1,250 research outputs found
A Unified Failure and Post-Failure Criterion for Matrix Tensile Failure Mode of Laminated Composite Materials
No full text
The SF-36: a simple, effective measure of mobility disability for epidemiological studies
No full textBackgroundMobility disability is a major problem in older people. Numerous scales exist for the measurement of disability but often these do not permit comparisons between study groups. The physical functioning (PF) domain of the established and widely used Short Form-36 (SF-36) questionnaire asks about limitations on ten mobility activities.ObjectivesTo describe prevalence of mobility disability in an elderly population, investigate the validity of the SF-36 PF score as a measure of mobility disability, and to establish age and sex specific norms for the PF score.MethodsWe explored relationships between the SF-36 PF score and objectively measured physical performance variables among 349 men and 280 women, 59-72 years of age, who participated in the Hertfordshire Cohort Study (HCS). Normative data were derived from the Health Survey for England (HSE) 1996.Results32% of men and 46% of women had at least some limitation in PF scale items. Poor SF-36 PF scores (lowest fifth of the gender-specific distribution) were related to: lower grip strength; longer timed-up-and-go, 3m walk, and chair rises test times in men and women; and lower quadriceps peak torque in women but not men. HSE normative data showed that median PF scores declined with increasing age in men and women.ConclusionOur results are consistent with the SF-36 PF score being a valid measure of mobility disability in epidemiological studies. This approach might be a first step towards enabling simple comparisons of prevalence of mobility disability between different studies of older people. The SF-36 PF score could usefully complement existing detailed schemes for classification of disability and it now requires validation against them
Complex calcium ferrites in the blast furnace process: Fluxed sinter formation and SFCA reduction under simulated conditions
No full textCivil Engineering and Geoscience
Softening in the blast furnace process: Local melt formation as the trigger for softening of ironbearing burden materials
No full textCivil Engineering and Geoscience
Micromilling of hardened tool steels
No full textMiniaturized parts are increasingly demanded in different fields like medical, transportation, environmental, and communication industries. In order to manufacture these parts in an economical way, mass replication methods, such as micro injection molding, have to be applied. Currently, Electro Discharge Machining (EDM) process is mainly used to manufacture the needed moulds for micro injection molding in industries. In order to achieve the final shape, several electrodes have to be made by milling with different levels of geometrical accuracy. Besides, the material removal rate of EDM is relatively low. This results in a long throughput-time and high manufacturing cost. Therefore, industries are looking for alternative technologies to overcome these drawbacks; micromilling is one of the promising technologies. The advantages of the micromilling technology include the applicability of a broad range of materials including hardened tool steels, the capability of manufacturing three dimensional geometries, accurate machining of complex features, and it is economical for small and medium lot sizes, etc. However, although micromilling in principle is a good alternative for the EDM process, it is found in research that some challenges have to be overcome before this technology is ready to be adopted in industrial applications. The literature survey shows that the fundamental micro cutting mechanism has been well investigated and understood through the study of micro orthogonal cutting and ultraprecision machining. Issues related to the application of micromilling have however not yet been well studied. Besides, inconsistent observations are commonly seen in literature. This is because observed results in micromilling are highly dependent on the experimental conditions. Based on the literature survey and initial micromilling tests, the general goal of this research has been defined as to develop and describe a reliable micromilling process for precision machining of hardened tool steels. It was decided to first improve lives of micro endmills to achieve a reliable cutting, and then to improve the performance of the process through process planning. In this research, experiments were mainly done with Ø 0.5 mm square endmills on hardened tool steels (AISI H11, H13, etc.). Experimental investigations were done to identify the main problems in micromilling. It was observed that the used commercial micro tools suffered severe wear, the tool life was too short to conduct a successful task, and the workpiece quality was not achieving the requirements. Investigations were conducted to understand tool wear types and mechanism. The factors which influence the tool performance were analyzed. It was found that the geometry of commercial tools is mainly derived from macro endmills, with which the cutting edge corners have the highest stress level. The machining parameters and tool paths are two factors that have significant effect on the tool performance; however, there was no good method available for the planning of the micromilling process. The geometry of micro endmills was studied theoretically by means of analytical modeling and FEA method. Having understood the relationship between geometrical features of the cutting tool and their influence on the tool performance (stiffness and strength of the cutting edge corners), the geometry of the micro endmill can be designed specifically for a given application to achieve the desired performance. This method was demonstrated by designing the micro square endmill especially for hard milling applications. The newly designed tools were manufactured and validated through experiments in comparison with the commercial tools. The experimental results have shown that the new designs have improved the tool performance as expected. The planning of the micromilling process has been divided into two parts. In the first part, design of experiments has been used to understand the relationship between input variables (machining parameters and tool paths) and process response (tool wear and surface finish). With this method, the significant variables can be identified by means of ANOVA analysis, and the cutting conditions can be planned accordingly to optimize the process output. For example, to have a long tool life is important for the roughing operation, and to achieve a good surface finish is of interest for the finishing operation. In the second part of the process planning, a knowledge-based method is used to plan cutting conditions for the machining of micro features with high aspect ratios. The selection of machining parameters was done by means of a force model, which describes the relation between machining parameters and average forces. The tool paths were tested by a FEM model. An improved tool path was proposed to overcome the disadvantage of the conventional tool path. Experiments were done with conditions chosen by the theoretical analysis, and the results proved the validity of the developed method. Micro ribs with aspect ratios higher than 50 could be machined successfully.Precision and Microsystems EngineeringMechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineerin
Design of a Micro Milling Setup with an Active Magnetic Bearing Spindle
No full textThis thesis describes the design of a micro milling setup with an active magnetic bearing spindle. Micro milling is the mechanical removal of material with sub millimeter tools. An active magnetic bearing typically consists of a set of magnetic actuators, a control loop and position sensors. Active Magnetic Bearings enable a very high rotational speed of 150.000 rpm and a high positioning accuracy. The use of bearing signals for process monitoring is a separate research topic in the same project. Special attention has been given to the design of magnetic actuators with low rotating losses. A design with an axial bias flux generated by permanent magnets has been applied. The rotordynamic modelling of the spindle is described as well as the controller design. The spindle has been realized and a rotational speed of 150.000 rpm has been achieved. The spindle has been integrated into a micro milling setup, where the work piece is positioned using an xy stage driven by Lorentz actuators. A novel tool clamping device had to be developed which matches the reduced dimensions of the spindle and which is able to withstand the very high rotational speed. A monolithic tool holder has been designed in which the clamping force increases with increasing rotational speed. The main improvements that can be made require the increase of the rotational speed and an increase of the flexural spindle resonance frequencies. A novel design has been presented to support a short, disk shaped rotor. This rotor shape has required the design of a controller which compensates the strong gyroscopic coupling in a rotating disk.Precision and Microsystems EngineeringMechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineerin
Redesign of Unit 600 in the Styrene Monomer/Propylene oxide plant to be constructed at Pulau Seraya, Singapore
No full textDocument(en) uit de collectie Chemische Procestechnologie.DelftChemTechApplied Science
The Response of a Uniform Jig Bed in Terms of the Porosity Distribution
No full textCivil Engineering and Geoscience
Slave-side devices for micromanipulation in a haptic teleoperation scenario
No full textHaptic teleoperation is a promising approach for dealing with the manipulation of micro-objects, fabricated in small series or as prototypes, and in processes which are novel or uncertain. Human operators provide their ability to plan, understand and react when faced with unexpected situations during the manipulation process, while robotic devices ensure the levels of precision required by the tasks. In order to improve the state of this field, this thesis intends to understand how to better support a human operator performing micromanipulation tasks, and based on that understanding develop a system for teloperated micromanipulation, focusing on the slave-side devices. The first stage of this research is an in-depth analysis of the requirements coming from the kind of tasks which the system must deal with, from the support that is possible and useful to give to the human operator, and from the abilities and limitations of that user. Following those requirements, a system-concept is developed, consisting of the integration of commercially available products with custom developed components. In particular, a 6 DOF magnetic levitation stage is developed as a fine positioning stage for the slave robot, achieving a movement range of 200 x 200 x 200 micrometers and rotations of 18 to 42 mrad, with Minimum Incremental Motion of 50 nm and 3.5 to 7 microradians. A silicon based force sensor is also developed to explore possibilities for force and torque sensing during micromanipulation. This force sensor measure loads in 6 DOF, within a range of 4 to 30 mN in forces and 4 to 50 uNm in torques, and with noise levels up to 13 to 27 uN/sqrt(Hz) and 11 to 43 nNm/sqrt(Hz). The system is integrated and characterized, and its usefulness is demonstrated through the performance of micromanipulation tasks by human operators. A general conclusion drawn from this research is that in order to make haptic teleoperated micromanipulation systems a viable and competitive option, it is vital to identify the kind of tasks for which haptic teleoperated micromanipulation systems can be a solution, and to optimize such systems and its components for these applications and for the haptic teleoperation scenario. In order to do so, one must understand both the advantages and limitations that this approach offers compared to its main competitors: automatic manipulation, self assembly, unaided manipulation by hand, among others. In particular, the highest potential of teloperated systems is on dealing with uncertain situations, thanks to the reasoning abilities of the human operators. Therefore, the use of these systems in structured and repetitive tasks does not constitute a fair demonstration of their advantages. Likewise, the use of components meant for automatic manipulation which often over-perform some of the motor abilities of the user, results in systems which are more complex and expensive than required, thus undermining some of the main advantages of using teleoperated systems. Following that reasoning, this work places particular attention to the definition of the requirements. By carefully studying the consequences of including a human operator in the system, and the special needs arising from the tasks and support modes, it is possible to optimize system components for this particular niche. Thus, the resulting system can deal with the situations normally encountered in teleoperated micromanipulation, without incurring in significant costs or complexities often found in systems intended for automatic manipulation, and without having to compromise properties useful for this application.PMEMechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineerin
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