1,721,052 research outputs found
Machine-to-machine wireless communication technologies for the Internet of Things: Taxonomy, comparison and open issues
Full text linkMachine-to-Machine (M2M) communication technologies enable autonomous networking among devices without human intervention. Such autonomous control is of paramount importance for several deployments of the Internet of Things (IoT), including smart manufacturing applications, healthcare systems and home automation just to name a few. As a result, several M2M technologies are nowadays available on the market as either proprietary solutions or the effort of standardization initiatives, each targeted for a specific class of IoT applications and characterized by unique features in terms of achievable performance, frequency in use and supported network topologies. In this paper, we aim to organize the existing M2M approaches and technologies into a consistent framework that provides an in-depth vision of the main trends, future directions and open issues. We provide three main contributions in this survey. First, we identify the main use cases and requirements of M2M scenarios and we introduce a multi-layer taxonomy for M2M solutions, taking into account both deployment types and PHY/MAC characteristics. Second, in light of such characteristics, we provide an in-depth review of the existing M2M wireless technologies, considering both proprietary and open/standardized solutions for proximity-based, short-range and large-scale networks. Finally, we perform a critical comparison of the surveyed solutions over different M2M use cases and requirements, and we identify the research directions and open issues that still have to be addressed
Location Contact Tracing: Penetration, Privacy, Position and Performance
Full text linkThe recent COVID-19 pandemic changed radically the world and how people interact, move and behave. Following a lockdown that was imposed worldwide, although with different timing, Mobile Contact Tracing Apps (MCTA) were proposed to digitally trace contacts between individuals, while releasing gradually mobility constraints mandated to contain the disease spread. A general privacy concern on the use of GPS data shifted the efforts towards distributed applications, which use Bluetooth technology to trace proximity and potential infections. Nonetheless, GPS data would help more health operators to understand where hotbeds are, and to what extent the spread is progressing and at what pace. On top of these premises, in this work we take a closer look at the major pillars of MCTA, namely Penetration, Privacy, Position and Performance. We focus on (i) how the penetration rate affects the ability for a tracing applications to work, (ii) the proposal of a novel method of tracing, which build on the GPS technology, (iii) how the position of infections is beneficial to rapidly reduce the infection, and (iv) the discussion of the effects of such paradigm in different scenarios
A Collaborative Internet of Things Architecture for Smart Cities and Environmental Monitoring
No full textA Joint Evaluation Methodology for Service Quality and User Privacy in Location Based Systems
Full text linkPervasive and ubiquitous applications provide novel and exciting services leveraging on a multitude of data obtained from people’s devices, adapting the computation to the context in which the user currently is. This improves the service quality of these applications, which can provide a more tailored configuration of the application itself depending on the user context and needs. In these scenarios privacy is of paramount importance, since users must be also be protected against the misuse of their personal data. Analyzing ubiquitous systems in terms of service quality and privacy issues is however a challenging task, due to the heterogeneity of the possible attacks, which makes it difficult to compare two applications. In this paper we propose a novel methodology to jointly evaluate the service quality and the privacy issues in ubiquitous applications in an extensible and comparable way, building on the data available in each part of the system to be analyzed, and defining service qualities and privacy issues so that they can be easily re-used in other analyses. Our evaluation on a candidate application highlights the benefits of our proposal, showing the dependency between privacy levels and service quality, and paving the way for a novel methodology for the definition of these scenarios
Dynamic Execution of Engineering Processes in Cyber-Physical Systems of Systems Toolchains
No full textEngineering tools support the process of creating, operating, maintaining, and evolving systems throughout their lifecycle. Toolchains are sequences of tools that build on each others’ output during this procedure. The complete chain of tools itself may not even be recognized by the humans who utilize them, people may just recognize the right tool being used at the right place in time. Modern engineering processes, however, do not value such ad-hoc choice of tooling, because of their uncontrolled nature. Building upon the Extended Automation Engineering Model defined by the IEC 81346 standard, this paper proposes to automate the toolchain building and execution process for Cyber-Physical System of Systems (CPSoS), utilizing key principles of the Eclipse Arrowhead framework. The proposed toolchain automation solution addresses issues such as tool interoperability, interaction, automation, and dynamic choreography. The feasibility of this set of integrated concepts is validated through an Arrowhead-based toolchain choreography demonstration. Note to Practitioners —The paper discusses approaches to the automated execution of various industry-related processes. As the processes are becoming more complex and involve numerous systems which have to be orchestrated, a simple and preprogrammed workflow is not enough anymore. Therefore, building on top of the principles of the Eclipse Arrowhead framework, an adequate model of toolchains, allowing for their automated execution, is proposed. Different approaches to supervision of toolchain execution are discussed showing the benefits of reaching higher automation levels. Further, four adoption levels are introduced, which are a measure of the toolchain automation progress. Finally, a simplified demonstrator is shown and steps to elevate it to higher adoption levels are highlighted. To ensure that the approach is industry-oriented, several examples of how the proposed methodology can be used in the industrial context are discussed
Texting and Driving Recognition leveraging the Front Camera of Smartphones
Full text linkThe recognition of the activity of texting while driving is an open problem in literature and it is crucial for the security within the scope of automotive. This can bring to life new insurance policies and increase the overall safety on the roads. Many works in literature leverage smartphone sensors for this purpose, however it is shown that these methods take a considerable amount of time to perform a recognition with sufficient confidence. In this paper we propose to leverage the smartphone front camera to perform an image classification and recognize whether the subject is seated in the driver position or in the passenger position. We first applied standalone Convolutional Neural Networks with poor results, then we focused on object detection-based algorithms to detect the presence and the position of discriminant objects (i.e. the security belts and the car win-dow). We then applied the model over short videos by classifying frame by frame until reaching a satisfactory confidence. Results show that we are able to reach around 90 % accuracy in only few seconds of the video, demonstrating the applicability of our method in the real world
Is WiFi suitable for energy efficient IoT deployments? A performance study
No full textNowadays billions of connected objects are publishing sensed data everyday and this number is expected to grow exponentially. In many cases IoT objects are battery powered and need to be energy efficient as the most important requirement in order to reduce battery replacement costs. Conversely, WiFi is still the predominant wireless technology, deployed in almost all everyday life environments and thus the easiest network type on top of which build an IoT ecosystem. In this paper we analyze the energy efficiency of constrained devices using WiFi, which is certainly a widely accepted technology, although not specifically designed for constrained devices. To perform our test, we use the ESP-12 SoC, which gained interest recently due to its low cost and capabilities. We test its performance by studying the battery duration of such device under different connectivity conditions, varying its authentication policy, its battery type and its duty cycle. We report results from laboratory tests and show that such devices can be an efficient compromise for low-cost low-energy scenarios using WiFi
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