93 research outputs found
When it’s safe to explore: Longitudinal associations between secure attachment, emotional competence, and cognitive development in early childhood
No full textFrom whom should I learn? : examining the development of selective learning impacted by informants’ perceived competence and warmth
No full textPreferring naturals or strivers? Examining the early development of the naturalness preference
No full textPreferring naturals or strivers? examining people's perceptions and behaviors towards others with different sources of achievement
No full textThe naturalness bias refers to the implicit preference individuals have for naturals, who display inborn talent, over strivers, who expend effort to attain equal achievement. However, recent research has shown the contradictory evidence indicating individuals prefer strivers over naturals, which leaves the form of people’s naturalness bias in a debate. Furthermore, relatively little is known about whether the naturalness bias exists across different cultures, whether it emerges at a young age, and how it may impact our interactions with others. In two studies, I sought to examine the naturalness bias in adults and young children in mainland China. Conducting two series of experiments among 352 adults (Mage = 19.87, SD = 1.67) and 306 preprimary school children (Mage = 6.12, SD = 0.43) in four medium-sized cities, I found that the naturalness bias was observed in participants across both age groups in the Chinese culture. However, some age-related group differences were found. Specifically, the naturalness bias exhibited by young children extended across more domains (i.e., ratings of an individual’s potential for success, competence, and warmth) compared to adults (i.e., only ratings of competence). Participants’ naturalness bias also impacted their behavior. Children preferred to socialize with, learn from, and allocate resources to the natural protagonist over the striver protagonist. By contrast, adults did not exhibit learning preferences for the natural over the striver protagonist, and they preferred the striver protagonist over the natural protagonist in the fields of socializing and resource allocation. Finally, the attitudes that participants’ parents held towards talent and effort impacted the degree to which participants exhibited the naturalness bias. Together, the two studies show the naturalness bias emerges in early years for Chinese individuals, shaped by parental attitudes and in turn shaping their preferences and behaviors. Keywords: the naturalness bias, social perception, social cognitive development, learning</p
On toughness and stiffness of poly(butylene terephthalate) with epoxide-containing elastomer by reactive extrusion
No full textTo obtain a balance between toughness (as measured by notched impact strength) and elastic stiffness of poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT), a small amount of tetrafunctional epoxy monomer was incorporated into PBT/ [ethylene/methyl acrylate/glycidyl methacrylate terpolymer (E-MA-GMA)] blends during the reactive extrusion process. The effectiveness of toughening by E-MA-GMA and the\ud
effect of the epoxy monomer were investigated. It was found that E-MA-GMA was finely dispersed in PBT matrix, whose toughness was significantly enhanced, but the stiffness decreased linearly, with increasing E-MA-GMA content. Addition of 0.2 phr epoxy monomer was noted to further improve the dispersion of E-MA-GMA particles by increasing the viscosity of the PBT matrix. While use of epoxy monomer had little influence on the notched impact strength of the blends, there was a distinct increase in the elastic stiffness. SEM micrographs of impact-fracture surfaces indicated that extensive\ud
matrix shear yielding was the main impact energy dissipation mechanism in both types of blends, with or without epoxy monomer, and containing 20 wt. or more\ud
elastomer
The zircon U-Pb and Hf isotope constraints on the basement nature and Paleozoic evolution in northern margin of Yili Block, NW China
No full textThe northern margin of Yili Block in Xinjiang, China, consists of Precambrian basement, Early Paleozoic sedimentary rocks intersected with bimodal volcanic rocks, conglomerate and Late Paleozoic volcanic and sedimentary rocks. Five magmatic events are identified: similar to 2.5Ga, 1.5-1.4Ga, 1.1 to 0.9Ga, 480 to 450 Ma and 410 to 350 Ma based on SHRIMP zircon U-Pb ages of volcanic rocks and conglomerate in Tulasu Basin in west part of Northern Yili Block margin. The Precambrian ages record the evolution of the basement under Yili Block. The age population of 480 to 450 Ma corresponds to the Early Paleozoic bimodal volcanic rock, that of 410 to 350 Ma is documented by Late Paleozoic volcanic rocks. The epsilon Hf(t) value of similar to 2.5Ga zircon is 1.0, corresponding to T-DM2 of 2.9Ga, indicating the old crust of Yili Block formed during 3.0 to 2.5Ga, which is also evidenced by T-DM2 (3.2 to 2.6Ga) of 1.5-1.4Ga aged zircons. The old crust reworked at 1.5-1.4Ga, proved by epsilon Hf(t) (-16.3 to -1.3) value of the zircons. The 1.1 to 0.9Ga zircons show epsilon Hf(t) value of -7.6 to 2.7 and T-DM2 of 2.3 to 1.7Ga, might be the remelting products of old crust with some contribution of mantle. The Precambrian age groups of Yili Block are coeval with Chinese Central Tianshan, Tarim Craton and Kyrgyz North Tianshan, suggesting that they may represent fragments of a single continent characterized by magmatic events at 1.5 to 1.4Ga and 1.1 to 0.9Ga. Bimodal volcanic rocks erupted at 480 to 450Ma, thus a rift-related tectonic setting was proposed in combination with reported geochemical characteristic. The Basaltic rocks with age of similar to 477 Ma have epsilon Hf(t) value of 3.4 to 13.9, showing a magma source of depleted mantle with involvement of little crustal material. The felsic rocks with age of similar to 450 Ma have epsilon Hf(t) value of -20.4 to 1.2, indicative of a continental crust source and little contribution of mantle magma. Their magma sources also show rift-related magma property. The volcanic rocks erupted during 410 to 350 Ma were the products of subduction of the North Tianshan oceanic crust, which made contribution to crustal growth of northern Yili Block. The magma source of the Paleozoic volcanic rocks is depleted mantle contaminated by crust, constraint by their positive epsilon Hf(t) value (-0.2 similar to 12.8). (C) 2016 International Association for Gondwana Research. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.National Natural Science Foundation of China [41203032, 41421002, 41403033]; autonomic research foundation of State Key Laboratory of Continental Dynamics; foundation for outstanding scholar team; technological program of Shanxi department of education [14KJ1761]SCI(E)ARTICLE41-544
Talent versus hard work: Examining the parental influence on children’s preferences for talent over effort
No full textThe way people value talent and effort—two essential determinants of success—can substantially influence their preferences and behaviors. Despite explicitly valuing effort, adults often prefer naturally talented individuals over individuals who strive to attain the same level of achievement. Previous research on this naturalness bias (Tsay, 2016) has been largely conducted with adults in Western cultures. Here, we investigated the naturalness bias in Chinese society. Specifically, we hypothesized that children would also exhibit the naturalness bias, though the degree to which they preferred naturals may vary from Western populations. We also hypothesized that children’s preferences would be impacted by their parents’ attitudes. Participants were recruited from two mid-sized Chinese cities; 189 preschoolers (M = 75.84 months, SD = 4.20 months; 97 girls) and their parents participated in Experiment 1, while another 117 preschoolers (M = 69.60 months, SD = 4.08 months; 67 girls) and their parents participated in Experiment 2. In Experiment 1, children were randomly assigned to the natural condition, featuring a protagonist who succeeded through talent, or to the striver condition, featuring a protagonist who succeeded through effort. They then rated the protagonist’s success, warmth, and competence, as well as the importance of talent and effort. In Experiment 2, children’s behavioral preferences were examined after hearing stories about natural and striver protagonists; that is, they were asked to indicate with whom to socialize and from whom to learn along with rating the importance of talent and effort. In both experiments, parents of the participating children were surveyed on their attitudes towards talent and effort. Across both experiments, children preferred naturals over strivers, even though their ratings for the importance of effort were consistently higher than their ratings for talent. In Experiment 1, children’s protagonist ratings for success, warmth, and competence were higher in the natural condition compared to children’s ratings in the striver condition. In Experiment 2, children preferred to socialize with and learn from the natural protagonist over the striver protagonist when presented with both. Parents’ attitudes towards talent and effort had an impact on their children’s beliefs about talent and on their perceptions and behaviors towards naturals. Children were less likely to report talent as important if their parents valued effort more. In Experiment 1, if parents showed stronger positive attitudes towards effort, their children would evaluate the natural protagonist’s competence more highly; this effect was not observed in the striver condition (Figure 1). In Experiment 2, if parents showed stronger attitudes towards effort or weaker attitudes towards talent, the children were less likely to socialize with the natural protagonist in the experiment (Figure 2). In summary, the discrepancy between explicit and implicit perceptions regarding natural talent appears at a young age and is shaped by parental attitudes regarding talent and effort; these perceptions consequently impact people’s behaviors. Our findings shed light into how the naturalness bias emerges in Chinese culture at a young age and offer insights into how parents can influence children’s attitudes towards natural talent, both in other people and in themselves
Does parents’ social group matter? Longitudinal associations between majority and minority mothers’ engagement and children’s socioemotional development
No full textDoes source of achievement matter? Examining the naturalness bias in Chinese children and adults
No full textTalent and effort are both foundational to our achievement, and how we perceive them can critically impact our decisions across multiple domains, from setting individual goals to supporting societal policies. Previous work has shown that while people explicitly value effort over talent, they implicitly privilege naturals possessing talent over strivers expending effort to achieve the same goals, a phenomenon known as the naturalness bias (Tsay & Banaji, 2011). Research on the naturalness bias has been largely based on Western adults; relatively little is known about how it might emerge in a non-Western culture. Therefore, we conducted two experiments with young children and adults in China to examine the naturalness bias further. In two mid-sized Chinese cities, 189 preschool children (Mage = 6.32 years, SD = 0.35; 97 girls) and 223 undergraduate students (Mage = 20.12 years, SD = 1.88; 116 women) participated in the study. Participants were randomly assigned to either a natural or a striver condition. In both conditions, participants heard a story of a protagonist (gender-matched to participants) who had succeeded in socializing with others, either by making friends (children) or by business networking (adults). The protagonist’s achievement was attributed to talent in the natural condition and to effort in the striver condition. Following the story, participants rated the protagonist along multiple dimensions, which included perceived success, warmth, competence, and performance. At the end, participants reported their explicit beliefs about the importance of talent and effort. Results showed that even at a young age, Chinese participants exhibited the naturalness bias when considering other individuals. Compared to those in the striver condition, Chinese children in the natural condition rated the protagonist higher on the dimensions of success, t(187) = 2.41, p = .02, d = 0.35; warmth, t(187) = 2.59, p = .01, d = 0.38; and competence, t(187) = 2.49, p = .01, d = 0.36; but not when evaluating the protagonist’s performance. By contrast, Chinese adults showed the naturalness bias only in terms of competence; specifically, participants in the natural condition rated the protagonist’s competence more highly than participants in the striver condition, t(221) = 0.25, p = .02, d = 0.32, but along the other dimensions there were no between-condition differences. Figures 1 and 2 demonstrate the comparisons of the naturalness bias shown by children and adults across the different dimensions. For both conditions, child and adult participants explicitly rated the importance of effort higher than the importance of talent. Our results suggest that not only does the naturalness bias appear across different cultures, it emerges at a young age and extends into adulthood. Both children and adults implicitly prefer naturals over strivers in Chinese society, although they explicitly prefer effort over talent. This naturalness bias, in turn, affects people’s social perceptions towards unfamiliar individuals. However, some age-related differences were observed, in that the naturalness bias is weaker among Chinese adults compared to Chinese children. This diminishing of the bias suggests that the culture in which individuals are raised can influence their social cognition over time
Preferring Naturals or Strivers: Development of Biased Perception of Others Influenced by Sources of Achievement
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