1,721,273 research outputs found
Osservazioni sulla contabilizzazione dei contributi in conto capitale nelle aziende sanitarie
No full textLa fissazione dei prezzi di trasferimento: i primi contributi dottrinali
No full textQuesta indagine storica rivisita i primi contributi degli studiosi italiani relativi alla problematica della fissazione dei prezzi di trasferimento. Nonostante si tratti di un tema generalmente trascurato nella letteratura economico-aziendale, nella ricerca emerge come i nostri studiosi avessero preso coscienza della tematica, e fornito dei contributi originali, già nell’ottocento. In particolare, la ricostruzione storica parte dal contributo del Villa, risalente alla metà dell’ottocento, e ripercorre i vari studi che furono elaborati tra la fine dell’ottocento e gli inizi del novecento da parte dei trattatisti italiani, esponenti del cosiddetto periodo «classico» della ragioneria (Massa, Mondini, Bellini, Sanguinetti, Bergamaschi, De Gobbis, ecc.), e di alcuni autori stranieri. In questi studi si dibatte sull’opportunità di determinare l’andamento economico dei diversi rami aziendali e sulle modalità con cui valorizzare gli scambi che avvengono tra gli stessi rami. I vari metodi alternativi proposti all’epoca rappresentano, ancora oggi, gran parte delle alternative attualmente disponibili per impostare le politiche dei prezzi di trasferimento (il metodo del costo, del costo più una percentuale, del prezzo di mercato, del prezzo di mercato ridotto dei costi diretti di vendita, del prezzo negoziato, ecc.), con sorprendente anticipazione di tempi, sopratutto se posti in relazione ad una realtà economica ancora prevalentemente agricola. La parte conclusiva del lavoro mostra come, con l’accendersi del dibattito sull’opportunità di determinare i risultati economici particolari ed il prevalere degli insegnamenti dello Zappa e dei suoi allievi, il tema perda di interesse, per essere accantonato per lungo tempo, salvo rari contributi
I contributi in conto esercizio nel bilancio delle aziende sanitarie
No full textThe purpose of this article is to provide some insights in the field of accounting for regional government grants related to income in the financial statements of Italian healthcare organisations. First, the crucial role which regional financial arrangements play in the economy of these organisations and the main type of contributions are highlighted. Then, the alternative options of accounting for regional grants related to income are explored. The concluding section puts into perspective the analysis carried out
Il rendiconto finanziario nel bilancio delle aziende sanitarie pubbliche
No full textLo studio si concentra sulle modalità con cui far emergere l’aspetto finanziario e monetario nell’informativa esterna di bilancio delle aziende sanitarie pubbliche. Si argomenta che l’introduzione della contabilità economico-patrimoniale nel settore sanitario, pur facendo emergere aspetti della gestione prima non conoscibili, non offre sul piano finanziario informazioni esaurienti e immediate. Sotto questo profilo, la soppiantata contabilità finanziaria pubblica, pur con i suoi limiti, svolgeva meglio tale compito. Il filo conduttore del lavoro, ben distante dal proporre una controriforma che ripristini la contabilità finanziaria pubblica, è quello di colmare tale deficit informativo. A questo scopo si propone un modello di rendiconto finanziario da affiancare allo stato patrimoniale, al conto economico e alla nota integrativa. La soluzione proposta consente di illustrare sia l’evoluzione della dinamica monetaria sia quella dei crediti e dei debiti di funzionamento. Quest'ultima si presta a fornire utili informazioni sulle condizioni di solvibilità delle aziende sanitarie, sensibilmente influenzate dai tempi di riscossione dei crediti nei confronti della regione di riferimento, che a loro volta si riflettono nei tempi di estinzione delle obbligazioni delle aziende sanitarie nei confronti dei loro fornitori. Infine, tale rendiconto può agevolare l’orientamento delle complesse politiche di finanziamento delle regioni nei confronti delle aziende sanitarie operanti nel proprio ambito territoriale
Reconciling competing reporting objectives through deferred tax accounts: evidence on private Italian firms
No full textThis paper contributes to the growing literature on earnings management in private firms by focusing on deferred taxes. This accounting treatment requires sophisticated use of accruals that provides the chance to manage earnings and net assets without affecting the tax payable. We argue that in a setting with high book-tax conformity, the small room that allegedly exists to recognise deferred taxes remains a comfortable avenue to reach reporting objectives that a tax-minimisation strategy may preclude. We use a sample of private firms operating in a credit- and tax-driven environment such as Italy to test this expectation. Our results show that private firms use deferred taxes to extract multiple financial reporting benefits that may facilitate debt contracting: smoothing earnings over time, meeting/beating historical earnings, avoiding reporting accounting losses, and managing leverage. Tax loss carryforwards are the source of deferred tax assets where the exercise of discretion becomes more critical
Nature and duration of the accounting differences between Italian and US GAAP: A case study on conservatism
No full textPurpose: This paper focuses on alternative accounting treatments over time to assess their impact on the level of conservatism in a comparison between Italian local accounting standards and United States generally accepted accounting principles (US GAAP).
Design/methodology/approach: A case study approach is adopted to investigate the accounting ad-justments applied to net income and shareholders’ equity as included in the Form 20-F reconciliations reported by all Italian firms that were listed on a US market over the period 1999-2008. The methodology first introduced by Gray (1980) and frequently applied over 30 years to several international accounting comparisons is adapted to recognise a multi-period dimension of the accounting choice. In particular, we focus on the temporal dimension of such adjustments in order to capture their attitude to reverse or become permanent over time.
Findings: The results show that the level of conservatism is visible in the measurement of net assets and is shaped by the prevailing directional effect of accounting adjustments that become permanent as their cumulative reversal is persistently delayed. Such a phenomenon arises and intensifies when the accounting differences relate to recurring operations and/or to long-term assets and liabilities. Amongst them, those violating the clean surplus relation are the most controversial as they not only generate a permanent effect in the measurement of net assets, but also an opposite permanent effect in the measurement of earnings.
Originality/value: Our propositions express a sequence of the timing effects of alternative accounting treatments that highlight the primary role of permanent differences in persistently shaping the value of net assets and helping to provide a less erratic interpretation of the level of conservatism.
Practical implications: Identifying the duration of alternative accounting treatments is also relevant to assess the potential influence on stakeholders’ decision making process as this may steadily influence the future of a firm
L’impatto dell’effetto imitativo sulle politiche di bilancio
Full text linkThis study investigates the association between peer effects and earnings smoothing amongst private Italian firms. Previous stud-ies provide compelling evidence that earnings smoothing is common practice amongst privately held European firms. A practice which is also spread amongst private Italian firms. Yet, the underlying assumption of this stream of empirical research is that firms engage in earnings smoothing practice independently of their peers’ choice, despite the extant theoretical literature has been long recognising the important role of mimicking competitors. We provide a bridge between these two streams of research by focus-ing on a sample of private Italian firms during the period 2014-2019. We adopt a two-stage-least square approach in which peer’s idiosyncratic EBITDA serves as instrumental variable for peers’ earnings smoothing. In line with our expectations built upon the rivalry theory, we document that the association between peers’ effects and earnings smoothing practices is statistically significant and economically meaningful. This result withstands a battery of alternative tests where we adopt different proxies for both earnings smoothing and the set of independent variables of our multivariate analysis. Our findings also confirm the pres-ence of a positive association between earnings smoothing and other factors that are traditionally documented in prior studies: lev-erage, sales growth, age, absence of prior year losses. Yet, peer effects appear to play a primary role amongst these factors. Overall, our study suggests that when private firms engage in earnings smoothing practices the distorting effects on the quality of financial reporting are not limited to their financial statements, but they worryingly spread over the financial statements of their competitors. Under these circumstances, mimicking peers is a severe obstacle against the representation of a true and fair view, which still represents the goal of financial reporting. This perspective has important implications for regulators and external con-trols that aim at increasing the level of enforcement of financial reporting rules. And identifying the distinctive features of the most imitated firms becomes fundamental in this respect. Future research can further explore this relation to identify the factors that can mitigate the influence of peers or assess the influence of peers on other reporting practices such as real earnings management
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