1,721,030 research outputs found
Access Keys Warehouse: a new approach to the
No full textFranco Arcieri Elettra Cappadozzi Paolo Naggar Enrico Nardelli 2;3 Maurizio Talamo 2;4 1. Consultant to AIPA for the SICC ("Sistema di Interscambio Catasto Comuni") project
Nuove norme sull’organizzazione e il funzionamento della PA.
No full textNumero monografico - supplemento al n. 3 dell'anno 1999 della rivista "Economia pubblica"
Il regolamento per la gestione del protocollo informatico da parte delle Amministrazioni Pubbliche (D.p.r. 20 ottobre 1998, n. 428).
No full textNumero monografico - supplemento al n. 3 dell'anno 1999 della rivista "Economia pubblica"
Reliable peer-to-peer access for Italian citizens to digital government services on the Internet.
No full textA layered IT infrastructure for secure interoperability in Personal Data Registry digital government services
No full text
Graphene as Nanocarrier in Drug Delivery
Full text linkPristine Graphene (pG) could represent a new and promising nanomaterial for medicine applications, because it does not catalyze the production of ROS
(Reactive Oxgen Species), being in total absence of oxygenated functional groups. In fact, pG either in a dispersed or aggregated form, does not increase
mitochondrial oxidant generation or induce apoptosis in lung macrophages, working at room temperature. pG presents another problem due to its thermal
instability. In fact, it is very well known that pG spontaneously wrap up forming nanotubes (which result highly toxic for humans, because of their typical
asbestos like structures). On the other hand, Graphene Oxide (GO) provokes severe lung injury that persists for more than 21 days after administration. In
cultured alveolar macrophages and epithelial cells, GO induces the generation of mitochondrial ROS, by participating in redox reactions with components of
the mitochondrial electron transport chains. Several data, described in literature, suggest that all the chemical-physical processes that maintain the nanoscale
dispersion of GO is suitable to reduce the potential health consequences of workplace or environmental exposures and likely facilitate emerging graphenebased
biomedical applications. Contrary to pG, the rolling up into the nanotube structures is less favored in presence of GO. It follows that, the GO toxicity
is only related to the oxygenated functional groups (as primary sources of OHradical species, O2
−
and H2
O2
). However, the functional groups could be
deactivated if involved in the formation of stable covalent bonds, which provide the coating of graphenic nano sheets, with suitable biopolymers. The degree
and the chemical composition of the oxygenated functionalities results the principal feature, strictly related to the biocompatibility of grapheen nano sheets,
but also the two-dimensional planar structure (G is a 2D nanomaterial), the nanometer scale dimensions, the large surface area (∼ 3000 m2
/g) andthe
exceptional optical properties (as the auto-fluorescence), certainly contribute to design graphene materials, as new potential carrier for drugs. Finally, the
high electrical and thermal conductivity and the good antibacterial/antimicrobial properties are not to be neglected for graphene, too. In this review, authors
present an up-dated state of the art concerning the recent advances in this field of research. Briefly, this work describes current strategies for the large scale
production of G and the surface chemistry modification of graphene-based nanocarriers, their biocompatibility and toxicity properties. At the same, the review
reports on the most relevant cases of study suitable to demonstrate the role of graphene and graphene derivatives(GD) as nanocarrier of anti-cancer drugs
and genes (i.e. miRNAs). Especially,the controlled release mechanisms (inside the cell compartments) are also mentioned and explored in terms of ∆pH, ∆μ
(ionic strength variation), chemico-physical mutual interactions, thermal, photo-(i.e. NIR) and electromagnetic induction. Especially the nanodispersion and/or
the accumulation/aggregation status of GO, into human cell lines, results mainly pH-sensitive.This pH-activated processesare expected to promote/catalyze
targeted therapeutics release in the acidic environment of tumor cells or in intracellular compartments, such as endosome. For this purpose, an important
biological factor like blood pH (and ionic strenght) are necessary to discuss in the review.
The review also summarizes, future prospects and challenges ingraphene derivatives applications for nanobiomedicine, especially in drug deliveryfield
applications.
ABBREVIATIONS
pG: Pristine Graphene; G: Graphene; GO: Graphene Oxide;
GD: Graphene Derivatives; CBNs: Carbon Based Nanomaterials;
NBCs: NanoBio Composites
INTRODUCTION
The advanced drug delivery systems, combining the ability
to improve the therapeutic efficacy and to reduce side effects
of drugs represent a challenge for medicine. Nanotechnology
offers a wide range of new strategies to produce innovative
nanomaterials, suitable for the development of a large number
of smart drug delivery systems [1,2], ranging from carbon
Verifying Extended Criteria for the Interoperability of Security Devices
No full textIn the next years, smart cards are going to become the main personal
identification document in many nations. In particular, both Europe and United
States are currently working to this aim. Therefore, tens of millions of smart
cards, based on hardware devices provided by many different manufacturers, will
be distributed all over the world, and used in particular to accomplish the security
tasks of electronic authentication and electronic signature. In this context, the
so called Common Criteria define the security requirements for digital signature
devices. Unfortunately, these criteria do not address any interoperability issue
between smart cards of different manufacturers, which usually implement digital
signature process in still correct but slightly different ways.
To face the interoperability problem, we realized a complete testing environment
whose core is the Crypto Probing System c Nestor Lab, an abstract interface
to a generic cryptographic smart card, embedding a standard model of
the correct card behavior, which can be used to test the digital signature process
behavior, also in the presence of alternate or disturbed command sequences, in
conjunction with automatic verification techniques such as model checking. The
framework allows to verify abstract behavior models against real smart cards,
so it can be used to automatically verify the Common Criteria as well as the extended
interoperability criteria above and many other low-level constraints. In
particular, in this paper we show how we can verify that the card, in the presence
of a sequence of (partially) modified commands, rejects them without any side
effect, remaining usable, or accepts them, generating a correct final result
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