2,811 research outputs found
Electrochemical treatment of real wastewater. Part 1: Effluents with low conductivity
No full textThe treatment of a real wastewater characterized by low conductivity was performed by anodic oxidation at boron doped diamond (BDD) in both conventional and microfluidic cells. The electrolyses carried out in conventional cells without supporting electrolyte were characterized by very high TOC removals but excessively high energetic consumptions and operating costs. The addition of sodium sulphate, as supporting electrolyte, allowed to strongly reduce the cell potentials and consequently the energetic consumptions and the operating costs. However, under various operating conditions, the addition of Na2SO4caused a lower removal of the TOC. The best results in terms of both TOC removal, energetic consumptions and operating costs (about 1 â¬/m3) were obtained using a cell with a very low inter-electrode distance (50 Âμm) with no addition of a supporting electrolyte
Graphene-enhanced sintering densification mechanisms in CoNiCrFeMn high-entropy alloys
No full textGraphene-reinforced high-entropy alloys (HEAs) have emerged as promising candidates for advanced structural applications, yet the atomic-scale mechanisms through which graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) modulate densification and microstructural evolution during spark plasma sintering (SPS) remain poorly characterized. This study employs molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to unravel the sintering behavior of CoNiCrFeMn HEA composites with GNPs, demonstrating that GNPs significantly enhance sintered densification. The underlying mechanisms involve synergistic effects: GNPs act as effective dislocation pinning sites, inducing high-stress regions that promote alloy particle rearrangement and pore elimination; sintered GNPs form a three-dimensional network, enabling efficient heat transfer and mechanical interlocking with the HEA matrix to accelerate atomic diffusion; and the active graphene-HEA interface reduces surface energy, facilitating grain nucleation and refinement. Experimental results validate the MD simulations. These findings establish a critical link between interfacial interactions at the atomic scale and macroscopic densification kinetics, providing insights for optimizing SPS parameters in graphene/HEA composite fabrication
Western Pacific Model Subduction Zones
No full textnetCDF files for cross sections in the western Pacific through spherical models of plate tectonics and mantle convectionRelated Publication:
Slab horizontal subduction and slab tearing beneath East Asia
Ma, Pengfei China University of Geosciences (Beijing)
Liu, Shaofeng China University of Geosciences (Beijing)
Gurnis, Michael Caltech
Zhang, Bo China University of Geosciences (Beijing)
Geophysical Research Letters
https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GL081703
en
Assisted reverse electrodialysis for CO2 electrochemical conversion and treatment of wastewater: A new approach towards more eco-friendly processes using salinity gradients
No full textIn this paper, the utilization of assisted reverse electrodialysis (A-RED), recently used for pre-desalination, is proposed as a general method to reduce the energy requirements of electrolysis processes and evaluated for two model processes: (i) the cathodic conversion of carbon dioxide to formic acid; (ii) the anodic treatment of water contaminated by organics. In A-RED, two solutions with different salt content and an external potential difference, applied in the direction of the natural salinity gradient, are both used to drive redox processes. It was shown, for the first time, that the cathodic conversion of CO2 to formic acid can be performed by both reverse electrodialysis (RED) and A-RED, saving electric energy with respect to electrolysis processes. A-RED allows to increase significantly the production of formic acid with respect to RED (after 4 h, 2 and 6.3 mM were produced for RED and A-RED with an additional external cell potential of 0.8 V, respectively, for a salinity ratio SR = 3300). For the anodic treatment of wastewater, A-RED allowed to accelerate the removal of organics and/or to use smaller salinity gradients with respect to RED (as an example, after 2 h with a SR of 4.4, an abatement of TOC of 55 and 92% was obtained with RED and A-RED with 1.5 V, respectively) and to save electrical energy with respect to electrolysis. A simplified economic analysis performed for the anodic treatment of the adopted synthetic wastewater has shown that A-RED presents the most appealing economic data with respect to both electrolysis and RED in most of investigated cases
Electrochemical Treatment of Wastewater by ElectroFenton, Photo-ElectroFenton, Pressurized- ElectroFenton and Pressurized Photo ElectroFenton: A First Comparison of these Innovative Routes
No full textIn the last few years increasing attention has been devoted to the utilization of electroFenton (EF) and EF based technologies for the treatment of wastewater polluted by recalcitrant organics. It has been shown that the performances of EF can be strongly improved using ultraviolet (UV) irradiation, e.g., by the photo-electroFenton (PEF) method, or pressurized air or oxygen, e.g., by the pressurized-electroFenton (PrEF) one. Although several studies were carried out on the degradation of many organic pollutants using EF, PEF or PrEF, a systematic comparison between PEF and PrEF was never reported as well as the possibility to couple the irradiation with pressurized air. In this study the performances of EF, PEF and PrEF were systematically compared using synthetic solutions of three model organic substrates (e. g., formic acid, oxalic acid and Acid Orange 7). In addition, the pressurized-photo-electroFenton (PrPEF) process was proposed for the first time
Devolopment of a process for the treatment of synthetic wastewater without energy inputs using the salinity gradient of wastewaters and a reverse electrodialysis stack
No full textElectrochemical processes are considered very effective methods for the treatment of wastewater contaminated by organics resistant to conventional biological processes and various inorganic pollutants. Large sites that treat wastewaters usually deal with a large number of waters often characterized by different salinity contents, that could be potentially used to provide the energy necessary for the electrochemical remediation. Hence, in this work a reverse electrodialysis (RED) process for the treatment of synthetic wastewaters contaminated by organics, without energy inputs, using the salinity gradient of different wastewaters, was studied, for the first time. It was found that two synthetic wastewaters with different NaCl content can be effectively used in a RED system to drive anodic and cathodic processes for the removal of their organic contents without external energy supplies. The effects of salinity gradient, external resistance and set-up of the process was evaluated. Under optimized operating conditions, a fast and high removal of TOC (about 70% every hour) in the anodic compartment and a good stability of operating conditions for all the monitored time (10 h) were achieved. In addition, about 67% of the solution with high salinity used in the stack to provide the salinity gradient was effectively treated in the anodic compartment of the stack
Electrochemical Treatment of Synthetic Wastewaters Contaminated by Organic Pollutants at Ti4O7 Anode. Study of the Role of Operative Parameters by Experimental Results and Theoretical Modelling
No full textIn the last years, an increasing attention has been devoted to the utilization of anodic oxidation (AO) technologies for the treatment of wastewater polluted by recalcitrant organics. Recently, Ti4O7 was proposed as a promising anode for AO for the treatment of various organics. Here the potential utilization of commercial Ti4O7 anodes has been evaluated considering the electrochemical treatment of synthetic wastewater contaminated by three very different organic molecules (namely, oxalic acid, phenol and Acid Orange 7), all characterized by a very high resistance to AO. The performances of Ti4O7 were compared with that of two largely investigated anodes: Boron-doped diamond (BDD), which is probably the most effective electrode for AO, and an Ir-based anode which presents a relatively low cost. Moreover, the effect of various operative conditions (current density, mixing rate and initial concentration of the organic) was evaluated by both experimental studies and the adoption of a theoretical model previously developed for BDD anodes. It was shown that the performances of the process can be improved by a proper selection of operative conditions. Moreover, it was found that the proposed model can be effectively used to predict the effect of operative parameters at Ti4O7 anodes, thus helping the process optimization
China's Wind-Power Generation Policy and Market Development
No full textThe Chinese government set its wind power generation capacity target at 5 million kW for 2010 and 30 million kW for 2020 in its Medium to Long-term Renewable Energy Development Plan released in September 2007. The 11th Five-Year Renewable Energy Development Plan, announced in March 2008, doubled the 2010 target to 10 million kW, attracting much attention from relevant parties. This report considers the challenges and future course of the Chinese wind power development policies and other background factoes behind the government's upward revision to the wind power genration capacity in the 11th Five-Year Renewable Energy Development Plan.China, wind-power, Energy, market developments
sj-tif-2-cll-10.1177_09636897221149444 – Supplemental material for CD27-Expressing Xenoantigen-Expanded Human Regulatory T Cells Are Efficient in Suppressing Xenogeneic Immune Response
No full textSupplemental material, sj-tif-2-cll-10.1177_09636897221149444 for CD27-Expressing Xenoantigen-Expanded Human Regulatory T Cells Are Efficient in Suppressing Xenogeneic Immune Response by Lu Cao, Xiaoqian Ma, Juan Zhang, Min Yang, Zhenhu He, Cejun Yang, Sang Li, Pengfei Rong and Wei Wang in Cell Transplantation</p
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