12 research outputs found
Important pests, diseases and weather conditions affecting apple production in Morocco: Current state and perspectives
No full textApple production represents 20% of the cultivated area of rosaceous fruit trees in Morocco. It forms the backbone of the economy for growers in the Ifrane Province. However, apples are subject to several pests, diseases and adverse weather conditions which cause significant economic losses to commercial fruit growers. The purpose of this literature review was to highlight apple pests, which include insects, diseases, and weeds, and establish the integrated pest management strategies. Several important pests posing problems for apple growers in the Ifrane Province include apple scab, apple powdery mildew, fire blight, apple tree root rot, codling moth, aphids, spider mites, scale insects and weeds. Adverse weather conditions cause water shortage, low chilling requirements, hailstorms and frosts. As a result, fruit quality is compromised by physical injury and reduced leaf area since the means of protecting the orchards are limited. The management of pests is based on the choice of rootstocks and cultivars. The orchard sanitation practices can reduce both active and dormant insects and pathogens. Emphasis will also be placed on biological control methods, as pesticide-intensive management practices pose substantial risks due to rising input costs, growing pesticide resistance, human health hazards and environmental degradation. Thus, the government restricts pesticide use
A conceptual framework for achieving rice self-sufficiency in Sierra Leone
No full textRice production in Sierra Leone is confronted with problems relating to pests, climate change and general rice production management practices. The present paper reviews the problems associated with rice production and conceptualizes a framework on possible solutions to achieving rice self-sufficiency in Sierra Leone. It further focuses on the research concerning the contributions of agronomic and pest management practices towards boosting rice production. This review has helped inventory the key pests (insect pests, diseases, and weeds) that affect rice production in Sierra Leone. It revealed that among diverse varieties of rice, the new varieties adapt to fertilizer use. There is little information and knowledge about pesticide use to control rice pests. Furthermore, the country’s stagnant dependence on imported rice accentuates the problem of achieving rice self-sufficiency. We recommend a conceptual framework to achieve self-sufficiency in rice. Also, there is a need to carry out a rice pest survey in order to provide information about the biodiversity in the rice ecologies.  
Pratiques phytosanitaires des pomiculteurs: Cas de la région Fès-Meknès
No full textIn the region of Fès-Meknes, especially in the Middle Atlas, apple tree cultivation is of paramount importance. Indeed, it ranks second among tree crops in the region behind the almond. Nevertheless, this crop is prone to a multitude of diseases, pests and weed infestation. A survey on the knowledge, perceptions and practices (KPP) of apple growers in the fight against apple pests and climate change was carried out in spring 2018 in two main apple-producing provinces in the Fez-Meknes region. Each apple grower said they saw an average of two diseases and three pests in their orchards. Phytosanitary protection was achieved by a combination of cultural and chemical control methods. All apple growers surveyed applied winter treatments and about 60% of them adopted pest monitoring by visual inspection before applying phytosanitary products. In addition, 42% of respondents chose the latter on the basis of information received from pesticide dealers and an average of 20 treatments per year was applied in each orchard. Multiple regression analysis showed that neither the age of the apple trees nor the number of pesticide applications affected yield. As for the adverse weather conditions, all apple orchards were affected and the problems frequently experienced were frost, hail, hot wind and water scarcity. 51% of orchards were protected with anti-hail nets. In order to reduce the rate of pesticide applications, organic farming is an alternative approach and around 40% have agreed to convert to this practice provided that market facilitation is established.
Keywords: Apple orchards, apple growers\u27 CPP, phytosanitary protection, climate change, Fès-Meknes region, MoroccoDans la région de Fès-Meknès, notamment au Moyen Atlas, la culture du pommier est d’une importance capitale. En effet, elle occupe le deuxième rang des spéculations arboricoles de la région derrière l’amandier. Néanmoins, cette culture est sujette à une multitude de maladies, aux ravageurs et à l\u27infestation par les adventices. Une enquête sur les connaissances, les perceptions et les pratiques (CPP) des pomiculteurs en matière de lutte contre les ennemis du pommier et de changement climatique a été menée au printemps 2018 dans deux principales provinces productrices de pommes de la région Fès-Meknès. Chaque pomiculteur a déclaré avoir perçu en moyenne deux maladies et trois ravageurs dans son verger. La protection phytosanitaire a été effectuée par une combinaison de méthodes de lutte culturale et chimique. Tous les pomiculteurs enquêtés ont appliqué des traitements d’hiver et environ 60% d’entre eux ont adopté la surveillance des bioagresseurs par inspection visuelle avant d\u27appliquer des produits phytosanitaires. En outre, 42 % des répondants ont choisi ces derniers sur la base des informations reçues des revendeurs de pesticides et une moyenne de 20 traitements par an était appliquée dans chaque verger. Une analyse de régression multiple a montré que ni l\u27âge des pommiers ni le nombre d\u27applications de pesticides n\u27influaient sur le rendement. Quant aux conditions météorologiques défavorables, tous les vergers de pommier étaient affectés et les problèmes fréquemment ressentis étaient les gelées, la grêle, le vent chaud et la pénurie d\u27eau. 51 % des vergers étaient protégés avec des filets anti-grêle. Afin de réduire le taux d\u27applications de pesticides, l\u27agriculture biologique est une approche alternative et environ 40 % ont accepté de se convertir à cette pratique à condition que la facilitation du marché soit établie.
Mots clés: Vergers de pommiers, CPP des pomiculteurs, protection phytosanitaire, changement climatique, région Fès-Meknès, Maro
Prevalence, incidence and severity of apple powdery mildew infecting apple trees in the Fes-Meknes Region, Morocco
No full textApple powdery mildew, Podosphaera leucotricha (Ell. And Ev.), highly infects apple trees in the Fes-Meknes region in Morocco. A disease survey was carried out during fruit set stage of apples in late spring 2018. Three most popular cultivars in the region were assessed for the incidence and severity of the disease. It was obvious that the cultivars were highly susceptible to powdery mildew (Starking Delicious: 17.1%; Golden Delicious: 13.5% and Gala: 11.1%). The correlation between powdery mildew incidence and its severity was highly positive (r =0.90). We recorded the highest disease incidence in Tigrigra (21.5%) and the least in Sidi El Makhfi (4.1%). In view of ensuring good plant protection practices, we recommend that apple farmers carry out disease scouting and consider the action threshold before applying fungicide sprays.
Keywords: Disease survey, Apple powdery mildew, Fes-Meknes regio
Management practices to improve the cocoa bean value chain in Sierra Leone
No full textThe cocoa bean value chain creates the largest source of employment and livelihood in the agricultural sector of Eastern Sierra Leone. The present review spans solutions to poor management practices, thereby improving the quality of cocoa beans and, by extension, the income of cocoa farmers. The major problems leading to the low yield of cocoa are unimproved varieties, low soil fertility, inadequate phytosanitary practices, climate change, aging of some plantations, and poor postharvest handling practices. The Sierra Leonean cocoa farmers adopt cocoa agroforestry systems. However, the typology of plantation management practices (climate-smart agriculture, organic agriculture, and conventional agriculture) that influence the cocoa quality parameters remains little known. Fairtrade, UTZ certified (Rainforest Alliance), Ecocert, and USDA Organic are the external certification organizations regulating the phytosanitary requirements of dried cocoa beans in Sierra Leone. The certifications influence the prices of cocoa bean export which remain vague to the farmers. The concise review helps recommend the conceptual framework of the cocoa bean value chain to all actors. There is a need for specific certification skills training courses in the country for proper inspection and audit of cocoa phytosanitary practices.
Keywords: Cocoa production, postharvest handling practices, phytosanitary regulations, cocoa bean value chain, Sierra Leon
La culture de riz (Oryza sativa) et ses principaux problèmes phytosanitaires: une mise point sur la région de Gharb
No full textRice (Oryza sativa) is the staple food of more than half of the world’s population. Its production is confronted with several biotic constraints. As a matter of fact, rice blast (Pyricularia oryzae) and brown spot of rice (Helminthosporium oryzae), weeds, and granivorous birds have negative impacts on rice yield. This literature review aimed at identifying the main pests and fungal diseases of rice and to establish integrated management strategies against them. An update was performed on the plain of Gharb in Morocco. It appeared that cultural practices such as soil levelling are of paramountimportance for all methods that proceed. In contrast, biological control is not widely adopted in the world due to its cost, efficacy and climatic conditions in the field. Traditional methods remain the most widely used ecological methods for scaring away granivorous birds. However, for the chemical control of rice blast and brown spot of rice, tricyclazole and propiconazole, respectively, are the most efficient active ingredients for inhibiting the severity of these fungi. The rational mixture of herbicides to control weeds is effective and is one of the solutions to avoid resistance problems. With regard to these control methods, the reinforcement of cultural practices and the monitoring of the development of pests and diseases make it possible to reduce the use of phytosanitary products for the protection of rice crop and the environment.
Keywords: Oryza sativa, Gharb plain, Pyricularia oryzae, Helminthosporium oryzae, weeds, granivorous birdsLe riz (Oryza sativa) constitue l’aliment de base de plus de la moitié de la population mondiale. Sa production est confrontée à plusieurs contraintes biotiques. En effet, la pyriculariose du riz (Pyricularia oryzae) et l’helminthosporiose du riz (Helminthosporium oryzae), des adventices et des oiseaux granivores impactent négativement le rendement. Cette synthèse bibliographique a pour objectifs d’identifier les principaux organismes nuisibles à la culture du riz et d’établir la protection phytosanitaire contre ces derniers. Une mise au point a été faite sur la plaine du Gharb au Maroc. Il ressort que les pratiques culturales telles que le nivellement du sol sont importantes pour toutes les méthodes à suivre alors que la lutte biologique n’était pas très adoptée dans le monde due à ses coûts, son efficacité et les conditions climatiques au champ. Les méthodes traditionnelles restent les méthodes les plus utilisées sur le plan écologique pour effrayer les oiseaux granivores. Cependant, la lutte chimique contre la pyriculariose et l’helminthosporiose du riz via le tricyclazole et le propiconazole, respectivement sont les matières actives les plus efficaces pour inhiber la sévérité de ces champignons. Le mélange raisonnable d’herbicides pour contrôler des adventices était efficace. Ceci est une des solutions pour éviter le problème de résistance. Au regard de ces méthodes de lutte, le renforcement des pratiques culturales et la surveillance du développement des organismes nuisibles permettent de réduire l’utilisation des produits phytosanitaires pour la protection de la culture de riz et de l’environnement.
Mots clés : Oryza sativa, plaine du Gharb, Pyricularia oryzae, Helminthosporium oryzae, adventices, oiseaux granivoresLe riz (Oryza sativa) constitue l’aliment de base de plus de la moitié de la population mondiale. Sa production est confrontée à plusieurs contraintes biotiques. En effet, la pyriculariose du riz (Pyricularia oryzae) et l’helminthosporiose du riz (Helminthosporium oryzae), des adventices, et des oiseaux granivores impactent négativement le rendement. Cette synthèse bibliographique a pour objectifs d’identifier les principaux organismes nuisibles à la culture du riz et d’établir la protection phytosanitaire contre ces derniers. Une mise au point a été faite sur la plaine de Gharb au Maroc. Il ressort que les pratiques culturales telles que le nivellement du sol sont importantes pour toutes les méthodes à suivre alors que la lutte biologique n’était pas très adoptée dans le monde due à ses coûts, son efficacité et les conditions climatiques au champ. Les méthodes traditionnelles restent les méthodes les plus utilisées sur le plan écologique pour effrayer les oiseaux granivores. Cependant, la lutte chimique contre la pyriculariose et l’helminthosporiose du riz via le tricyclazole et le propiconazole, respectivement sont les matières actives les plus efficaces pour inhiber la sévérité de ces champignons. Le mélange raisonnable d’herbicides pour contrôler des adventices était efficace. Ceci est une des solutions pour éviter le problème de résistance. Au regard de ces méthodes de lutte, le renforcement des pratiques culturales et la surveillance du développement des organismes nuisibles permettent de réduire l’utilisation des produits phytosanitaires pour la protection de la culture de riz et de l’environnement.
Mots clés : Oryza sativa, plaine du Gharb, Pyricularia oryzae, Helminthosporium oryzae, adventices, oiseaux granivore
The rice crop (Oryza sativa) and its major phytosanitary problems: A focus on the Gharb region
No full textRice (Oryza sativa) is the staple food of more than half of the world's population. Its production is confronted with several biotic constraints. As a matter of fact, rice blast (Pyricularia oryzae) and brown spot of rice (Helminthosporium oryzae), weeds, and granivorous birds have negative impacts on rice yield. This literature review aimed at identifying the main pests and fungal diseases of rice and to establish integrated management strategies against them. An update was performed on the plain of Gharb in Morocco. It appeared that cultural practices such as soil levelling are of paramount importance for all methods that proceed. In contrast, biological control is not widely adopted in the world due to its cost, efficacy and climatic conditions in the field. Traditional methods remain the most widely used ecological methods for scaring away granivorous birds. However, for the chemical control of rice blast and brown spot of rice, tricyclazole and propiconazole, respectively, are the most efficient active ingredients for inhibiting the severity of these fungi. The rational mixture of herbicides to control weeds is effective and is one of the solutions to avoid resistance problems. With regard to these control methods, the reinforcement of cultural practices and the monitoring of the development of pests and diseases make it possible to reduce the use of phytosanitary products for the protection of rice crop and the environment
Farmers’ Knowledge, Perception and Practices in Apple Pest Management and Climate Change in the Fes-Meknes Region, Morocco
No full textApple production in the Fes-Meknes region of Morocco is highly affected by pests and adverse weather conditions. A survey of apple farmers’ knowledge, perceptions and practices (KPP) in pest management and climate change was conducted in spring 2018 in two major apple-producing provinces of the region. Each farmer reported three insect pests and two diseases on average affecting their orchards. Pest management was performed by a combination of cultural and chemical methods. All farmers used dormant chemical sprays. About 60% of the respondents adopted pest surveillance based on visual inspection and 41.9% chose their pesticides on the basis of the information received from pesticide sellers. An average of 20 treatments per year was applied in each orchard. Regression analysis showed that neither the age of apple trees nor the number of pesticide applications influenced yield. Adverse weather conditions affected all apple plantations and the most frequent problems perceived were frosts, hailstorms, hot winds and water shortage. Of the orchards reported, 51.3% were protected with anti-hail nets. In order to reduce the rate of pesticide applications, better information on integrated pest management is required. Introduction of organic farming is necessary as 40.5% of the farmers agreed to convert to this practice in the future provided that market facilitation is established
Key pests and diseases of citrus trees with emphasis on root rot diseases: An overview
No full textCitrus fruits are among the most consumed fruits in the world. However, the world production of citrus fruits is faced with several constraints which hinder its development. Furthermore, the spread of pests such as mealybugs, mites and Mediterranean fruit fly has impacted negatively on citrus quality and yield. Therefore, the main objectives of this review were to identify the key harmful organisms to the citrus crops and to highlight the appropriate methods to manage them. In this paper, more attention was given to root rot and dry root rot diseases caused by Phytophthora spp. and Fusarium spp., respectively. It was concluded that the control of citrus pests was relied on the use of chemicals. The use of integrated orchard management methods remains the best practice to minimize the adverse effects of pesticides on the environment. Two fungicides, Fosetyl-Al and Metalaxyl, were widely curatively used to control Phytophthora root rot. Moreover, the control of dry root rot disease due to Fusarium spp. requires the optimization of irrigation and fertilization inputs. In addition to the use of sanitation practices, scouting and monitoring the appearance and development of key pests and diseases help to strengthen the control methods and reduce the use of pesticides.
Keywords: Citrus, pests and diseases, root rot, Phytophthora spp., Fusarium spp., integrated pest management strategy, Morocc
Table of contents MJAS 1(2)
No full textCrop Production and Environment
Sustainable intensive cropping to reduce irrigation-induced erosion: Intercropping systems under surface irrigation practiceAbd El-Hafeez ZOHRY, Samiha OUDA, Tamer ABDEL-WAHAB
Nitrogen use efficiency in organic melon production under greenhouse conditions in South West of MoroccoKaoutar AOUASS, Lahcen KENNY, Jamal KRIM
Effects of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) on Citrus macrophylla rootstockRedouan QESSAOUI, R. BOUHARROUD, R. BENHIMA, El H. MAYAD, B. CHEBLI, M.A. SERGHINI
Assessment of production and marketing practices for dried figs: Surveys of Moroccan fig producers and sellersGhizlane SALIH
Effect of planting date and sowing method on yield and grain quality of soybean (Glycine max L.) under North Sudan conditionsGalal EL TOUM, Naema KHALIFA, Abdelrahim SID AHMED, Hussain IDRIS
Crop Protection
Fire blight (Erwinia amylovora) disease in Morocco: Current status and action for its managementSmail AIT BAHADOU, Abderrahman OUIJJA, Abdessalem TAHIRI, Rachid LAHLALI
Sanitary selection of four virus-tested fig (Ficus carica L.) cultivars in MoroccoMohamed AFECHTAL
Resource competitive interactions as mechanism of date palm Bayoud disease suppressionAdil ESSARIOUI, Reda MEZIANI, Fouad MOKRINI
Prevalence, incidence and severity of apple powdery mildew infecting apple trees in the Fes-Meknes Region, MoroccoRachid LAHLALI, Alieu MOININA, Mohammed BOULIF
Fishing and Fisheries
Reproduction performance of female Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fed on diets made using caterpillar meal (Imbrasia truncata) as replacement of fish meal
Nathalie NGALYA, François MONSENGO, Amon MUNYENYIWA, Alidor KANKONDA, Petro SAIDI, Tamuka NHIWATIW
