862 research outputs found
Initial weight estimation of twin-fuselage configuration in aircraft conceptual design
No full textThe Ultra-High Aspect Ratio Wing (UHARW) concept can improve the aircraft’s aerodynamic efficiency and reduce fuel consumption. The Twin-Fuselage (TF) configuration is one of the promising concepts for the UHARW design to reduce the wing bending moments and shear forces. This paper presents the development of a semi-empirical method for the weight estimation of TF aircraft in the initial sizing stage. A physics-based wing weight estimation method is improved for higher fidelity aerodynamic analysis and modified for composite material structures of TF aircraft. This method is used in the design of experiments and the results are applied for regression analysis to establish a semi-empirical method. Eventually, the established semi-empirical weight estimation method is integrated into a TF aircraft conceptual design and performance analysis framework. A mid-range TF aircraft and a long-range TF aircraft are designed and sized to illustrate its application and efficiency in rapidly estimating the TF aircraft weight breakdown.</p
Nemoura jixiangwangi Yan & Ma & Yang & Li 2022, sp. nov.
No full textNemoura jixiangwangi Yang & Li, sp. nov. (Figs. 1–3) Adult habitus. Head brown to dark brown; antennae, mouthparts and palpi lighter than head; compound eyes black. Pronotum brown to dark brown, rectangular, anterior corners obtuse and posterior ones nearly right-angled. Legs generally brownish but femora darker; wing membranes pale to brownish with darker veins. Abdominal segments brown with paler hairs. Male (Figs. 1–2). Forewing length 6.0 mm (n=3), hindwing length 5.0 mm. Tergum 9 sclerotized, anterior margin with a wide, shallow medial incision, posterior margin without spines or long hairs. Sternum 9 (Figs. 1b, 2b) with oval-shaped vesicle, length ca. 1.3X maximum width, lacks clothing hairs; hypoproct basally broad and rectangular, gradually tapering towards short, triangular apex. Tergum 10 (Figs. 1a, 2a) darkly sclerotized except the narrow, longitudinal, medial concavity beneath epiproct; anterolateral part of the concavity bears many tiny black spines. Cercus long and distinctly sclerotized except for inner portion and center of apex, generally parallelsided posterior to wider base and before enlarged apex, erect in lateral view. Apex with a strong ventrolateral hook pointing caudally, and a rounded intralateral bulb; vestigial second segment located on distal extreme of cercal head, surrounded by an open membranous ring (Figs. 1a–e, 2a–c). Epiproct (Figs. 1a, c, f, 2a, d–e): subrectangular, with widened apical half and abruptly narrowed, triangular apex; nearly 2X longer than maximum width. Ventral sclerite heavily sclerotized, forming large lateral knobs at basolateral corners, with 7–8 ventral spines on the narrow parallel ridges; the ridges are distinctly diverging towards the apical sclerites. Arms of ventral sclerite forming an incomplete, relatively short and thin ring in dorsal view. Apical sclerites large, extend along apicolateral margin of the epiproct and joined with apical lobes of the ring, bearing 2–4 stout lateral spines. Heavily sclerotized lateral arms slender and short, extend along lower surface of elevated medial hump (Fig. 2c–d). Paraproct (Fig. 2b): outer lobe short and subquadrate, outer margin strongly sclerotized, apex narrower and slightly bilobed but the recessed edge is obscure in one paratype; inner lobe short and well sclerotized, narrow at base and then slightly swollen towards obtusely triangular apex. Female (Fig. 3). Forewing length 6.9 mm (n=1), hindwing length 5.9 mm. Pregenital plate trapezoidal, its apical width is one third the width and over half the length of sternum 8. Posterior margin nearly truncate, the overhanging part dark brown. A pair of lateral brown markings present on sternum 8 (Figs. 3a–b), but poorly delimited after being cleared. Sternum 9 moderately sclerotized, anterior edge nearly straight. Vaginal complex (Figs. 3c–d) with membranous spermatheca bearing two wrinkled lateral pockets; medially depressed and posteriorly divergent with two slender bifurcations. Type material. Holotype male (HIST): China: Qinghai Province, Haibei Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Menyuan County, Xianmi Township, Deqian Village, 3001 m, 37.2180º N, 102.2098º E, 2.VII.2021, leg. Weihai Li. Paratypes: 1 male (HIST): same village and date as holotype, 3110 m, 37.2180º N, 102.2098º E, leg. Wei Zeng; 2 males and 1 female (HIST): Qinghai Province, Haibei Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Qilian County, Yeniugou Township, Dayu Village, 3308 m, 38.4096º N, 99.5498º E, 11.VII.2021, leg. Weihai Li, Haoming Zang, Cong Li. Etymology. The epithet refers to Mr. Jixiang Wang, who guided us to these far and hardly accessible villages. Distribution and ecology (Figs. 4a–b). China (Qinghai Province). The types are known only from two sites of the Qilian Mountain National Park. They were collected in headwater of two small creeks with stony substrate over 3000 m above sea level, and one male paratype was caught by sweeping the alpine meadows near a creek in Deqian Village. Remarks. On the basis of the epiproct’s large apical sclerite and lobed ring, and the strong apical hook of the cerci, the new species seems to be related to the Nemoura brevipennis group sensu Murányi (2007). This group is the most diverse in the Caucasus and Anatolia, and the epiproct of N. jixiangwangi is most similar to N. taurica Zhiltzova 1967, known from Greece, Crimea and Turkey. N. jixiangwangi can be separated from that species by larger lateral arm of the epiproct and more robust cercus. The male of N. jixiangwangi is also reminiscent of the Central Asian N. alaica Zhiltzova, 1976, especially in the shape of paraproct and cercus, but differs in the epiproct and the apex of the cercus. Some Far East species like N. aquila Murányi, 2011 (in: Murányi & Park 2011), N. rugosa Zwick, 2010, N. sirotskii Teslenko, 2018 (in: Teslenko & Boumans 2018) and N. tripotini Zwick, 2010 are superficially similar to the new species, but all differ with much narrow apical sclerite and ring lobe complex of the epiproct. There is no known Chinese species that can be closely related. The trapezoidal female pregenital plate of N. jixiangwangi is similar to that of the females of the brevipennis group, but its characters do not allow distinction at the specific level.Published as part of Yan, Yanhua, Ma, Cunxin, Yang, Ding & Li, Weihai, 2022, Species of Nemoura (Plecoptera: Nemouridae) from Qinghai, China, pp. 485-493 in Zootaxa 5168 (4) on page 486, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5168.4.9, http://zenodo.org/record/689984
Multidisciplinary optimisation of a CFRP wing cover
No full textWith the market introduction of both the Airbus A350XWB and the Boeing 787,
Carbon Fibre Reinforced Plastics (CFRP) has been applied to primary structure of large
commercial aircraft, as a means of enhancing overall performance. Both these aircraft
are being developed and produced in a unique way where Airbus and Boeing are acting
as System Integrators and using Risk Sharing Partners to develop the majority of the
principal components.
To support this new business and technological model it is necessary that the System
Integrator has sufficient knowledge and tools to support the development of the
components. Of particular interest are items such as the wing covers, as they are both
heavy and expensive items, thus offering large opportunities for optimisation, in
particular when the benefits of applying CFRP are considered. This creates the forum
for this thesis, i.e. to thoroughly understand all factors that influence a CFRP wing
cover, from which an optimisation methodology is developed, incorporating design
constraints, while seeking the lightest weight solution, with a resultant Life Cycle Cost
(LCC). Based on this, different solutions can be compared based on weight and LCC.
In general stringer-stiffened panels are, from a weight perspective, the optimal
configuration for wing covers, and thus are solely considered. Serendipitously, due to
their prismatic shapes, buckling calculations of stringer-stiffened panels can be solved
with reasonable accuracy and ease using the Finite Strip Method (FSM), as opposed to
more time consuming methods such as the Finite Element Method. A suitable FSM
program is available from ESDU, which when used in combination with a configured
Excel spreadsheet can take into consideration constraints established from the extensive
literature review. Once the lowest weight solution is obtained under buckling
constraints, the solution is then checked for in-plane and if desired out-of-plane
strength.
Based on the structurally optimised wing cover, the manufacturing cost is calculated
using a Process Based Cost Model (PBCM), which has been developed based on
different CFRP materials for the skin and stringer fabrication, as well as suitable
manufacturing and integration methods. In order to consider the LCC, i.e. all costs from
cradle to grave, the PBCM factors in both the cost of recycling scrap material during
manufacture and after retirement. Furthermore, when more than one solution is
compared then the Economic Value of Weight Saving, which is based on the range
equation, can be factored in to consider the financial benefit of weight saving.
The optimisation methodology and PBCM has been evaluated on diverse wing cover
examples, which has considered both uni-directional prepreg, non-crimp fabric and
braids materials in combination with autoclave and liquid composite moulding
techniques. The results demonstrated a trend which can be considered realistic, although
the cost estimation is very much dependent on the assumptions made. In conclusion, the
thesis and the optimisation methodology can be used to compare different
configurations
FIGURE 6 in Description of two new species of Walkerella (Pteromalidae, Otitesellinae) from China with a key to species of the genus
No full textFIGURE 6. Comparison of the wing veins of Walkerella species, FEMALE. A, W. benjamini (After: Joseph 1957). B, W. jacobsoni (After: Grandi 1921). C, W. temereria (After: Joseph & Abdurahiman 1969). D, W. kuruandensis (After: Priyadarsanan 2000). E, W. microcarpae (After: Bouček 1993). F, W. nigrabdomina sp. nov. G, W. curtipedis sp. nov.Published as part of Peng, Yun-Cui Ma Yan- Qiong & Yang, Da-Rong, 2013, Description of two new species of Walkerella (Pteromalidae, Otitesellinae) from China with a key to species of the genus, pp. 473-482 in Zootaxa 3702 (5) on page 480, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3702.5.6, http://zenodo.org/record/22354
Asicimbex latistriatus Yan, Deng & Wei 2022, sp. nov.
No full textAsicimbex latistriatus Yan, Deng & Wei sp. nov. Fig. 8 Material examined. Holotype, female, China: Henan Province, Shan County, Ganshan Park, alt. 1000 m, 31 May 2000, leg. Meicai Wei & Yihai Zhong (ASMN). Paratypes, 7 females and 2 males, same data as the holotype; 1 female and 4 males, same locality, 1 June 2000 (ASMN). Diagnosis. The species is most similar to A. nanjingensis Yan & Wei sp. nov., but differs from the latter in the following characters: the postocellar area 1.2-1.3 × broader than long; abdominal tergum 1 without lateral carina, the posterior corner of the tergum not produced; the dorsum of mesoscutellum sparsely and minutely punctured, the surface smooth; the antennomere 3 clearly longer than longest axis of eye; the total length of lance annuli 3.9 × height of the 13th annulus, the first annulus 2.7 × as high as broad; lancet with 46 serrulae. Description. Holotype, female. Body length 14 mm (Fig. 8A). Color. Head including antenna dark yellowish brown (Fig. 8A), frons and nearby with an obscure black macula (Fig. 8C, F); thorax black, posterior margin and lateral corner of pronotum, tegula, mesoscutellum and lateral carina dark brown, mesepisternum above carina largely, posterior margin of mesepimeron, irregular macula on metepisternum and large macula on metepimeron reddish brown (Fig. 8K); abdomen dark brown, basal margin of tergum 1 and small macula near posterior corner, anterior 4/5 of tergum 2, anterior 1/3 of tergum 3, basal margin of terga 4-7 and sterna 1-3 largely black, tergum 4 slightly paler (Fig. 8O, P). Fore wing strongly smoky, cells 2M, 3M, 2Cu and A largely hyaline, veins and pterostigma largely brown to dark brown; hind wing weakly infuscate (Fig. 8A). Legs dark brown, middle and hind coxae, trochanters and dorsal side of femora black (Fig. 8I, J). Head. Dorsum of head with indistinct and fine punctures, other parts smooth, with strong luster (Fig. 8C, F). Clypeus clearly elevated in middle, anterior margin with small and deep incision; malar space 1.8 × diameter of middle ocellus (Fig. 8C); postocellar area about 1.2-1.3 × broader than long; median furrow weak, lateral furrows fine, weakly divergent backwards; POL: OOL: OCL = 5: 6: 9; in dorsal view head enlarged behind eye (Fig. 8F). Antenna about 1.4 × longer than head breadth (Fig. 8H); apical club slightly longer than antennomere 3, with the widest breadth 2.4 × apical breadth of antennomere 3, antennomere 3 clearly longer than longest axis of eyes (45: 39). Thorax. Mesothorax densely punctured, punctures on mesoscutellum sparser, surface smooth; mesonotum feebly shiny; punctures on mesepisternum above carina and elevated parts of mesepimeron dense and deep, clearly defined, interspace between punctures smooth, concave area of mesepimeron microsculptured, punctures on ventral side of mesepisternum sparse (Fig. 8E, K); mesoscutellum roundly elevated, without middle furrow; oblique middle carina on mesepisternum weak but recognizable; cenchri oval, distance between cenchri about 3.4 × longest axis of a cenchrus, metascutellum triangularly elevated, distance between serrulae about 2.3 × basal breadth of a serrula (Fig. 8E). Abdomen. Abdominal tergum 1 with minute punctures and microsculptures, other terga finely and densely microsculptured (Fig. 8O, P). Tergum 1 without lateral carina, hind corner roundish, not produced, posterior incision broad and deep, bottom round (Fig. 8O); middle process of sternum 7 broad and triangular, basal breadth about 1/3 breadth of sternite 7; lance short and broad, subapical annuli feebly broadened, total length of annuli 3.9 × height of 13th annulus, first annulus 2.7 × as high as broad (Fig. 8N); lancet with 47 annular sutures and 46 serrulae (Fig. 8N), middle serrulae narrowly truncate at apex with about 5 proximal and 5 distal subbasal teeth (Fig. 8Q). Male. Body length 16 mm (Fig. 8B), body color and structure (Fig. 8D, G) similar to female except for following parts: posterior of postocellar area in middle with a shallow depressed groove; abdominal terga 2-3 largely blackish brown; middle and hind coxae and femora distinctly elongated, with carina; hind femora distinctly swollen, about twice as broad as trochanter; penis valve shown in Fig. 8M, gonoforceps as shown in Fig. 8L. Distribution. China (Henan); South Korea? Variation. Body length 13-15 mm in female, 16-17 mm in male; club of antenna dark brown or yellowish brown; middle and hind coxae brown or blackish brown. Etymology. The specific epithet is a combination of the Latin word: " lati -" and "- striatus ", referring to the fore wing with a broad longitudinal smoky stripe. Host plant and larva . The adult types of the new species were reared two years later from the larvae collected on the trunk of Ulmus sp. The matured larvae are yellow colored with black head, thorax and abdomen without black macula. Remarks. The senior author of the paper examined 2 females and 3 males of A. latistriatus from South Korea in 2013, when there were only five species (Asicimbex eous, Asicimbex malaisei, Asicimbex elminus, Asicimbex ulmusvorus and the undescribed Asicimbex latistriatus) of the undescribed genus Asicimbex known to the author. The specimens were kept in Yeungnam University. Confirmation of this faunal record requires re-examination of the specimens.Published as part of Yan, Yu-Chen, Yan, Wen-Long, Deng, Tie-Jun & Wei, Mei-Cai, 2022, Asicimbex Yan, Deng & Wei, a new genus with eight new species and four new combinations (Hymenoptera, Cimbicidae), pp. 265-308 in Journal of Hymenoptera Research 91 on page 265, DOI: 10.3897/jhr.91.8371
The Iflaviruses Sacbrood virus and Deformed wing virus evoke different transcriptional responses in the honeybee which may facilitate their horizontal or vertical transmission
No full textThis work was supported by the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC), the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, the Natural Environment Research Council, the Scottish Government and the Wellcome Trust, under the Insect Pollinators Initiative, grant number BBI0008281, and BBSRC grant BB/M00337X/1. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.Sacbrood virus (SBV) and Deformed wing virus (DWV) are evolutionarily related positive-strand RNA viruses, members of the Iflavirus group. They both infect the honeybee Apis mellifera but have strikingly different levels of virulence when transmitted orally. Honeybee larvae orally infected with SBV usually accumulate high levels of the virus, which halts larval development and causes insect death. In contrast, oral DWV infection at the larval stage usually causes asymptomatic infection with low levels of the virus, although high doses of ingested DWV could lead to DWV replicating to high levels. We investigated effects of DWV and SBV infection on the transcriptome of honeybee larvae and pupae using global RNA-Seq and real-time PCR analysis. This showed that high levels of SBV replication resulted in down-regulation of the genes involved in cuticle and muscle development, together with changes in expression of putative immune-related genes. In particular, honeybee larvae with high levels of SBV replication, with and without high levels of DWV replication, showed concerted up-regulated expression of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), and down-regulated expression of the prophenoloxidase activating enzyme (PPAE) together with up-regulation of the expression of a putative serpin, which could lead to the suppression of the melanisation pathway. The effects of high SBV levels on expression of these immune genes were unlikely to be a consequence of SBV-induced developmental changes, because similar effects were observed in honeybee pupae infected by injection. In the orally infected larvae with high levels of DWV replication alone we observed no changes of AMPs or of gene expression in the melanisation pathway. In the injected pupae, high levels of DWV alone did not alter expression of the tested melanisation pathway genes, but resulted in up-regulation of the AMPs, which could be attributed to the effect of DWV on the regulation of AMP expression in response to wounding. We propose that the difference in expression of the honeybee immune genes induced by SBV and DWV may be an evolutionary adaptation to the different predominant transmission routes used by these viruses.Peer reviewe
Telostholus venarectus Song & Ma
No full text<i>Telostholus venarectus</i> Song & Ma, sp. nov. <p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 6F961192-EA0C-488E-9EAA-8858C0CC7DAC</p> <p>Figs 1A–I, 2A–H, 3A–C, 3G</p> <p> <b>Material examined</b>. <b>Holotype</b>: ♀, <b>CHINA</b>, <b>Yunnan</b>, Yuxi City, Yuanjiang County, 23°18′N 101°39′E, 464 m, Malaise trap, V–VI.2016, coll. YNAU. <b>Paratypes:</b> 22♀ 133 ♂, same locality as holotype, 444–464 m, Malaise trap, V – VI.2016 (9♀ 47♂), VI –IX.2016 (8♀ 56♂), IV– V.2016 (2 ♀ 2♂), V – VI.2016 (2♀ 27♂), coll. YNAU; 1♀ 1♂, <b>CHINA, Yunnan</b>, Kunming City, Xishan, 25°19′N 102°89′E, 1956 m, Malaise trap, XII.2015 – III.2016, coll. YNAU.</p> <p> <b>Remarks</b>. The new species is similar to <i>T</i>. <i>nontuberatus</i> Li & Ma 2015 in having the following characteristics: in female, vertex strongly convex between eye tops (Fig. 1B); ratio of POD: OOD, F1 length 1.0 times scape length; dorsal surface of propodeum without tuberculate projections posterolaterally (Fig. 1F); in male. F2–F10 crenulated ventrally (Fig. 2E); POD>OOD; SGP ventral surface in apical portion with setae, lateral margin in basal portion without setae (Fig. 3C), but it can be separated from by having the following characters given in the Table 1.</p> <p> The new species is also similar to <i>T. yasumatsui</i> Ishikawa, 1967 (female) and <i>T. kubani</i> Loktionov, 2021 (male), but can be separated from them by having the following characters:</p> <p> The new species (female): Eye broad, half of MID 1.18–1.27 times eye width; ocelli located in acute triangle; fore wing with apical and subbasal bands. In <i>T. yasumatsui</i> Ishikawa, 1967 (female): eye narrower, half of MID 1.5–1.6 times eye width; ocelli located in right triangle; fore wing partially brown.</p> <p> The new species (male): F1 length 1.45–1.52 times its maximum width (in dorsal view), and 0.26–0.35 times UID; POD: OOD = 1.42–1.5; apical area of volsella broadened, oval-shaped, its ventral face along outer margin with few bristles. In <i>T. kubani</i> Loktionov, 2021 (male): F1 length 2.2–2.4 times its maximum width (in dorsal view), and 0.35–0.45 times UID; POD: OOD =1.6–2.0; apical area of volsella somewhat narrowed, elongated, its ventral face along outer and apical margins with long, slightly curved bristles, ending at top with small ball.</p> <p> <b>Description</b>. <b>Female</b>. (Measurements of the holotype are given in parentheses). Length: body 7.1–11.6 (8.6) mm; fore wing 6.4–9.2 (8.1) mm. Body black, mandible red-brown at apical 1/2, maxillary palps dark-brown, clypeus with brown anterior rim, all claws brown (Figs 1A, 1B). Pterostigma entire brown; fore wing with distinct light translucent area along apical margin, and three semitransparent, brown markings: first, at marginal cell, <i>SMC2</i> except lower base, and apical half of discal cell 2; second, at basal 1/2 of subdiscal cell and apical 1/6 of subbasal cell; third, at intersection of <i>SMC1</i>, discal cell 1 and basal cell (Fig. 1H). Body covered with short whitish appressed pubescence; mandible with few pale setae, S3–S5 with few pale short setae, S6 with many scattered, pale, short and long setae, T6 with few long setae (Fig. 1A). Area between hind ocellus and eyes with sparse punctures (Fig. 1C).</p> <p> <b>Head</b>. In frontal view, head width 1.1–1.14 (1.14) times its height; MID 0.56–0.66 (0.56) times head width, MID 2.36–2.54 (2.36) times eye width; UID: MID: LID = 34–43 (36): 50–58 (58): 46–56 (48) (Fig. 1B). Mandible stout with two small subapical tooth, labrum exposed. Clypeus slightly convex medially, anterior margin straight, its width 2.5–2.69 (2.5) times length and 0.87–0.89 (0.87) times LID (Fig. 1B). Clypeus at base and lower frons including antennal socket laterally evidently concave (Fig. 1B). Malar space very short. Frons flat, with short and inconspicuous median line. Vertex strongly convex between eye tops (Fig. 1B). In dorsal view, anterior ocellus larger than posterior ones, ocellar area slightly raised, ocelli in acute triangle; POD: OOD= 1.5–1.7 (1.7) (Fig. 1C). In lateral view, frons hardly convex; gena in profile strongly narrowing towards vertex, in upper portion almost liner, medially 0.14–0.21 (0.19) times eye width. Upper gena: lower gena= 1: 4. Scape slightly concave ventrally (Fig. 1D). Flagellum filiform, last flagellomere blunt apically. Length ratios of scape, pedicel and F1–10 (on ventral side, in holotype) = 25: 7: 25: 25: 21: 18: 18: 15: 15: 14: 11: 14. Scape length 0.58–0.69 (0.69) times UID. F1 length 3.57–3.65 (3.62) times its maximum width, 1.0 times scape length and 0.65–0.71 (0.69) times UID.</p> <p> <b>Mesosoma</b>. Pronotum length in dorsal view 0.39–0.48 (0.48) times its maximum width; anterior surface short and inclined, differentiated from dorsum by two small but distinctly produced, transverse, subtriangular processes medially; posterior margin arcuate and some specimens slightly angulate medially. In dorsal view, basal half of mesoscutum slightly raised, parapsidal sulcus reaching nearly 3/4 of mesoscutum (Fig. 1E). Mesoscutellum and metanotum conspicuously convex medially; posterior margin of metanotum produced at middle and covering metapostnotum partly, metapostnotum narrow and nearly fissuriform, its center deeply sunken, with dense transverse striae (Fig. 1F). Propodeum in dorsal view parallel-sided, its length 0.54–0.61 (0.57) times its width; dorsum in lateral view without convex, postero-lateral corner not produced into tubercle; posterior propodeum with short inclined slope, relative length of dorsal surface and inclined slope = 3: 2 (Figs. 1F, 1G).</p> <p> <b>Wings</b>. Fore wing (Fig. 1H) pterostigma length 3.6–3.77 (3.6) times its height (on inner distance) and 1.12–1.25 (1.12) times <i>Rs2</i>. <i>SCM2</i> length 2.72–2.86 (2.78) times its maximum height, receiving crossvein <i>1m-cu</i> at basal 0.25–0.33 (0.26) and receiving crossvein <i>2m-cu</i> at basal 0.81–0.86 (0.82); crossvein <i>3rs-m</i> strongly arched towards wing apex; crossvein <i>cu-a</i> barely curved, originating just beyond separation of vein <i>M+CuA</i>; crossvein <i>cu-a</i> almost vertical to vein <i>1A</i>; vein M ending far from wing margin; vein <i>CuA1</i> not touching wing margin. Hind wing (Fig. 1I) translucent, with slightly brownish apical portion; crossvein <i>cu-a</i> evenly arched and anterofurcal.</p> <p> <b>Legs</b>. Fore femur without spines; mid femur with two short spines dorso-apically; hind femur with 2–3 short spines dorso-apically. Fore tibia outer face with 2–3 spines and few different-length stout spines apically; mid and hind tibiae with scattered long spines, hind tibia longer spur length 0.55–0.63 (0.55) times hind tarsomere 1 length. Fore tarsomere 1 length 0.63–0.71 (0.71) times fore tarsomeres 2–4 length combined and with 1 longitudinal row of very short spines ventrally; mid and hind tarsomeres 1 with spines which shorter than that on tibia. Fore tarsomeres 2 and 3 with median longitudinal row of very short spines ventrally and tarsomere 4 with long spines apically; mid and hind tarsomeres 2–4 ventrally with median longitudinal row of short spines; mid and hind tarsomeres 2 except median row of spines with two spines on both sides of row. All tarsomeres 5 without spines ventrally, fore leg apical tarsus slightly expand. Tarsal claws symmetrical and bifid, inner tooth broad and obliquely truncated.</p> <p> <b>Metasoma</b>. In dorsal view, ventrally subfusiform, as wide as mesosoma. Posterior margins of T1–T5 and S1–S5 slightly emarginate medially; apex of T6 slightly compressed (Fig. 1A).</p> <p> <b>Male</b>. body length 5.2–7.4 (6.5) mm; forewing 4.3–5.7 (4.6) mm. Fore wing translucent, with brown apical portion and light area about 1/2 second submarginal cell 2 (Fig. 2G).</p> <p> <b>Head</b>. In frontal view, head width 1.12–1.15 (1.12) times its height, MID 0.61–0.67 (0.67) times head width, MID 3.25–3.31 (3.31) times eye width; UID: MID: LID = 35–38 (36): 36–45(43): 29–34 (33). Clypeus width 2.31– 2.44 (2.36) times length and 0.66–0.76 (0.76) times LID; vertex slightly and roundly produced above dorsal eye margin (Fig. 2B). In dorsal view, ocelli in right triangle; POD: OOD = 1.42–1.5 (1.5) (Fig. 2D). In lateral view, frons slightly convex, gena in profile narrow, medially 0.15–0.17 (0.16) times eye width (Fig. 2C). Flagellum somewhat short, scape normal shaped, F2–F8 crenulated ventrally, F9–11 with ventral depression, flattened; length ratios of scape, pedicel and F1–11 (on ventral side; in holotype) = 15: 5: 12: 12: 11: 10: 10: 10: 9: 8: 8: 8: 10; scape length 0.42–0.46 (0.42) times UID; F1 length 1.45–1.52 (1.5) times its maximum width, 0.8–0.93 (0.8) times scape length and 0.26–0.35 (0.33) times UID (Fig. 2E).</p> <p> <b>Mesosoma</b>. Pronotum length in dorsal view 0.41–0.53 (0.53) times its maximum width; anterior face not differentiated from dorsum; posterior margin somewhat subangulate medially. Propodeum length in dorsal view 0.54–0.62 (0.57) times its maximum width; relative length of dorsal surface and inclined slope = 11: 9 (Fig. 2F).</p> <p> <b>Wings</b>. Pterostigma length 3.16–3.28 (3.2) times its height (on inner distance), and 1.1–1.15 (1.15) times <i>Rs2</i>. <i>SMC2</i> length 2.67–2.84 (2.67) times its maximum height, receiving crossvein <i>1m-cu</i> at basal 0.25–0.29 (0.27) and receiving crossvein <i>2m-cu</i> at basal 0.88–0.93 (0.89) (Fig. 2G).</p> <p> <b>Legs</b>. Hind tibia longer spur length 0.79–0.89 (0.85) times hind tarsomere 1 length.</p> <p> <b>Metasoma</b>. In dorsal view, metasoma lanceolate, slightly narrower than mesosoma (Fig. 2A). Genitalia: paramere broad and long, paddle-shaped, apex in inner corner more or less pointed, outer margin in apical portion with short bristles; apical part of volsella broad, oval-shaped, ventral surface along outer margin with few bristles; parapenial lobe in upper half somewhat crescent-shaped, with broadly rounded apex (Figs 3A, 3B). SGP in ventral view evenly narrowing toward apex, ventral surface in apical portion with setae, lateral margin in basal portion without setae (Fig. 3C). S6 deeply arcuately emarginate medially, and with small curved hooks on both side of emargination (Fig. 3G).</p> <p> <b>Distribution</b>. China (Yunnan).</p> <p> <b>Sex association</b>. Not only all the female and male specimens were collected from the same location and dates, as well as by the same Malaise trap, but they also have the same pattern and the following common characteristics: ratio of F1: F2; clypeus width <LID; POD>OOD; gena in profile narrow and body color.</p> <p> <b>Etymology</b>. The name <i>venarectus</i> originates from the Greek word "ven-" and "rectus", referring to the fore wing crossvein <i>cu-a</i> almost vertical to vein <i>1A</i>.</p>Published as part of <i>Song, Zhi-Yan, Li, Qiang, Dong, Li-Li & Ma, Li, 2024, One new species and two new records of the spider wasp genus Telostholus Haupt, 1929 in China, with a key to the world species, pp. 447-458 in Zootaxa 5403 (4)</i> on pages 450-455, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5403.4.3, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/10562238">http://zenodo.org/record/10562238</a>
Xiao shen jing jiao zhi xi bao zai xiao shu pei tai fa yu qi jian jin ru shen jing guan de yan jiu
No full textChow, Wing Ho.Thesis M.Phil. Chinese University of Hong Kong 2013.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 166-181).Abstracts also in Chinese.Title from PDF title page (viewed on 19, September, 2016).Chow, Wing Ho
San zhong chao jian dai teng hu dui gao wen de sheng li fan ying ji zhuan lu ti yan jiu
No full textWong, Ka Wing Karen.Thesis M.Phil. Chinese University of Hong Kong 2014.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 143-157).Abstracts also in Chinese.Title from PDF title page (viewed on 30, November, 2016).Wong, Ka Wing Karen
Cicada-Wing-Inspired Highly Sensitive Tactile Sensors Based on Elastic Carbon Foam with Nanotextured Surfaces
No full textElectronic devices with tactile and pressure-sensing
capabilities
are becoming increasingly popular in the automatic industry, human
motion/health monitoring, and artificial intelligence applications.
Inspired by the natural nanotopography of the cicada wing, we propose
here a straightforward strategy to fabricate a highly sensitive tactile
sensor through nanotexturing of erected polyaniline (PANI) nanoneedles
on a conductive and elastic three-dimensional (3D) carbon skeleton.
The robust and compressible carbon networks offer a resilient and
conducting matrix to catering complex scenarios; the biomimetic PANI
nanoneedles firmly and densely anchored on a 3D carbon skeleton provide
intimate electrical contact under subtle deformation. As a result,
a piezoresistive tactile sensor with ultrahigh sensitivity (33.52
kPa–1), fast response/recovery abilities (97/111
ms), and reproducible sensing performance (2500 cycles) is developed,
which is capable of distinguishing motions in a wide pressure range
from 4.66 Pa to 60 kPa, detecting spatial pressure distribution, and
monitoring various gestures in a wireless manner. These excellent
performances demonstrate the great potential of nature-inspired tactile
sensors for practical human motion monitoring and artificial intelligence
applications
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