206,632 research outputs found
Was the Mandal Commission Right? Living Standard Differences between Backward Classes and Other Social Groups in India
No full textAffirmative action has been at the heart of public policies towards the socially disadvantaged in India. Compensatory discrimination policies which have been adopted for the Scheduled Castes (SC) and Scheduled Tribes (ST) since independence were recommended for Other Backward Classes (OBC) by the Mandal Commission established by the Indian government in 1979. We examine why OBC have lower living standards, as measured by per capita household consumption expenditures, relative to the mainstream population, and whether these reasons are similar to those observed for SC and ST. We find that while the causes of the living standard gap for the OBC are broadly similar to those for the SC and ST, the role of educational attainment in explaining the gap is higher in imporatnce for the OBC.
Was the Mandal Commission Right? Living Standard Differences between Backward Classes and Other Social Groups in India
No full textAffirmative action has been at the heart of public policies towards the socially disadvantaged in India. Compensatory discrimination policies which have been adopted for the Scheduled Castes (SC) and Scheduled Tribes (ST) since independence were recommended for Other Backward Classes (OBC) by the Mandal Commission established by the Indian government in 1979. We examine why OBC have lower living standards, as measured by per capita household consumption expenditures, relative to the mainstream population, and whether these reasons are similar to those observed for SC and ST. We find that while the causes of the living standard gap for the OBC are broadly similar to those for the SC and ST, the role of educational attainment in explaining the gap is higher in importance for the OBC.living standards, caste, reservation policy, decomposition
Dausara pamirensis Arora & Mandal 1974
No full text<p> <b> 289. <i>Dausara pamirensis</i> Arora & Mandal, 1974: 29, fig. 1</b> </p> <p>Type locality: India, Arunachal Pradesh (Nefa), Subansiri Dist., Pamir, 564 m</p> <p>Distribution. Indian records: Pamir (Arunachal Pradesh), Shillong (Meghalaya) (Arora & Mandal 1974). Global records: unknown.</p>Published as part of <i>Singh, Navneet, Ranjan, Rahul, Talukdar, Avishek, Joshi, Rahul, Kirti, Jagbir Singh, Chandra, Kailash & Mally, Richard, 2022, A catalogue of Indian Pyraloidea (Lepidoptera), pp. 1-423 in Zootaxa 5197 (1)</i> on page 196, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5197.1.1, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/7252292">http://zenodo.org/record/7252292</a>
Sigambra sundarbanensis Bhowmik & Ghoshal & Salazar-Vallejo & Mandal 2021, sp. nov.
No full text<i>Sigambra sundarbanensis</i> sp. nov. <p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: D315C406-6F83-413C-BFCA-E00A8D83070C</p> <p>Figs 2–5; Table 2</p> Diagnosis <p> A species of <i>Sigambra</i> with median antenna reaching up to chaetigers 3–4, 2–3 times as long as lateral antennae; tentacular segment 3–4 times as wide as long. Pharynx with 14 prismatic projected lobes. Dorsal cirri larger than ventral ones, largest in chaetiger 1. Ventral cirri absent in chaetiger 2. Notopodial hooks start in chaetiger 8, accompanied by notoacicula; neuropodia with various types of capillary chaetae. Parapodial spaces with glandular, tubular structures.</p> Etymology <p>The type locality (river Thakuran) is a tidal estuarine river of the Sundarbans Estuarine System. The epithet of this new species refers to the entire estuarine system, i.e., Indian Sundarbans.</p> Type material <p> <b>Holotype</b> INDIA • complete spec.; river Thakuran, stn T8; 21°39′3.73″ N, 88°30′25.17″ E; depth 26 m; Aug. 2019; Moumita Bhowmik and Sumit Mandal leg.; in sediment; PUZ 501.</p> <p> <b>Paratypes</b> INDIA • 4 complete specs; river Thakuran, stn T6; 21°45′35.90″ N, 88°29′8.53″ E; depth 10 m; Aug. 2019; Moumita Bhowmik and Sumit Mandal leg.; in sediment; PUZ 502 to PUZ 505 • 3 complete specs; river Thakuran, stn T8; 21°39′3.73″ N, 88°30′25.17″ E; depth 26 m; Aug. 2019; Moumita Bhowmik and Sumit Mandal leg.; in sediment; PUZ 506 to PUZ 508 • 6 complete specs; river Thakuran, stn T8; 21°39′3.73″ N, 88°30′25.17″ E; depth 26 m; Dec. 2019; Moumita Bhowmik and Sumit Mandal leg.; in sediment; PUZ 514 to PUZ 519 • 2 incomplete specs; river Matla, stn M5; 21°45′18.20″ N, 88°38′25.20″ E; depth 11 m; Jan. 2019; Moumita Bhowmik and Sumit Mandal leg.; in sediment; PUZ 490 to PUZ 491.</p> Sampling site and type locality <p> Various environmental factors that characterize the sampling sites are in Table 1. Bottom water salinity ranged from 17.0 in August to 23.42 in January 2019. Sediment temperature was found to be at its maximum in August 2019. Organic enrichment in sediment was moderate, ranging from 0.78 to 1.78%. In terms of granulometry, the study sites are mostly silty with comparatively finer and coarser particles that vary seasonally. The lowest proportion of clay was represented in the soil texture during the monsoon (0.15–0.35%). The sediment texture of the type locality was characterized by a high silt percentage and a lower sand percentage that further decreased in the post-monsoon season (Dec. 2019). Bottom water salinity level varied from 17 to 21 (Table 1). Morphological and morphometric data are in Table 2 and the comparison of the new species with all other accepted species of <i>Sigambra</i> is in Table 3.</p> <p> The holotype of <i>Sigambra sundarbanensis</i> sp. nov. was collected from the river Thakuran (station T 8) and paratypes were collected from both the rivers Thakuran and Matla in January 2019, August 2019 and December 2019. A morphometric analysis was performed for all the collected specimens. Moreover, a global map (Fig. 2) has been presented for all the accepted species of <i>Sigambra</i> based on their type locations.</p> Description <p> <b>Holotype</b> (PUZ 501)</p> <p>MEASUREMENTS. Complete, 5.63 mm long, 0.32 mm wide at chaetiger 8–9 (average width 0.28 mm), 64 chaetigers (Fig. 3A).</p> <p>BODY. Obconic, sub cylindrical along anterior end, depressed thereafter.</p> <p>PROSTOMIUM. Blunt, bilobed, three times as wide as long. Palps biarticulated directed ventrally; palpophores large, palpostyles small. Pharynx exposed with 14 prismatic marginal papillae, tips distinct</p> <p>(Fig. 3C). Antennae cirriform, lateral antennae subdistally located, smaller than median one (Fig. 3B). Median antenna 2.3 times as long as laterals, reaching up to chaetiger 4.</p> <p>TENTACLES. Tentacular segment 3–4 times as wide as long; two pairs of tentacular cirri, dorsal tentacular cirri slightly larger than ventral ones.</p> <p>CIRRI. Parapodial cirri triangular, tapered, foliose, longer than wide. Dorsal cirri longer than ventral cirri throughout, largest in chaetiger 1, reaching up to chaetiger 5 (Fig. 3D). Chaetiger 2 with smallest dorsal cirri, without ventral cirri. Parapodia with reduced notopodia and well developed neuropodia.</p> <p>NOTOPODIA. Include distally curved dorsal hooks from chaetiger 8 (Fig. 3D), head of hook not exposed outside body wall to chaetiger 22, fully exposed from chaetiger 23, continued along body (Fig. 3E) up to last 2 pre-pygidial chaetigers (Fig. 3G). From chaetiger 8 onwards, hooks accompanied with acicula (Fig. 5A–B). Neurochaetae include 2–4 short wide pectinate chaetae with variable number of spinulose or serrated capillaries (Figs 3F, 5A).</p> <p>GLANDS. Parapodial glands starting from chaetiger 5, developed gradually up to chaetiger 60. Each gland with 2–6 large tubular cells, varying in shape and size (Fig. 4B, 5D). These tubular structures converge ventrally from wide base of coelomic ramus. Tubular structures rudimentary (L: 19 µm, W: 11 µm) or fully developed (L: 50 µm, W: 8 µm); inner features unknown.</p> <p>PYGIDIUM. Laterally expanded with 2 ventral cirri, as long as 3–4 median chaetigers (Fig. 3G).</p> <p>OOCYTES. Not seen.</p> <p> <b>Paratypes</b></p> <p>A total of 13 complete and 2 incomplete paratypes show a minor characteristic variation. They were 2.18–8.91 mm long (5.09 ± 2.29 mm), 0.08–0.41 mm wide (0.15 ± 0.08 mm); median antennae were 0.2–0.57 mm long (0.36 ± 0.11 mm) reaching up to chaetigers 3–4. Oocytes (Figs 4A, 5C) 12–36 µm in diameter (23.33 ± 6.90 μm). Glandular structures in parapodial spaces have been found in most paratypes, they were 14–74 µm long (43.88 ± 17.69 µm) (Table 2). Large tubular glandular cells in chaetigers 47–49 of paratype PUZ 506 are shown in Fig. 4C–D. In other parapodia (chaetigers 12 and 13), tubular cells invade into coelomic space (Fig. 4E–F).</p> Remarks <p> Following the redescription of <i>S</i>. <i>parva</i> by Moreira & Parapar (2002), it can be stated that <i>S. sundarbanensis</i> sp. nov. resembles <i>S. parva</i> Day, 1963. They have similar characteristics, such as median antenna longer than lateral ones, reaching chaetigers 3–4, and pharynx with 14 marginal papillae. However, they differ in several features, the most notable ones being the starting point of the dorsal hooks and the absence of capillary chaetae in the notopodia. In <i>S. sundarbanensis</i> sp. nov., the first appearance of dorsal hooks from chaetiger 8 remains constant in all 16 specimens, irrespective of specimen size. The hooks are accompanied by a single acicula, and the last two chaetigers are hookless. The notopodia are devoid of any capillary chaetae, neuropodia with 2–4 short pectinate chaetae with a variable number of spinulose or serrated capillaries, and the relative size of the median antenna is 2.3 times as long as the lateral ones. In comparison with <i>S. parva</i>, the median antenna is 1.5 times as long as the lateral ones, the notopodial hook starts from chaetigers 4–5 and is accompanied by single capillary chaetae in the posterior parapodial segments, neuropodia with 1–2 pectinate chaetae, but the number of hookless chaetigers is not mentioned in the literature (Day 1963; Moreira & Parapar 2002).</p> Distribution <p> <i>Sigambra sundarbanensis</i> sp. nov. is only known from the rivers Matla and Thakuran of the Indian Sundarbans.</p> Ecology <p>All specimens of this new species were found in mangrove habitats with silty sand sediments, in depths of 11 to 26 m. Mature specimens, with developed oocytes, were recorded in August and December 2019 from Thakuran River. Among all the abiotic factors, salinity plays a pivotal role in ecology and</p> <p> distribution of species across the globe, as this acts as a physiological barrier for both stenohaline and euryhaline species. <i>Sigambra parva</i> was recorded from Cape Province, South Africa (Day 1963) and the Mediterranean coast of Spain (Moreira & Parapar 2002), where the water salinity remains higher than30%, whereas the localities of <i>S. sundarbanensis</i> sp. nov. had a salinity of 17–23.42%. Additionally, <i>S. parva</i> had a comparatively higher range of depth variation from 2 to 97 meters (Day 1963; Moreira & Parapar 2002).</p>Published as part of <i>Bhowmik, Moumita, Ghoshal, Priya, Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. & Mandal, Sumit, 2021, Sigambra sundarbanensis sp. nov. (Annelida, Pilargidae) from the Indian sector of Sundarbans Estuarine System, with remarks on parapodial glands, pp. 49-66 in European Journal of Taxonomy 744</i> on pages 51-60, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2021.744.1301, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/4671462">http://zenodo.org/record/4671462</a>
Detection of Rossby modes with even azimuthal orders using helioseismic normal-mode coupling
No full textContext. Retrograde Rossby waves, measured to have significant amplitudes in the Sun, likely have notable implications for various solar phenomena. Aims. Rossby waves create small-amplitude, very-low frequency motions, on the order of the rotation rate and lower, which in turn shift the resonant frequencies and eigenfunctions of the acoustic modes of the Sun. The detection of even azimuthal orders Rossby modes using mode coupling presents additional challenges and prior work therefore only focused on odd orders. Here, we successfully extend the methodology to measure even azimuthal orders as well. Methods. We analyze 4 and 8 years of Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager (HMI) data and consider coupling between different-degree acoustic modes (of separations 1 and 3 in the harmonic degree). The technique uses couplings between different frequency bins to capture the temporal variability of the Rossby modes. Results. We observe significant power close to the theoretical dispersion relation for sectoral Rossby modes, where the azimuthal order is the same as the harmonic degree, s = |t|. Our results are consistent with prior measurements of Rossby modes with azimuthal orders over the range t = 4 to 16 with maximum power occurring at mode t = 8. The amplitudes of these modes vary from 1 to 2 m s−1. We place an upper bound of 0.2 m s−1 on the sectoral t = 2 mode, which we do not detect in our measurements. Conclusions. This effort adds credence to the mode-coupling methodology in helioseismology
Hero Stones from Palamaner Mandal of Chittoor District, Andhra Pradesh: A Historical Study
No full textHero stones, in factual sense regarded as one of the means of remembering deceased persons who perhaps devoted their life for the cause of the society irrespective of caste, status, religion and creed. The word Hero- Stone is described in various sources as stone image, Veerakallu ( in Telugu), Nadukal( in Tamil), Veeragallu(in Kannada), Veeragal( in Marathi), etc., as ‘Veera’ mean a ‘Warrior’ and ‘Kallu’ or ‘Gallu’ mean ‘Stone’, which has been derived from two languages- ‘Veera’ from Sanskrit and Kallu from Kannada.
Palamaner (13.2000ºN; 78.7500ºE), a Mandal head quarters with population of 51,165 and a total population of 81,470 (2011 census) inhabiting in 15 village panchayaths with an extent of 79.50 sq.km. lies in the north, north-east of Baireddipalli Mandal, west to Bangarupalam Mandal, south of Gangavaram Mandal and forms border to Tamil Nadu and Karnataka States in the east and west respectively and Venkatagiri Kota Mandal lies to its south. It is drained by Kaudinya river in its north-eastern corner adjoining the eastern hill-forest cover zone which is famous for elephants sanctuary. Being close to Karnataka and Tamil Nadu States border people here bear a mixed culture.
The present paper deals with 10 hero stones found at 7 villages in the Palamaner mandal of Chittoor district. These are varied in nature as some of them poses hero fighting a tiger, hero shooting at a lion , hero with a sati and hero with animals and birds.These are analysed into 10 categories of broad perspective
Software for Implementing the Sequential Elimination of Level Combinations Algorithm
No full textGenetic algorithms (GAs) are a popular technology to search for an optimum in a large search space. Using new concepts of forbidden array and weighted mutation, Mandal, Wu, and Johnson (2006) used elements of GAs to introduce a new global optimization technique called sequential elimination of level combinations (SELC), that efficiently finds optimums. A SAS macro, and MATLAB and R functions are developed to implement the SELC algorithm.
Synthesis, structural characterization, and theoretical investigation of compounds containing an Al-O-M-O-Al (M = Ti, Zr) Core
No full textWe report a facile route to the first molecular compounds with the Al - O - M - O - Al ( M) Ti, Zr) structural motif. Synthesis of L( Me) Al( mu- O) M( NMe2) 2( mu- O) Al( Me) L [ L) CH {N( Ar)( CMe)} 2, Ar) 2,6- i Pr2C6H3; M) Ti ( 7), Zr ( 8)] was accomplished by reacting the monometallic hydroxide precursor L( Me) Al( OH) ( 1) with Ti( NMe2) 4 or Zr( NMe2) 4 under elimination of Me2NH in good yield. The crystal structural data confirm the trimetallic Al - O - M - O - Al core in both 7 and 8. Preliminary investigation on catalytic activity of these complexes reveals low activity of these complexes in ethylene polymerization as compared to the related oxygen- bridged metallocene- based heterobimetallic complexes L( Me) Al( mu- O) M( Me) Cp-2 ( M) Ti, Zr) which could be attributed to the relatively lower stability of the supposed cationic intermediate as revealed by DFT calculations
Synthesis, structural characterization, catalytic properties, and theoretical study of compounds containing an Al-O-M (M = Ti, Hf) core
No full textTwo single oxygen-bridged heterobimetallic oxides of Al(III) with group 4 metals (Ti, Hf) have been prepared. The reaction of LAlMeOH (1) [L = CH(N(Ar)(CMe))(2), Ar = 2,6-iPr(2)C(6)H(3)] with dimethylmetallocenes of Ti and Hf in toluene (80 degrees C) and ether (room temperature), respectively, resulted in the formation of LAl(Me)(mu-O)M(Me)Cp-2 [M = Ti (2), Hf (3)] in moderate to good yield. Compounds 2 and 3 were characterized by elemental analysis, IR, NMR (H-1 and C-13), EI-MS, and single-crystal X-ray structural analysis. Furthermore, compound 2 showed good catalytic activity in ethylene and styrene homopolymerization, while compound 3 is less active in ethylene polymerization. The styrene polymerization yields atactic polystyrene
Resipientundersøkelse MAREN, Mandal, 2013
No full textDet er gjennomført en resipientundersøkelse i forbindelse med sigevannsutslipp fra Brennevinsmyra avfallsanlegg i Mandal kommune, som slippes ut på 25 m dyp i Strømsvika. Undersøkelsen viste generelt tilfredsstillende forhold i resipienten. Den økologiske tilstanden på hardbunn og bløtbunn i nærområdet til utslippet var god og viste ikke tegn til påvirkning fra utslippet. Prøvetakingen av vannmasser var svært begrenset, men ga ikke indikasjoner på at sigevannet medførte forhøyede næringssaltkonsentrasjoner eller redusert oksygeninnhold. Miljøgiftinnholdet i bunnsedimentene viste lave verdier av metaller (klasse I og II) men høye verdier av organiske miljøgifter (Klasse III og IV). Det var manglende samsvar mellom innholdet av organiske miljøgifter i sedimentene og hvilke stoffer som måles i sigevannet fra deponiet (i internkontroller). Dette indikerer at det også kan være andre, og ikke nødvendigvis aktive, kilder av betydning. Denne konklusjonen støttes av det lave innholdet av miljøgifter i skjell og snegl
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