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Noce
No full textNeri D., Cozzolino E., Massetani F., 2022. Noce. In: Arboricoltura speciale. Gentile, Inglese, Tagliavini Eds. Edagricole. Pp. 429-456
Tree growth and fruit quality of “Fortune” plum grafted on 17 different rootstocks: results for 10 years after replant.
No full text‘Fortune’ plum trees were grafted in 2005 on 17 different rootstocks at 4.3×2.0 m and trained as free central axis. The first four years of growth and production were reported in the previous ISHS meeting in California. Hereafter the authors report the last three years of full production. The experimental layout was randomized blocks with 4 trees rootstock-1 plot-1 and 4 replications. The trial was managed with drip irrigation in replant conditions applying soil organic amendments along the row at planting and in the 5th year. Integrated pest management was applied regularly for all the experimental period. Yield, fruit size, fruit soluble solids content (SSC), and firmness were recorded every year. Tree mortality related to grafting affinity, phytoplasma symptoms (otherwise sensitivity) and pruning weight (representing plant vigor) were also recorded. The high plant vigor was positively related with big fruit size (20% higher) and high firmness while low vigor with high SSC (1° Brix higher) and 3-5 days of anticipated ripening. Mortality was very high with Felinem rootstock (75%), followed by Barrier 1, VVA1, GF677, and Cadaman (30-60%), due to both disaffinity and phytoplasma. The yield in the last three years confirms what was yielded in the first four years and generally was positively related to plant vigor. The optimum plant density to plan the ‘Fortune’ plum replant in relation to the expected vigor of the rootstock, its affinity with the tested cultivar and the required quantity and quality of the fruit has been discussed. Under the tested conditions vigorous rootstocks can be planted at 4×2 m as free central axis with long pruning for the first 3-4 years and then with branch head back, getting high fruit quality. Using intermediate rootstocks, head back can start from the 3rd year to maintain the high fruit quality, in particular fruit size. With low vigor rootstocks, the planting distance can be reduced to 1-1.5 m along the row and branch head back must be practiced from the second year
Shoot growth and bud topology in 'Chandler' walnut
No full textIn walnut (Juglans regia L.), the distribution and the type of bud complex are important for the application of disbudding techniques aiming to shoot growth manipulation in the different training systems. To ascertain differences in bud topology related to the propagation technique, a study was carried on 1-year-old 'Chandler' trees, micropropagated (M) and grafted on walnut seedlings (G), in two orchards located in Emilia Romagna region (45°North), Italy. Bud complexes were classified as follows: 0 - blind node; 1 - secondary bud alone; 2 - primary bud alone; 3 - primary and secondary bud very close each other; 4 - primary and secondary bud well distanced each other; 5 - very short sylleptic shoot without secondary bud; 6 - very short sylleptic shoot with secondary bud; 7 - extended sylleptic shoot. The number, the position along the axis and the length of shoots developed in the 2017 growing season were also measured. The results evidenced that on average, micropropagated plants had a similar bud distribution along the shoot in comparison with grafted trees in the different experimental fields. Moreover, the internode length varied along the shoots with different fate of the buds, apparently according to shoot growth rate. The sylleptic growth was closely related with a longer internode while single primary buds were detected where the internode was shorter, in not dependent way. The bud topology was described also in 8-year-old micropropagated 'Chandler' trees, samples of 4 different branching structures were selected in mid-October 2017: 4-year-old branch, 2-year-old branch, 1-year-old shoot, sylleptic shoot. Shoots were classified according to their branch age and then the number of nodes, branching and length were measured to determine branch architecture and age. All the buds were excised and dissected, and their apices were examined under stereomicroscope. The fate (vegetative bud, female floral bud, male inflorescence, lateral shoot, blind node) of each axillary structure was evaluated according to the position along the axis. The bud content was noted recording the number of the appendages (cataphylls and developing embryonic leaves). Terminal buds were investigated also in 3 micropropagated plants and 4 apical shoots of young trees (2 years old). The female flower buds were more frequent in lateral bud of the medium terminal portion of the shoot. The flower in secondary buds were only male
Modello architetturale della branca produttiva in quattro varietà di olivo (Olea europaea L.).
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