basifemora I-IV with 6 - 3 - 2 - 2 vs. 8 - 3 - 3 - 2 in A. malayeriensis and A. sinai; (4) trochanters I-IV with 1 - 1-2 - 1 vs. 1-2 - 2 - 1 in A. sinai; and (5) the new species has one pair of setae between coxae I opposed to two pairs in A. sinai and A. malayeriensis. Key to species of the genus Anoplocheylus Berlese (after Ueckermann and Khanjani, 2004) 1. With two subapical spurs on palptibia..................................................................... 2 - With one subapical spur on palptibia...................................................... A. europaeus Berlese 2. Prodorsal sensillae (sc 1) simple......................................................................... 8 - Prodorsal sensillae (sc 1) claviform....................................................................... 3 3. Five pairs of setae (sensillae included) present on prodorsal shield............. A. paraclavatus Van Dis and Ueckermann - Six pairs of setae (sensillae included) present on prodorsal shield................................................ 4 4. Pair of simple setae between sensillae as long as sensillae........................... A. bonabjadidiensis Navaei-Bonab - Pair of simple setae between sensillae shorter than sensillae................................................... 5 5. Claviform sensillae distinctly broad................................................. A. clavatus Baker and Atyeo - Claviform sensillae more slender........................................................................ 6 6. With one pair of setae between coxal field I, basifemur I with 6 setae.............................. A. kazemii sp. nov. - With two pairs of setae between coxal field I, basifemur I with 8 setae........................................... 7 7. Trochanter II with two setae, basifemur III with two setae.......................................... A. sinai sp. nov. - Trochanter II with one seta, basifemur III with three setae.................... A. malayeriensis Ueckermann and Khanjani 8. Tarsus III with a solenidion............................................................................. 9 - Tarsus III without solenidion........................................................................... 10 9. Most of the dorsal setae shorter than distance to setae next behind.............. A. brevisetosus Ueckermann and Khanjani - Most of the dorsal setae as long as or longer than distance to setae next behind...... A. tellustrus Van Dis and Ueckermann 10. Long posterior setae (sc 4) on prodorsal shield as long as or slightly shorter than distance to sensillae, hysterosoma with a pair of humeral setae and 4 caudal setae clearly longer than rest of hysterosomal setae......... A. transiens Delfinado and Baker - Long posterior setae (sc 4) on prodorsal shield much longer than distance to sensillae, hysterosoma with an additional pair of long setae dorsomedially on posterior third................................................................. 11 11. Anal setae ps 1 (28–35) much shorter than ps 2 (41–54), coxal field I with 4 setae... A. aegypticus Baker; A. protea (Womersley) - Anal setae subequal; coxal field I with 3 setae.................................... A. tauricus Livshitz and MitrofanovPublished as part of Bagheri, Mohammad, Zarei, Elham, Ahaniazad, Mansoureh, Gharekhany, Gholamhossein & Navaei-Bonab, Reza, 2013, Two new species of the genus Anoplocheylus Berlese, 1910 (Acari: Trombidiformes: Pseudocheylidae) from Iran, pp. 291-297 in Zootaxa 3599 (3) on pages 294-296, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3599.3.6, http://zenodo.org/record/21749
Expert Judgment and Uncertainty in Sociotechnical Systems Analysis
No full textPublisher Copyright: © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2024.The chapter navigates the complicated landscape of incorporating expert insights within the framework of sociotechnical systems. It talks about the pivotal role of expert judgment in unravelling the complexities inherent in these systems and addresses the challenges posed by uncertainties. It also provides an overview of the multifaceted methodologies employed in integrating expert knowledge, encompassing structured expert elicitation techniques, uncertainty quantification models, and the collaborative dynamics of expert panels. Furthermore, it explores the mathematical foundations of Bayesian approaches and fuzzy logic applications, elucidating how these methodologies contribute to a probabilistic assessment and representation of uncertainties. The chapter underscores the importance of addressing challenges such as identifying sources of uncertainty, ethical considerations, and the need for continuous learning in sociotechnical systems analysis. Through a comprehensive exploration of methodologies, real-world applications, and concerns, this chapter aims to contribute to the evolving landscape of expertise in sociotechnical systems, offering insights and implications for both research and practical applications.Peer reviewe
Scale Construction and Validation for Evaluation of Training Performance
No full textABSTRACT The objective of the present study was scale construction and validation for evaluation of professor's performance. This is a combined study based on the Delphi technique. The population included all professors of Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences. The population was also related to the questionnaire implementation for standardization of all students in the Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences. A total of 30 faculty members in Bandar Abbas University of Medical Sciences were selected as elites of the project. For standardization, 200 students were selected with the random sampling method. In the first step, the 30 experts who were members of focal groups were asked to design suitable questions or statements. After classification and removal of similar items, the number of statements reached 393. In the third step, the statements were given to the executive team for analysis in order to select the best and most complete items. Thus, the number of items was reduced to 150. In this dimension, each expert selected the best five statements in each index from his/her viewpoint. The statements that were most frequent in the index were selected. Finally, the total number of statements reached 26 statements in eight subscales. Based on the results, Cronbach's alpha coefficient was obtained 0.85 for the total scale, 0.69 for the use of a variety of teaching methods, 0.72 for exercise preparation, 0.76 for establishing a positive classroom atmosphere, 0.65 for expression of problem solving strategies, 0.78 for classroom management techniques, 0.71 for focusing on the course, 0.72 for maintaining appropriate classroom behaviors suitable for faculty members, and 0.64 for questioning skills. The Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA) was obtained 0.08 which indicates almost perfect fit of the model
A Methodological Critique of “The Imagist Historian or Formalist Poet”
Get PDFIn any scientific research, the research method is the main factor in obtaining accurate and correct results. Therefore, researchers in various fields of science try to conduct their research within the framework of methods defined in their discipline. “The Imagist Historian or Formalist Poet” is a book in which the author intends to study the poems of MohammadReza Shafi'i Kadkani by using three methods of historical, sociological and formalist criticism. The present article, in order to measure the accuracy of the approaches in this book, first examines its name, which represents the author's view of the work under study and then he has examined the quality of the author's use of approaches. After reviewing, it is clear that the author has made a mistake in applying all three main approaches of the book. In the end, such a conclusion is reached that the author does not have comprehensive knowledge of the methods he has chosen as research approach, and the book is devoid of any method that leads to accurate and scientific results.
Extended Abstract
Introduction
Every coherent and purposeful scientific research needs a method. Methodology in literary research leads to "increasing efficiency" and "measurability" which are two important indicators of science. But conducting methodical research first of all requires familiarity with the used method and approach and then its correct application. The “Tarikhnegāre Tasvirgārā yā Shāere formalist” [the Imagist historian or formalist poet] written by Yusuf Aali Abbas Abad is a book that tries to examine Mohammadreza Shafi'i Kadkani's poems with the approach of historical-sociological criticism and formalist criticism.
Methodology
The current research has investigated the quality of the book's used approaches, employing a descriptive-analytical approach and library method, using books on theory and research methods.
Discussion
Before dealing with the research approaches of this book, the name of the book, which in a way defines the content of the book, has been reviewed. Aali called Shafi'i Kadkani an Imagist historian, but the subject examined in this book is Shafi'i's poetry, and Shafi'i, like all poets, has an aesthetic encounter with historical phenomena in his poetry, which has a considerable distance from historiography. The author used the terms “imagery” and “historian”, yet did not elaborate on these two terms throughout the book. The author of this book considers Shafi'i Kadkani to be a follower of a school called formalism, which has principles. This is despite the fact that basically formalism is not a literary school like romanticism and surrealism. Formalism is a way of evaluating the text and we should put it under the science of literary criticism. Also, in our literary circles, the title of formalist is often attributed to the poets who belonged to the avant-garde group, but Shafi'i Kadkani's poetry does not belong to any of the avant-garde trends.
The author considered the main goal of his research to be the historical and sociological criticism of Shafi'i Kadkani's poems. There is not much affinity between what the author of the book brings as internal and external criticism and what is discussed in the historical criticism. This issue is due to the fact that he called the description of historical events that Shafi'i mentioned in his poems "historical criticism", by mistake.
Sociological criticism is another approach of this research. According to the definition of sociological criticism, it should be said that most of Aali's content in this book cannot be considered as sociology of Shafi'i's poetry; because the content of this book that somehow communicate with the society are of two categories: There are some materials that he wrote about the social situation in Iran, especially Khorasan after the Mongol attack, citing various sources. Talking about the state of the society of the distant ages, which is mentioned in the poet's poems, cannot be called a sociological study of a work. There are also references about the time and context of writing some of Shafi'i Kadkani's poems, which the author also deciphers from some of the symbols of his poetry. In these cases, the author did not talk about the influence of social conditions on the structure of the poems and only reflected the social and political concerns of Kadkani in his poems.
Another approach used by the author to examine Shafi'i's poetry is formalist criticism. If we define the form as follows: coherence and harmony between the elements that make up the form, including language, image, music and the meaning of the work, then there is a great distance between what the author of this book presented under the title of formalist criticism and the principles of formalist criticism. What Aali has presented in different parts of this book under the title of formalist criticism, refers to the existence of "alliteration" or cutting the verses in pieces of Shafi'i Kadkani's poems. Regarding what is mentioned under the title of Namānevesht, in most cases, it is just a kind of cutting and lining up.
Mixing two methods of historical-sociological criticism and formalist criticism is also one of the main flaws of this book. In mixing these two completely different methods, on the one hand, the research method will not be used correctly, and on the other hand, the goal and result of the research will not be accurate and reliable.
Another drawback of the method of criticism in this book is the position of the author as a critic of Shafi'i poems. What can be seen throughout this book is the praise of Shafi'i Kadkani's poetry, not its criticism.
Referencing style and used sources require attention as well. Many sources are used in this book. But these many sources are exact examples of providing decorative sources and unnecessary references. Some sources cited by the author are not academic texts.
Results
Although the author of the book defined approaches for his research, he has made mistakes in all three approaches due to lack of familiarity with the approaches. In general, this book cannot be considered a research book with accurate scientific findings and an acceptable poetry criticism. This book does not open any new windows and horizons on Shafi'i Kadkani's poems and if we consider the duty of such reviews to create pleasure in the reader as a result of getting to know the hidden angles and new discoveries in the work, then the respected author has not been very successful in this matter
Spike discharge prediction based on neuro-fuzzy system
No full textThis paper presents the development and evaluation of different versions of neuro-fuzzy model for prediction of spike discharge patterns. The author aims to predict the spike discharge variation using first spike latency and frequency-following interval. In order to study the spike discharge dynamics, the author analyzed the cerebral cortex data of the cat. Adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference systems (ANFIS), Wang and Mendel, dynamic evolving neural-fuzzy inference system, hybrid neural fuzzy inference system, genetic for lateral tuning and rule selection of linguistic fuzzy system (GFS.LT.RS) and subtractive clustering and fuzzy c-means algorithms are applied for data. Among these algorithms, ANFIS and GFS.LT.RS models have better performance. On the other hand, ANFIS and GFS.LT.RS algorithms can be used to predict the spike discharge dynamics as a function of first spike latency and frequency with a higher accuracy compared to other algorithms
An operational sociohydrological model to understand the feedbacks between community sensitivity and environmental flows for an endorheic lake basin, lake Bakhtegan, Iran
No full textOver abstraction for agricultural production and droughts in the Bakhtegan basin in southwest Iran has led to decreased lake volumes and has even dried in some years. These problems have occurred in the basin as a result of neglecting the roles that humans have played in lake desiccation. This study developed a socio-hydrological model to understand such dynamic interactions between the economy and community's sensitivity to the environment in the period of 1999 to 2013. The WEAP model was used to simulate the hydrological system that is (bi-directionally) coupled to a society model simulating community sensitivity. A multi-objective optimization algorithm was used to estimate the parameters of the coupled model. The results of the model calibration and validation in estimating the simulated discharges show good performance of the model in simulating observed streamflows (R2 and NSE ranging between 0.73 and 0.99 and 0.31 to 0.99 respectively), agriculture water supplied (R2 and NSE ranging between 0.00 and 0.69 and −7.08 to 0.58 respectively), migration and population (R2 and NSE for migration: 0.29 and 0.63). The results of the integrated model on community response showed that attention to environmental conditions, such as lake levels, was heightened right after the drought events of 2000–2001 and 2008–2010. The effect of the latter event was even accentuated by several human interventions such as operationalization of Sivand and Mollasadra dams and transfer of pristine lands to agriculture. This led to major contraction of the lake. The model interprets that heightened community sensitivity as a result led to public policy dialogue and change. Water was taken away from agriculture and given to the environment leading to temporary lake revival. This was also confirmed by reviewing government decisions in 2011, further validating the value of socio-hydrological models in interpreting feedbacks between community sensitivity and environmental flows.Green Open Access added to TU Delft Institutional Repository 'You share, we take care!' - Taverne project https://www.openaccess.nl/en/you-share-we-take-care Otherwise as indicated in the copyright section: the publisher is the copyright holder of this work and the author uses the Dutch legislation to make this work public.Water Resource
Garra sindhae Lyon, Geiger & Freyhof 2016
No full text9. Garra sindhae Lyon, Geiger & Freyhof, 2016, Endemic Fig. 26 Etymology: Garra: named based on a vernacular Indian name, a fish living in mud; sindhae: named after Cynthia “Sindhi” Diane Powell for her support to the first author (Robert Gary Lyon). Common name: Wadi Andhur Garra. Taxonomy: Garra sindhi was described by Lyon [R. G.], Geiger [M. F.] & Freyhof [J.] 2016:80, figs. 2-5 [Zootaxa 4154 (no. 1] from Wadi Andhur, Dhofar province, Oman, 17°34’6.956”N, 54°42’17.518”E. The species name was dedicated to a woman, so there is a mandatory change to Garra sindhae (Fricke et al. 2022). Holotype: ONHM 4196. Paratypes: FSJF, ONHM. Short description: Dorsal fin with I, 7½ rays, last simple ray slightly shorter than or equally long as head length; distal margin concave; origin at middle between snout tip and last scale on caudal-fin base; inserted anterior to vertical from pelvic-fin origin; first branched ray longest, tip of last branched ray reaching vertical of anus. Pectoral fin with I, 12 rays, reaching midway or slightly beyond distance between pectoral- and pelvic-fin origin, length shorter than head length. Pelvic fin with I, 7–8 rays, reaching to, or slightly in front of anus, origin closer to anal-fin origin than to pectoral-fin origin, inserted below second or fourth branched dorsal-fin ray. Anal fin short, with III, 5½ rays; first branched ray longest, reaching to dark grey or black blotch on posterior caudal peduncle or slightly anterior to it; distal margin concave; origin almost in middle between caudal-fin base and pelvic-fin origin. Two scales between anus and anal-fin origin. Caudal fin forked; with 9+8 branched rays; tip of lobes pointed; upper lobe longer than lower lobe. Garra sindhae is differentiated from other Garra species in the region by mental disc wider then long, 7½ branched dorsal-fin rays, dorsal fin hyaline or pale brown with black spots at bases of branched rays, 36 total lateral scales, 14–16 circumpeduncular scales, breast and belly behind pectoral-fin origin fully covered by deeply embedded scales, 8–12 gill rakers on lower limp of first gill arch. Distribution: Wadi Andhur, Dhofar region, Oman (Fig. 27). Examined material: Based on holotype and paratypes (see Lyon et al. 2016).Published as part of Esmaeili, Hamid Reza, Jufaili, Saud Al, Masoumi, Amir Hassan & Zarei, Fatah, 2022, Ichthyodiversity in southeastern Arabian Peninsula: Annotated checklist taxonomy, short description and distribution of Inland fishes of Oman, pp. 451-503 in Zootaxa 5134 (4) on pages 473-475, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5134.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/654156
Study on Socio- Political Situation of Kurdistan's Women, in the Beginning of the 20th Century
No full textThe beginning of the 20th century was a hard period for Iran and especially Kurdistan province. The tribal revolts crisis after the constitutionalism, the deterrent local elements and the serious consequences of World War I caused a special and different situation in Kurdistan. The above reasons prevented Kurdish women to take part in different social and political fields. Women's participation in these fields was less than men, for the lack of social and political experiences, although men's participation in the mentioned fields correlated directly to their rural, tribal or urban origins. The aim of the research is to find the Kurdistan women’s political and social place and their influences on the hard times of the beginning of the twentieth century. The author has reviewed the routine life of Kurdish women and their roles in policy and economy through the available resources
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