1,721,319 research outputs found
Micronutrients in early life and offspring metabolic health programming: a promising target for preventing non-communicable diseases
No full textChronic non-communicable diseases are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Developing and implementing effective preventive strategies is the best way to ensure the overall metabolic health status of the population and to counter the global burden of non-communicable diseases. Predisposition to obesity and other non-communicable diseases is due to a combination of genetic and environmental factors throughout life, but the early environment, particularly the environment during the fetal period and the early years of life, is crucial in determining metabolic health, hence the concept of 'fetal programming'. The origins of this causal link between environmental factors and disease lie in epigenetic mechanisms. Among the environmental factors, diet plays a crucial role in this process. Substantial evidence documented the key role of macronutrients in the programming of metabolic diseases early in life. Recently, the effect of maternal micronutrient intake on offspring metabolic health in later life emerged. The purpose of this narrative review is to bring to light available evidence in the literature on the effect of maternal micronutrient status on offspring metabolic health and underlying epigenetic mechanisms that drive this link to highlight its potential role in the prevention of non-communicable diseases
Urogenital Complications: Renal Disease, Urolithiasis and Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms
No full textThe chapter contains a critical review of the current literature pertaining to the consequences of childhood and adolescent obesity/metabolic syndrome on the urogenital system, with a particular focus on microalbuminuria, renal disease, urolithiasis and lower urinary tract symptoms. The clinical implications of the current evidence with regard to the relationship between early obesity/metabolic syndrome and the above-mentioned conditions are discussed. (C) 2015 S. Karger AG, Base
Attività fisica e regolazione del bilancio metabolico
No full textLe modificazioni socioeconomiche e culturali nelle decadi più recenti hanno promosso uno stile di vita sedentario nelle popolazioni che vivono nelle regioni industrializzate. la riduzione dei fabbisogni energetici dovuti alla ridotta attività fisica ed alla sedentarietà è un potente fattore di rischio per l'accumulo di eccessivi depositi di lipidi nell'organismo. Evidenze scientifiche disponibili sostengono la necessità di aumentare l'attività muscolare scheletrica per prevenire e trattare l'obesità. Il razionale di questa scelta si basa sul dispendio energetico indotto dall'attività motoria ma anche sull'importante ruolo giocato dall'ossidazione lipida del muscolo scheletrico, ai fini del bilancio lipido e di regolazione della massa adiposa. L'allenamento fisico aumenta la flessibilità del rapporto tra carboidrati e grassi ossidati nel muscolo scheletrico, aumentando la sensibilità all'insulina così come tutte le conseguenze metaboliche dell'obesità
Salute & Equilibrio Nutrizionale. Introduzione.
No full textL'equilibrio nutrizionale nelle prime epoche di vita (vita intrauterina ed età pediatrica) per la prevenzione delle patologie cronico-degenerative dell'età adulta: un concetto difficile da accettare per un medico, sia esso pediatra o un clinico che ha in cura pazienti adulti. Esso, tuttavia, rappresenta la via che, dal punto di vista epidemiologico, può salvare più anni in termini di prevenzione, di morbilità ed handicap e di salute, con maggiore ricaduta in termini di numeri e di qualità della vita
Energy expenditure during walking and running in obese and nonobese prepubertal children.
No full textWe measured body composition and energy expenditure during walking and running on a treadmill in 40 prepubertal children: 23 obese children (9.3 +/- 1.1 years of age; 46 +/- 10 kg (mean +/- SD)) and 17 nonobese matched control children (9.2 +/- 0.6 years of age; 30 +/- 5 kg). Energy expenditure was assessed by indirect calorimetry with a standard open-circuit method. At the same speed of exercise, the energy expenditure was significantly (p <0.01) greater in obese than in control children, in both boys and girls. Expressed per kilogram of body weight or per kilogram of fat-free mass, the energy expenditure was comparable in the two groups. Obese children had a significantly (p <0.01) larger pulmonary ventilatory response to exercise than did control children. Heart rate was comparable in boys and girls combined but significantly higher (p <0.05) in obese subjects, if boys and girls were analyzed separately. These data indicate that walking and running are energetically more expensive for obese children than for children of normal body weight. The knowledge of these energy costs could be useful in devising a physical activity program to be used in the treatment of obese children
Nutrizione e diabete: punti fermi e spunti di riflessione
No full textIl ruolo della dieta nella gestione del diabete e del suo autocontrollo è fondamentale, si tratta a tutti gli effetti di una terapia. Si parla infatti di ‘dietoterapia’ o di Medical Nutrition Therapy come la definisce l’American Diabetes Association (ADA).
Fare dell’alimentazione una dietoterapia significa modificare le abitudini alimentari, adottando scelte adeguate dei nutrienti in termini quali/quantitativi, integrandole con cambiamenti dello stile di vita e promozione dell’attività fisica.
Gli obiettivi e le raccomandazioni nutrizionali sono in larga parte condivisibili tra la popolazione pediatrica generale e i bambini/adolescenti affetti da diabete.
Acquisire infatti sane abitudini alimentari permette di:
1. ottenere una crescita adeguata, raggiungere e mantenere nel tempo una condizione di normopeso e una composizione corporea ottimale;
2. prevenire le complicanze a lungo termine legate a squilibri nutrizionali (ipertensione, dislipidemia, anemia,..);
3. prevenire i disturbi del comportamento alimentare
e nello specifico per i soggetti con diabete
4. favorire un buon controllo glicemico ed evitare il più possibile ipoglicemie e/o iperglicemi
Neonatal hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia. Two case reports
No full textNeonatal hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia must be suddenly and appropriately diagnosed and treated to prevent any further neurological dysfunction and damage. Therefore, we report two cases of our observation. Case 1: birth asphyxia, episodes of hypoglycemia after delivery, hyperinsulinism and reduced IGFBP1 blood concentration. Clinical and laboratory pictures resolved progressively after 8 days of life, perfusions were stopped and the neonate began to suck breast milk. Case 2: negative familial and perinatal history. On the 3rd day of life he developed cyanosis, hypotonia, tremors and hypoglycemia. He was discharged with a diagnosis of cerebral injury and neonatal hypoglycemia. At 1 year of life the child showed progressive and heavy neurological damage. The RMN of the brain showed: enlarged ventricles and liquor spaces around the brain, particularly in the frontal region. Hyperinsulinism was diagnosed in our Clinic. He began pharmacological treatment with Diazoxide that permitted euglycemia. The ammonium was normal and excluded glutamate dehydrogenase deficiency (mutation of GLUD1 gene); Diazoxide responsivity excluded mutations of SUR1 and KIR6.3 genes. At 9 years of life he showed motor and language retardation. Newborns with perinatal history of asphyxia may develop transient hyperinsulinism with absent neurological consequences. Persistent hypoglycemic or epileptic-like episodes, in particular on waking up, after meals or during banal infections, must be studied to reveal hyperinsulinism
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