649 research outputs found
Anthraquinones: analytical techniques as a novel tool to investigate on the triggering of biological targets
No full textApproximately, 63% of marketed drugs derive from natural products or their semi synthetic derivatives. Compounds from living organisms often exert a biological activity, triggering several targets, which may be useful for the improvement of novel pharmaceuticals. These natural products can be extracted from plants, marine organisms, or microorganism fermentation broths. In the vast array of bioactive secondary metabolites known up to now, anthraquinones are among the most investigated natural products, in particular for what concerns their mechanism of action. This review focuses on the analytical aspects of anthraquinones, from their separation to recent and new highthroughputs techniques for the simultaneous determination of these analytes in biological matrices that can greatly contribute to sharply depict the targets of these secondary metabolites as well as on an updated survey of their biological activities
Analytical approaches and biopharmaceutics of innovative formulations for thyroid cancer: state of the art and future perspectives
No full textAnalytical tools and chemometrics in drug development process: A review
No full textDrug development is a time-consuming and costly process. Recently, the need of very sensitive and selective assays for the complete characterization of New Chemical Entities (NCE) has become very stringent. From Analytical Chemists, a partial answer to this problem was the development and validation of new methods that permit an improvement in terms of productivity (-high-throughput"), sensitivity and selectivity, especially using very recent hyphenated analytical assays, such as HPLC-MS/MS, GC-MS/MS or further complex couplings, that can provide more complete information in a single analysis. All data obtained by these novel techniques require a very deep and multifaceted analysis, in order to check the principal and fundamentals variables and to reject the others. In this scenario, chemometrics provide scientists with useful tools to interpret the large amounts of data generated by these complex analytical assays and allows for quality control, classification procedures, modelling studies. Discrimination between different molecules available as novel drugs and molecules having no interesting biological activities is easy by means of multivariate analysis. In this chapter we report recent advantages in analytical method hyphenation and chemometric approach applied to drug development
Toxic metals in herbal medicines. A review.
No full textThe present review proposes an exhaustive focus on what are the metals of interest, and what is the state of the art about analytical methodologies suitable to detect these toxic metals in herbal medicines. This review would also be a stimulus to solicit International Organizations to fill the gap of the lack of strict and comprehensive laws regulating the maximum allowable concentrations for an increasing number of contaminants in these matrices, especially considering their enormous consumption.
Herbal medicines are more and more worldwide used. This fact certainly presents serious problems for the potential human health risks. This is due to the fact that the laws in force generally do not provide for strict quality controls of herbal medicines to certify the concentration of compounds and elements that may be hazardous for human health, and sometimes very severe or even lethal. Heavy metals have a decidedly substantial part of the contaminants in herbal medicines
Ultra-trace heavy metal determination in sea food by differential pulse catalytic voltammetry: application to fishes and bivalve molluscs
No full textThe paper proposes an analytical procedure regarding the voltammetric determination of chromium(VI), copper(II), lead(II), cadmium(II), zinc(II) and mercury(II) by differential pulse catalytic voltammetry (DPCV) in matrices involved in the food chain, but also employed as possible biological monitors for trace metal. The digestion of each matrix was carried out using a concentrated HCl-HNO3-H2SO4 acidic attack mixture. 0.23 mol L-1 dibasic ammonium tartrate buffer pH 4.9 + 5.9x10-2 mol L-1 NaBrO3 was employed as the supporting electrolyte. The voltammetric measurements were carried out using, as working electrodes, a stationary hanging mercury drop electrode (HMDE) [simultaneous determination of Cr(VI), Cu(II), Pb(II), Cd(II) and Zn(II)] and a gold electrode (GE) [determination of Hg(II)], a platinum electrode and Ag⎪AgCl⎪KClsat electrode as auxiliary and reference electrodes, respectively. The analytical procedure has been verified on the standard reference materials Mussel Tissue BCR-CRM 278 and Cod Muscle BCRCRM 422. For all the elements in the certified matrices, the precision as repeatability, expressed as relative standard deviation (sr) was lower than 6 %, while the trueness, expressed as relative error (e) was of the order of 5-6 %. Once set up on the standard reference materials, the analytical procedure was transferred and applied to fishes and molluscs sampled in the Po river mouth area
Toxic Metals in Herbal Medicines. A Review
No full textThe present review proposes an exhaustive focus on what are the metals of interest, and what is the state of the art about analytical methodologies suitable to detect these toxic metals in herbal medicines. This review would also be a stimulus to solicit International Organizations to fill the gap of the lack of strict and comprehensive laws regulating the maximum allowable concentrations for an increasing number of contaminants in these matrices, especially considering their enormous consumption.
Herbal medicines are more and more worldwide used. This fact certainly presents serious problems for the potential human health risks. This is due to the fact that the laws in force generally do not provide for strict quality controls of herbal medicines to certify the concentration of compounds and elements that may be hazardous for human health, and sometimes very severe or even lethal. Heavy metals have a decidedly substantial part of the contaminants in herbal medicines
Trace level voltammetric determination of heavy metals and total mercury in tea matrices (Camellia sinensis)
No full textAn analytical procedure regarding the voltammetric determination of mercury(II), copper(II), lead(II), cadmium(II) and zinc(II) by square wave anodic stripping voltammetry (SWASV) in matrices involved in food chain is proposed. In particular, tea leaves were analyzed as real samples. The digestion of each matrix was carried out using a concentrated HCl-HNO3-H2SO4 acidic attack mixture; 0.01molL-1 EDTA-Na2+0.15molL-1 NaCl+0.5molL-1 HCl was employed as the supporting electrolyte. The voltammetric measurements were carried out using a conventional three electrode cell, employing, as working electrodes, a gold electrode (GE) and a stationary hanging mercury drop electrode (HMDE). The analytical procedure has been verified on the standard reference materials Spinach Leaves NIST-SRM 1570a, Tomato Leaves NIST-SRM 1573a and Apple Leaves NIST-SRM 1515. For all the elements, the precision as repeatability, expressed as relative standard deviation (sr) was of the order of 3-5%, while the trueness, expressed as relative error (e) was of the order of 3-7%. Once set up on the standard reference materials, the analytical procedure was applied to commercial tea leaves samples.A critical comparison with spectroscopic measurements is also discussed
Analytical Methods for Toxics Determination
No full textIn recent decades, but especially in recent years, the rapid spread of toxic species has occurred in all matrices. Evidently, these contaminants, both of inorganic and organic origin, represent very dangerous pollutants for human health, owing to their bioaccumulation and toxicity. They result from almost all human activities, such as, for example, industries, agriculture, vehicular traffic, and urban heating. Considering that often these species occur in the various real matrices at extremely low concentrations, the various analytical methodologies must evidently demonstrate their possible application by verifying their accuracy and integrity at all steps: sampling, sample preparation, instrumental measurement, and statistical data processing. Another extremely important aspect concerns the fact that the development of new analytical methodologies and the contemporary lack or inadequacy of regulations regarding the determination of toxic species in the most varied matrices can obviously give, to the legislator, the possibility to update and improve the abovementioned regulations. This volume aims to attract contributions on all aspects linked to the different analytical methods used for the determination of toxic species in the most varied matrices—food, environmental, forensic, biological, and so on—focusing particularly on the fundamental parameters of interest to set up an analytical procedure, such as precision and trueness (that together give accuracy), the limits of detection and quantification, selectivity, and especially sensitivity
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