46,056 research outputs found
Rhamdia gabrielae Angrizani & Malabarba 2018, sp. nov.
No full textRhamdia gabrielae sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 1040F05A-64AC-4640-B608-20034625A535 (Fig. 8; Table 4) Rhamdia sP. MAlAbArbA et al., 2013:74 [diAgnosis; PhoTo; disTribuTion reCords in The rio TrAmAndAí drAinAge]. Holotype. UFRGS 22010, 194 mm SL, Brazil, state of Rio Grande do Sul, municipality of Maquiné, arroio Pinheiro, tributary of rio Maquiné, 29o39’43”S, 50o15’55”W; F. G. Becker, 19 Jun 1999. Paratypes (total = 65). All from Brazil: UFRGS 18033, 10 (1 c&s), 139.63–194.16 mm SL, state of Rio Grande do Sul, municipality of Maquiné, rio Maquiné, 29o38’52”S, 50o13’03”W; J. M. Santos, 30 Mai 13. UFRGS 19094, 8, 118.88– 139.74 mm SL, state of Rio Grande do Sul, municipality of Maquiné, rio Maquiné, 29o35’16”S, 50o16’13”W; L. R. Malabarba, C. Hartmann, R. C. Angrizani, 7 Jul 2013. MCP 27312, 1 (c&s), 136 mm SL, state of Rio Grande do Sul, municipality of Maquiné Lajeado, arroio Lajeado tributary of rio Maquiné, 29°34'16"S, 50°16'51"W; F. Becker, F. Vilella, 23 Mar 2001. MCP 28113, 1 (c&s), 125 mm SL, state of Rio Grande do Sul, municipality of Maquiné, arroio Forqueta tributary of rio Três Forquilhas, 29°31'59"S, 50°14'00"W; F. Vilella, J. Anza, 13 Mar 2001. UFRGS 18008, 3, 141.53– 145.67 mm SL, state of Rio Grande do Sul, municipality of Três Forquilhas, rio Três Forquilhas, 29o32’56”S, 50o04’13”W; J. Santos, 31 Mai 2013. UFRGS 18010, 14, 121.46– 193.37 mm SL, state of Rio Grande do Sul, municipality of Três Forquilhas, rio Três Forquilhas, 29o32’56”S, 50o04’13”W; J. Santos, 31 Mai 2013. MZUSP 36464, 5, 108.5– 220.04 mm SL, state of Santa Catarina, municipality of Morrinhos do Sul, rio Faxinalzinho tributary to rio Mampituba, E. Pereira, R. Reis, J. Pezzi, 20 Jul 1999. UFRGS 19902, 8, 102.22– 137.05 mm SL, state of Santa Catarina, municipality of Mãe dos Homens, rio Mãe dos Homens, tributary to rio Mampituba, 29o13’02”S, 49o59’58”W, data. UFRGS 6194, 1, 260.50 mm SL, state of Santa Catarina, municipality of Treviso, rio Mãe Luiza tributary to rio Araranguá, 49°28’18”S, 28°27’58”W; C. Ricken, R. Vicente, 21 Oct 2002. UFRGS 19903, 14, 61.13–270.63 mm SL, state of Santa Catarina, municipality of Jordão, rio Jordão, tributary of Araranguá, 28o35’11”S, 49o31’24”W, R.C. Angrizani, L.R. Malabarba, M.C. Malabarba, 21 Feb 2015. Diagnosis. Rhamdia gabrielae is diagnosed from sympatric populations of R. aff. quelen by the number of branched dorsal-fin rays (6 vs. 7–8); last ray of dorsal fin not reaching origin of adipose fin (vs. last ray reaching origin of adipose fin); posterior tip of anal fin not reaching vertical through posterior insertion of adipose-fin base (vs. anal fin surpassing posterior insertion of adipose fin). Rhamdia gabrielae is diagnosed from the neotype of R. quelen sensu Silfvergrip by shorter maxillary barbel (46.6–69.9% SL vs. 97% SL); longer caudal-peduncle (17.1– 21.4% SL vs. 14.62% SL); shorter pelvic fin (10.6–14.6% SL vs. 15.62% SL); shallower dorsal fin (11.2–16% SL vs. 18.41% SL), shorter dorsal spine (5–10.6% SL vs. 15.42% SL) and shorter pectoral-fin spine (8.1–10.9% SL vs. 15.42% SL). Rhamdia gabrielae is diagnosed from R. eurycephala by head width across orbital line (63.00– 73.85% HL vs. 75.18–89.58% HL). Rhamdia gabrielae is diagnosed from R. laticauda, R. foina, R. poeyi and R. itacaiunas by the upper lobe of caudal fin smaller than lower lobe (vs. lower lobe longer than the upper lobe); from R. humilis and R. nicaraguensis by having serrations on both sides of pectoral-fin spine (vs. only anterior serrations in R. humilis and only posterior serrations in R. nicaraguensis); from R. xetequepeque and R. muelleri by smaller orbit (15–19% HL vs. 30.5–36.9 in R. xetequepeque, 21.7–37.8% in R. muelleri); from R. xetequepeque and R. laukidi by having 40–41 post-Weberian vertebrae (vs. 31–34 in R. xetequepeque, typically 43–46 in R. laukidi); from R. jequitinhonha by the head sensory pores simple (vs. head sensory pores multiple); from R. muelleri by shorter maxillary barbel (46.6–69.9% SL vs. 73.9–12.9% SL in R. muelleri); from R. cinerascens, R. guatemalensis, R. saijaensis, and R. voulezi by shorter dorsal-fin base (11.4–13.1% SL vs. more than 14.3%;); from R. voulezi by the last ray of dorsal fin not reaching anterior insertion of adipose fin (vs. last ray reaching origin of adipose fin); and from R. reddelli, R. enfurnada, R. zongolicensis, R. macuspanensis and R. laluchensis by the lack of morphological adaptations to troglobitic life. Description. Measurements in Table 1. Body elongated; cross section of trunk roughly circular at dorsal-fin origin and along dorsal-fin base, gradually compressed posteriorly to caudal peduncle. Anterodorsal profile of body convex from supraoccipital to dorsal-fin base. Dorsal-fin base nearly straight, posteroventrally slanted, and gently convex from dorsal fin to base of caudal fin. Ventral body profile nearly straight from mouth to caudal-fin base. Body widest at pectoral girdle and deepest at dorsal-fin origin. Caudal peduncle longer than deep. Number of post-Weberian vertebrae 40(2) or 41(1). Head depressed and flat dorsally. Dorsal head profile straight and rising slightly from snout tip to supraoccipital in lateral view. Head shape somewhat triangular in dorsal view. Snout rounded anteriorly in dorsal view, longer than deep. Transverse distance between posterior nares slightly smaller than that between anterior nares. Mouth wide, subterminal, transverse gape larger than interorbital distance; snout projecting slightly beyond lower jaw. Large, fleshy rictal fold at corners of mouth. Both upper and lower lips with several longitudinal plicae. Barbels flattened in cross section, wide at their base and tapering towards distal tip. Maxillary barbel longest; length variable, maximally exceeding origin of adipose fin; inserted above upper lip and posterolateral to anterior nares. Two pairs of mental barbels with bases aligned. Outer mental barbels surpassing origin of pectoral fin. Inner mental barbels shorter than outer mental barbels, maximally reaching origin of pectoral fin. Gular fold distinct and V -shaped. Branchiostegal rays 5(3). Gill rakers thick and moderately long, with 8(1), 9(1) and 10 (1) rakers on first ceratobranchial, and 2(3), on first epibranchial. Eye large, slightly elliptical (longitudinally elongated); rim circumscribed by deep, continuous invagination that is distinctly more pronounced along lateral border. Eye positioned dorsolaterally, approximately at midpoint between tip of snout and corner of opercular membrane; interorbital space wide. Pupil rounded. Sensory channels of head simple. Dorsal fin with two unbranched rays and six branched rays, distal margin convex and base length less than or equal to fin height. First unbranched dorsal-fin ray small and not externally visible, second unbranched ray stiffened proximally, segmented distally. Dorsal-fin origin anterior to midlength between pectoral and pelvic-fin origins; insertion of last branched ray just before or at pectoral-fin origin. Tip of last branched dorsal-fin ray not reaching anterior insertion of adipose fin. Adipose fin long; with ascendant curve in in lateral profile and posterior lobe conspicuously free from body. Adipose-fin origin at vertical through middle of depressed pelvic fin and posterior insertion at final third of caudal peduncle. Pectoral fin within one unbranched and five branched rays; when adpressed, reaching approximately origin of third branched dorsal-fin ray. Unbranched ray of pectoral fin stiffened, straight and with strong serrations along distal anterior side and delicate serrations along proximal posterior side. Pelvic fin rounded, approximately same size of pectoral fin, having one unbranched ray and five branched rays, distal tip surpassing genital papilla, never reaching anal-fin origin. Pelvic-fin origin nearly at middle of standard length, after insertion of last dorsal-fin ray. Anal fin rounded, with three unbranched rays anteriorly, followed by eight, nine or ten branched rays; when adpressed, never exceeds posterior insertion of adipose-fin. Length of anal-fin base equal to that of dorsal fin. Caudal fin deeply forked, lobes rounded; dorsal lobe smaller in depth and length; seven branched rays in dorsal lobe and nine branched rays in ventral lobe Colour of preserved specimens. Body grayish, with or without irregular small brown spots. Head and fins grey without spots. Ventral portion of head and body white. Dorsal fin with dark band across middle length of rays. Maxillary barbels same colour as body. Distribution and Habitat. Restricted to the upstream portions of hydrographic systems of rio Maquiné, rio Três Forquilhas, rio Mampituba and rio Araranguá, Brazil. Found in rapid waters over rocky bottoms. Etymology. In honour of Gabriele Volkmer, the wife of the first author of this paper. ……continued on the next pagePublished as part of Angrizani, Rafael C. & Malabarba, Luiz R., 2018, Morphology and molecular data reveal the presence of two new species under Rhamdia quelen (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824) (Siluriformes: Heptapteridae) species complex, pp. 41-60 in Zootaxa 4388 (1) on pages 49-51, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4388.1.3, http://zenodo.org/record/118782
Gymnotus refugio Giora & Malabarba, 2016, new species
No full textGymnotus refugio, new species (Fig. 1) Gymnotus aff. pantherinus (non Steindachner, 1908). Malabarba et al. 2013: 95 (photo, brief description, distribution map in the rio Tramandaí drainage). Gymnotus pantherinus (non Steindachner, 1908). Decreto Estadual No 51.797, 9 September 2014 (EN—Endangered species in the list of threatened species of Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil). Correa et al. 2015: listed for the arroio Chasqueiro). Holotype. UFRGS 8752, 1 (171.53 mm TL), Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul State, Amaral Ferrador, creek in the former Ferraria farm, laguna dos Patos drainage (30 ° 50 ' 54 "S 52 ° 23 ' 19 "W), November 2006, J. Anza & R. Hirano. Paratypes. Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul State. Laguna dos Patos drainage: MCP 20197, 2 (203.06–213.73 mm TL), Viamão, puddle in the swampy forest located at Refúgio da Vida Silvestre Banhado dos Pachecos (30 °05' 44 "S 50 ° 50 ' 59 "W), 22 December 2011, J. P. Miranda, B. Calegari, R. Fonseca & C. Alff. MZUSP 8749, 2 (124.87–156.72 mm TL), collected with the holotype. UFRGS 8749, 2 (136.66mm C&S, and 148.55 mm TL), collected with the holotype. UFRGS 13603, 1 (193.93mm TL), UFRGS 13618, 3 (126.42–160.10 mm TL), Amaral Ferrador, creek in the former Ferraria farm (30 ° 50 ' 46 "S 52 ° 23 ' 17 "W), 3 November 2010, J. Giora, J. Wingert, J. Ferrer & E. Oliveira. UFRGS 13296, 1 (84.14 mm TL), Turuçu, Corrientes creek (31 ° 29 ' 48 "S 52 ° 17 ' 42 "W), 17 March 2008, L. E. K. Lanes, A. C. Gonçalves & M. V. Volcan. UFRGS 13328, 1 (68.99), UFRGS 20196, 2 (116.15–167.83 mm TL), Pelotas, Carmelitas creek (31 ° 44 ' 53 "S 52 ° 13 ' 27 "W), 16 May 2006, A. C. Gonçalves, M. V. Volcan & L. E. K. Lanes. UFRGS 13607, 3 (130.02–187.87 mm TL), Pelotas, Laranjal beach, Carmelitas creek near its mouth in laguna dos Patos (31 ° 44 ' 52 "S 52 ° 13 ' 22 "W), 3 November 2010, J. Giora, J. Wingert, J. Ferrer & E. Oliveira. UFRGS 13813, 3 (81.48-161.13 mm TL), Viamão, puddle in the swampy forest at Refúgio da Vida Silvestre Banhado dos Pachecos (30 °05' 43 "S 50 ° 50 ' 59 "W), 9 November 2010, G. Frainer, S. Leonardi, J. Giora & L. R. Malabarba. UFRGS 16371, 3 (151.19–186.49), Viamão, puddle in the swampy forest located at Refúgio da Vida Silvestre Banhado dos Pachecos (30 °05' 44 "S 50 ° 50 ' 59 "W), 13 September 2011, C. Mesquita & V. Caorsi. UFRGS 20197, 2 (190.30–213.73 mm TL), Viamão, puddle in the swampy forest located at Refúgio da Vida Silvestre Banhado dos Pachecos (30 °05' 44 "S 50 ° 50 ' 59 "W), 22 December 2011, J. P. Miranda, B. Calegari, R. Fonseca & C. Alff. UFRGS 20198, 2 (227.54–229.70 mm TL), Viamão, puddle in the swampy forest located at Refúgio da Vida Silvestre Banhado dos Pachecos (30 °05' 44 "S 50 ° 50 ' 59 "W), 17 August 2011, J. P. Miranda, F. A. S. Santos, C. V. Machado & S. Costa. UFRGS 20199, 2 (202.66–207.21 mm TL), Viamão, puddle in the swampy forest located at Refúgio da Vida Silvestre Banhado dos Pachecos (30 °05' 44 "S 50 ° 50 ' 59 "W), 15 July 2011, J. P. Miranda, F. A. S. Santos, E. Senna, C. V. Machado & C. S. Prauchner. Rio Tramandaí drainage: MNRJ 9439, 2 (101.20–116.84 mm TL), Torres, Parque Estadual de Itapeva (29 ° 21 ' 23 "S 49 ° 45 ' 57 "W), 13 September 2005, F. Mello, R. Setubal & M. de Luz. UFRGS 9439, 2 (80.37–116.84 mm TL), Torres, Parque Estadual de Itapeva (29 ° 21 ' 23 "S 49 ° 45 ' 57 "W), 13 September 2005, F. Mello, R. Setubal & M. de Luz. UFRGS 19595, 3 (101.85– 216.44 mm TL), Maquiné, Barra do Ouro, road to Garapiá waterfall (29 ° 32 ' 14 "S 50 ° 14 ' 45 "W), 19 September 2014, L. R. Malabarba, P. C. Silva, U. Santo & A. Langoni. Brazil, Santa Catarina State. Rio Mampituba drainage: UFRGS 10829, 2 (68.47–107.66 mm TL), Praia Grande, creek tributary of the rio Mampituba (29 ° 10 ' 36 "S 49 ° 58 ' 14 "W), 12 September 2008, A. Thomaz, G. Neves, J. Ferrer & J. Wingert. UFRGS 10873, 1 (128.28 mm TL), Praia Grande, flooded area near rio Mampituba (29 ° 15 ' 10 "S 50 °07'00"W), 14 September 2008, A. Thomaz, G. Neves, J. Ferrer & J. Wingert. Diagnosis. Gymnotus refugio differs from other members of the G. pantherinus species-group (except G. capitimaculatus and G. pantherinus) in possessing a color pattern in life or in alcohol composed of yellow to dark brown ground with thick and/or vermiculated spots near anal-fin base up until the lateral line, some specimens showing very few or absent spots ventral to lateral line, versus body with color pattern composed of light and dark pigments bands (G. anguillaris, G. capitimaculatus, G. cataniapo, G. coatesi, G. coropinae, G. javari, G. jonasi, G. melanopleura, G. panamensis, G. pantanal, G. pedanopterus, G. stenoleucus) or broad irregular dark pigment blotches (G. onca). The new species further differs from G. pantherinus in possessing a deeper head (55.6–68.1 vs. 48.1–55.05 % HL), shorter caudal filament (0.7–3.2 vs. 2.7–5.4 % TL) (Fig. 6) and wider mouth gape (31.8–43.9 vs. 27.1–36.1 % HL) (Fig. 7) and from G. capitimaculatus in possessing shorter interorbital distance (28.3–38.5 vs. 39.8–43.4 % HL), wider mouth gape (31.8–43.9 vs. 26.0– 28.3 % HL), shorter caudal filament (0.7–3.2 vs. 3.2–5.5 % TL), higher number of pectoral-fin rays (16–18 vs. 15), and higher number of pored lateral line scales (80–105 vs. 56–74). Description. Morphometric and meristic data presented in Table 1. Lateral head profile conical; dorsal portion flattened towards tip of snout. Mouth superior, lower jaw longer than upper. Mouth large, extending nearly posterior naris. Eyes small and lateral; mean interorbital distance 32.2 % of HL. Anterior narial pore within mouth gape in large narial fold. Body slender, slightly compressed laterally, and relatively deep. Dorsal profile slightly convex from snout to supraoccipital, nearly straight posteriorly to caudal filament. Ventral profile gently convex from lower jaw to caudal filament. Highest body depth posterior to anal-fin origin. Body depth increasing smoothly from head to body region near 20 th anal-fin ray, nearly same depth to 2 / 3 of TL, and gradually decreasing from that point to caudal filament. Caudal filament short, slender, and laterally compressed. Moderate cycloid scales covering all trunk. Scales smaller on anterior third portion of body; posterior scales at dorsal and medial body regions nearly two to three times larger in diameter than anterior ones; smallest scales covering region of anal-fin pterygiophores. First anterior perforated scale of lateral line above pectoral fin origin; lateral line extending to caudal filament tip with an intermittent distribution. Absence of urogenital papilla. Pectoral fins rounded with perpendicular insertion; pectoral-fin rays i–ii + 14–17 (16–18 total pectoral-fin rays, n = 36, mode = 17). Anal fin long with iii–vi + 205–244 rays (210–247 total anal-fin rays, n = 27, mode = 229). Anal-fin origin posterior to distal tip of pectoral fin. Precaudal vertebrae 45–47 (n = 2). n Min Max Mean SD Total length (mm) 10 176.8 246.5 212.2 - Percents of total length Head length 10 9.9 11.0 10.5 0.4 Body width 9 5.0 6.7 5.6 0.5 Body depth 10 6.9 10.2 8.3 1.1 Pre-anal distance 9 8.9 10.6 9.8 0.5 Snout to anal aperture 10 7.7 9.8 9.0 0.6 Snout to anal-fin origin 10 17.8 20.3 19.0 0.7 Pre-pectoral distance 10 9.5 10.6 10.1 0.4 Anal-fin length 10 72.8 78.3 77.0 1.6 Caudal filament length 9 2.7 5.4 4.0 0.8 Percents of head length Posorbital length 13 57.7 63.3 61.5 1.7 Preorbital length 13 23.9 32.7 29.9 2.3 Orbital diameter 13 5.8 7.4 6.4 0.5 Nasal aperture distance 13 13.5 18.8 16.8 1.6 Posterior narine to eye 13 9.8 12.5 11.1 0.9 Head depth 13 48.1 55.0 52.2 1.8 Head width at eye 13 39.2 49.1 44.7 2.7 Interorbital distance 13 28.5 35.8 31.2 2.3 Branchial opening 13 30.2 37.3 33.0 2.3 Head width at operculum 13 50.2 63.9 58.3 4.0 Gape width 13 27.1 36.1 32.6 2.5 Pectoral-fin length 11 32.6 40.6 36.4 2.58 Color in life. Ground color solid dark brown dorsal to lateral line. Ground color light brown to yellowish ventral to lateral line; presence of thick and/or vermiculated dark brown spots, between anal-fin base and lateral line is variable, some specimens showing very few or absent brown spots ventral to lateral line (Fig. 2). Specimens with both color patterns can be found in same lot, and this variation in coloration is not related to sexual dimorphism or ontogeny. Anal and pectoral-fin rays dark brown, with pale hyaline inter-radial membranes. Color in alcohol. The same pattern described for color in life, except that the specimen may appears more opaque due to the fixation of the mucus covering head and body. Distribution. Gymnotus refugio is known from coastal rivers of laguna dos Patos, rio Tramandaí, rio Maquiné, and rio Mampituba drainages, occurring from southern Rio Grande do Sul to the southern border of Santa Catarina States, Brazil (Fig. 3). Habitat. Gymnotus refugio inhabits streams, small tributaries, and puddles with shallow and lentic waters, muddy bottom and dense riparian vegetation. It is specially associated to riparian vegetation known as Mata Paludosa (= swampy forest), living under aquatic vegetation roots or in flooded vegetated margins (Fig. 4). At collecting sites throughout Rio Grande do Sul State, the only gymnotiform species occasionally collected along with G. refugio was Brachypopomus draco Giora, Malabarba & Crampton 2008. Gymnotus refugio is usually a rare fish where it has been collected (Correa et al. 2015 and personal observation), except in conservation areas of the Rio Grande do Sul State where it seems to be abundant associated with preserved dense riparian vegetation. Conservation Status. Gymnotus refugio was recently evaluated as EN (Endangered) according to the IUCN criteria in the list of threatened species of fauna of Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil, but it is named therein as Gymnotus pantherinus (Decreto Estadual No 51.797, 9 setembro de 2014). The classification was based on the low and drastically fragmented distribution of the species associated with its high habitat specificity, and the high susceptibility of this habitat to anthropic alteration. Etymology. The name “ refugio ”, from the Portuguese meaning “sanctuary”, is in reference to the distribution of the species that was found abundant only in two conservation areas of the Rio Grande do Sul State: “ Refúgio da Vida Silvestre Banhado dos Pachecos (where it was collected monthly for ecological studies)” and “Parque Estadual de Itapeva”.Published as part of Giora, Julia & Malabarba, Luiz Roberto, 2016, Gymnotus refugio, a new and endangered species of electric fish of the Gymnotus pantherinus species-group from southern Brazil (Gymnotiformes: Gymnotidae), pp. 581-590 in Zootaxa 4066 (5) on pages 583-587, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4066.5.6, http://zenodo.org/record/26370
Process for Preparing Antibiotic L 17392 (Deglucoteicoplanin)
No full textProcess for preparing antibiotic L 17392 by catalytically hydrogenating a deglucoteicoplanin ester of formula (I), wherein A, B and Z represent hydrogen atoms, R represents benzyl or substituted benzyl, wherein the phenyl group is substituted with at least a substituent selected from chloro, bromo, fluoro, nitro, (C1-C3)alkyl, (C1-C3)alkoxy and the like, with the exclusion of the tri-nitro phenyl group, or acid addition salts thereof, to catalytic hydrogenolysis in the presence of a poisoned hydrogenation catalyst at a temperature from 10C to 40C and a pressure between ambient pressure and 5 atm, in an inert organic solvent preferably in the presence of a mineral acid
Serrapinnus tocantinensis Malabarba & Jerep 2014, n. sp.
No full text<i>Serrapinnus tocantinensis</i> Malabarba & Jerep n. sp. <p>Figs. 2g –h, 4d, 5d, 10, 11</p> <p> <b>Holotype.</b> UFRGS 16442, 32.5 mm SL, male, Brazil, Mato Grosso, Município de Barra do Garças, córrego Fundo, tributary of rio das Garças, 16°52’40.5’’S 52°18’15.1’’W, 8 Feb 2010, V. A. Bertaco, F. R. Carvalho & F. C. Jerep.</p> <p> <b>Paratypes.</b> All from Brazil, rio Tocantins-Araguaia basin. <b>Goiás State:</b> MCP 19987, 3, 33.5 –37.0 mm SL, rio Tocantins, 3 km down on Serra da Mesa Dam, Município de Minaçú, 13°50’51’’S 48°16’60’’W, 6 Nov 1996, C. A. S. Lucena & J. F. P. Silva. MCP 19988, 8, 28.5–37.3 mm SL (6, 34.8–37.5 mm SL), rio Tocantins, at porto do Rubão, Município de Minaçú, 13°44’31’’S 48°8’29’’W, 7 Nov 1996, C. A. S. Lucena & J. F. P. Silva. MCP 42175, 1, 25.0 mm SL, headwaters of córrego Salobrona, tributary of rio Claro, Município de Montes Claros de Goiás, 16°02’38’’S 51°22’11’’W, 5 Jun 2007, G. A. Pereira. MCP 42269, 2, 24.8–31.6 mm SL, córrego Salobrona, tributary of rio Claro, Município de Montes Claros de Goiás, 15°56’19’’S 51°20’58’’W, 5 Jun 2007, G. A. Pereira. MCP 42360, 6, 16.0– 29.4 mm SL, córrego Varginha, tributary of rio Claro, Município de Montes Claros de Goiás, 15°57’52’’S 51°18’40’’W, 5 Jun 2007, G. A. Pereira. MZUSP 4826, 33, 14.1–32.6 mm SL, rio Araguaia, Município de Aruan, 15–19 Sep 1966, Exc. DZ. MZUSP 40362, 27, 23.6–29.8 mm SL, 4c&s, 26.0– 30.1 mm SL (6, 26.6–29.9 mm SL), marginal lagoon of riacho Seco, close to bridge on highway GO 447, Município de Galheiros, 14 Jan 1989, J. C. Oliveira & W. Costa. MZUSP 40378, 36, 13.2–21.8 mm SL, rio Macacos (also Macaquinhos), tributary at right margin of rio Paraná, Fazenda Fortaleza, Município de Flores de Goiás, 10 Sep 1988, J. C. Oliveira & W. Costa. MZUSP 40497, 12, 14.3–21.9 mm SL, rio Paraná, waterfall at Fazenda Olho d`Água, Município de Flores de Goiás, 12 Sep 1988, J. C. de Oliveira & W. J. M. Costa. MZUSP 40547, 5, 17.9–22.2 mm SL, rio Prata, bridge on highway GO 112, Município de Iaciara, 14 Sep 1988, J. C. Oliveira & W. J. M. Costa. MZUSP 40704, 4, 31.1–34.2 mm SL, rio Bezerra, tributary at right margin of rio Paraná, Município de Flores de Goiás, 22 Sep 1988, J. C. Oliveira & W. Costa. MZUSP 40858, 6, 20.9 –26.0 mm SL, rio Paraná, between rio Macaco and rio Bezerra, Município de Monte Alegre de Goiás, Sep 1988, J. C. Oliveira & W. Costa. UFRGS 12021, 7, 27.9–31.3 mm SL, same data as holotype. UFRGS 12028, 20, 14.1–26.3 mm SL, rio das Almas, between Aragarças and Jussara, Município de Aragarças, 15°52’2.4’’S 51°38’57.7’’W, 6 Feb 2010, V. A. Bertaco, F. R. Carvalho & F. C. Jerep. UFRGS 12035, 5, 26.8–32.8 mm SL, stream tributary of rio Claro, between Aragarças and Jussara, Município de Aragarças, 15°52’10.8’’S 51°32’56.6’’W, 6 Feb 2010, V. A. Bertaco, F. R. Carvalho & F. C. Jerep. <b>Tocantins State:</b> MZUSP 115013, 2, 26.5–27.3 mm SL, temporary pond on rio Paraná and rio Bezerra confluence, Município de Arraias, 11 Jan 1989, J. C. Oliveira & W. Costa. UFRJ 1708, 24, 20.8–29.8 mm SL, tributary of rio Verde, 50 km from São Miguel do Araguaia, 28 Aug 1993, W. Costa, E. Vicente, M. Britto, F. Autran & R. D`Arrigo. UNT 4143, 2, 25.1–25.2 mm SL, Lagoa Dionísio, Fazenda Água Branca, Município de Peixe, 11 March 2000, NEAMB-UFT. UNT 4265, 18, 20.0– 26.8 mm SL, Lagoa Maranhão, Fazenda Traçada, Município de Paraná, 18 Nov 1998, NEAMB. UNT 4757, 30, 16.7–27.2 mm SL, Lagoa Água Branca at Fazenda Água Branca, Município de Peixe, 21 Aug 2001, NEAMB-UFT. UNT 7321, 20, 18.2–26.1 mm SL, rio Tocantins, Fazenda Traçada, Município de Paraná, 10 May 2000, NEAMB-UFT. <b>Mato Grosso State:</b> MCP 34172, (4, 29.2–31.7 mm SL), córrego Barreiro, tributary of rio São João on road to Vila Berrante, ribeirão Cascalheira 12°57’39’’S 51°40’56’’W, 28 Jul 2003, T. Carvalho & G. Carvalho. MCP 40417, 58, 19.2–36.2 mm SL (8, 32.5–36.1 mm SL, 3c&s, 30.6–33.4 mm SL), stream on highway BR158, 61 km south of Porto Alegre do Norte, 11°22’28’’S 51°39’42’’W, 28 October 2005, J. F. P. Silva. MCP 40473, (4, 25.9–30.3 mm SL), córrego Pium, 22 km south of Posto da Mata, on highway BR158 between Posto da Mata and Al Brasil, 11°53’58’’S 51°39’26’’W, 29 Oct 2005, J. F. P. Silva. MCP 40263, 89, 16.1–25.4 mm SL, rio Crisostomo on highway BR158 between Vila Rica and Confresa, Município de Vila Rica, 10°14’33’’S 51°10’08’’W, 26 Oct 2005, J. F. P. Silva. MCP 44522, 62, 9.4–20.4 mm SL, ribeirão São Marcos on highway BR158 between Confresa and Vila Rica, Município de Vila Rica, 10°06’05’’S 51°06’00’’W, 23 Apr 2006, J. F. P. Silva & L. Cotrim. MCP 44526, 32, 9.8 –19.0 mm SL, ribeirão Santana 30 km north of Vila Rica on highway BR158, Município de Vila Rica, 09°49’11’’S 51°03’21’’W, 23 Apr 2006, J. F. P. Silva & L. Cotrim. MCP 44527, 21, 15.8–23.1 mm SL, rio Crisostomo on highway BR158 between Vila Rica and Confresa, 10°14’33’’S 51°10’08’’W, 22 Apr 2006, J. F. P. Silva & L. Cotrim. MCP 44530, 8, 10.6–19.1 mm SL, rio Tapirapé, Município de Porto Alegre do Norte, 10°51’00’’S 51°37’00’’W, 22 Apr 2006, J. F. P. Silva & L. Cotrim. MCP 44532, 3, 11.1–28.8 mm SL, rio Preto on highway BR158, 72 km south of Porto Alegre do Norte, 11°27’47’’S 51°40’42’’W, 21 Apr 2006, J. F. P. Silva & L. Cotrim. MCP 44534, 20, 18.6–30.1 mm SL, rio Paciguara 2 km north of Confresa on highway BR158, Município de Confresa, 10°37’34’’S 51°32’51’’W, 22 Apr 2006, J. F. P. Silva & L. Cotrim. MCP 44535, 10, 9.5–22.6 mm SL, rio Xavantinho 16 km South of Porto Alegre do Norte, 11°01’30’’S 51°38’47’’W, 21 Apr 2006, J. F. P. Silva & L. Cotrim. <b>Par State:</b> INPA 20976, 32, 27.9–36.4 mm SL (8, 30.6–35.1 mm SL), Igarapé Canoal, Município de Breu Branco, 12 Nov 1981, equipe de Ictiologia INPA. INPA 20977, (6, 28.3–34.4 mm SL), Igarapé tributary of rio Sossego, Município de Parauapebas, Cana Carajás, 14 Mar 2002, G. Mendes. INPA 20978, 13, 18.4–32.7 mm SL (4, 29.1–31.7 mm SL), Igarapé tributary of rio Sossego, Município de Parauapebas, Cana dos Carajás, 14 Mar 2002, G. M. Santos. INPA 20979, 7, 24.5–35.3 mm SL, Igarapé Bacuri, 6 Jul 1982, equipe de Ictiologia INPA. INPA 20984, 20, 31.5–36.8 mm SL (5, 32.2–36.5 mm SL), Igarapé Bacuri, 26 Nov 1981, Eq. Ictiologia INPA. INPA 20986, 27, 32.4–39.8 mm SL (7, 35.0– 39.7mm SL, 3c&s, 34.3–35.0 mm SL), Igarapé Bacuri, close to DNER, 26 Nov 1981, equipe de Ictiologia INPA. MCP 24199, 8, 28.9–32.8 mm SL, Igarapé Cinzento, tributary on left margin of rio Itacaiúnas, 05°51’1’’S 50°32’7’’W, Jul 1997, P. S. Pompeu. MZUSP 4936, 188, 11.4–34.6 mm SL, tributary of rio Araguaia, highway Belém-Brasilia, 30 km North of Gurupi, 31 May 1966, Expedition DZUSP. MZUSP 18144, 30, 21.8–29.4 mm SL, lagoon in front of Jatobal, 17 Sep 1970, EPA. <b>Distrito Federal:</b> USNM 292213, 1, 33.8 mm SL, rio Maranhão, about 35 km north of Brasília, 15°30’S 47°50’W, 14 Nov 1984, W. C. Starnes, M. Ribeiro, R. Mendonça, <i>et al.</i></p> <p> <b>Diagnosis.</b> <i>Serrapinnus tocantinensis</i> can be diagnosed from its congeners by the elongation of the unbranched dorsal and pelvic-fin rays into filaments in mature males. Furthermore <i>S. tocantinensis</i> can be distinguished from <i>S. sterbai</i> by the absence of a continuous mid-lateral black stripe extending from the opercular region to the caudalpeduncle spot, and from the remaining species of the genus by the presence of 9 to 11 cusps in the premaxillary teeth (<i>vs.</i> 5 in <i>S. microdon</i> and <i>S. potiguar</i>, 7 in <i>S. aster</i>, 7 to 9 in <i>S. calliurus</i>, <i>S. heterodon</i>, <i>S. kriegi</i>, <i>S. micropterus</i>, <i>S. notomelas</i> and <i>S. piaba</i> and 10 to 12 in <i>S. gracilis</i> and <i>S. littoris</i>), dentary teeth without expanded cusps forming a sharp cutting edge (<i>vs.</i> dentary teeth with expanded cusps forming a sharp cutting edge in <i>S. heterodon</i>), hyaline dorsal fin (<i>vs.</i> with a proximal black blotch in <i>S. notomelas</i>), and the absence of a black spot on the posteroventral region of the abdomen (<i>vs.</i> the presence of a black spot in that region in <i>S. kriegi</i>).</p> <p> <b>Description.</b> Morphometric data presented in Table 4. Body elongated and compressed. Greatest body depth at dorsal-fin origin. Snout anteriorly rounded in lateral profile. Dorsal profile of head gently convex from vertical through posterior margin of posterior nares to base of supraoccipital spine, then straight to slightly concave to tip of supraoccipital spine. Predorsal profile slightly convex between tip of supraoccipital spine and dorsal-fin origin. Straight to slightly convex along dorsal-fin base. Dorsal profile from insertion of last dorsal-fin ray to adipose fin slightly convex in immatures and females; deeply convex in mature males with ventrally arched caudal peduncle. Dorsal profile straight to slightly concave from adipose-fin base to most anterior dorsal procurrent caudal-fin ray. Distal tip of lower jaw convex. Ventral profile of head straight to gently convex along ventral profile lower jaw to vertical through posterior margin of eye; convex from that point to pelvic-fin origin. Ventral region from pelvic-fin insertion to anal-fin origin slightly concave to straight in immature and females; deeply concave in mature males. Anal-fin base slightly concave in immature and females; distinctly convex anteriorly and straight posteriorly in mature males. Ventral profile of caudal-peduncle slightly concave in females; distinctly convex in mature males due to hypertrophied procurrent caudal-fin rays extending ventrally through muscles and skin (Figs. 2g –h, 10). Caudal peduncle slightly longer than deep; ventrally arched in alcohol preserved mature males. Head anteriorly tapered in lateral view. Posterior margin of opercle sinusoidal with upper portion concave and lower portion convex. Mouth terminal, mouth slit just below horizontal through middle of pupil. Maxilla angled posteroventrally; posterior tip reaching vertical through anterior border of orbit and horizontal through ventral border of orbit. All teeth multicuspidate, pedunculate, compressed and expanded distally (Fig. 11). Premaxillary teeth 5(5) with 9 to 11 cusps; central cusp slightly longer and wider than lateral cusps. Two (4) maxillary teeth with 7 to 9 cusps. Dentary teeth 6(1), 7(2) or 8(3) with 7 to 9 cusps, rarely followed by one smaller tricuspid teeth. Lateral small cusps of dentary teeth overlapping adjacent tooth cusps; overlap usually not present on posterior teeth. All dentary tooth cusps dorsally pointed or slightly recurved towards interior of mouth.</p> <p> Dorsal-fin rays ii,8(2), 9*(65). Dorsal-fin origin slightly anterior to vertical through midlength of standard length. First unbranched dorsal-fin ray about one-half length of second unbranched dorsal-fin ray. Second unbranched dorsal-fin ray longest in fin with branched rays slightly decreasing in size posteriorly. Second unbranched dorsal-fin ray elongated into small filament in mature males. Adipose-fin origin slightly anterior to vertical through base of last anal-fin ray in females and slightly posterior to that point in males. Anal-fin origin posterior to vertical through base of last dorsal-fin ray. Anal-fin rays iii–iv,15*(1), 17(2), 18(19), 19(33), 20(10) or 21(1). Distal border of anal-fin concave; last unbranched and anterior 5–6 first branched rays longest; ray length abruptly decreasing after sixth ray with remaining rays decreasing in size to end of anal fin. Distal tip of longest anal-fin ray of mature males reaching to vertical through base of last anal-fin ray; sometimes reaching ventral procurrent caudal-fin rays when caudal peduncle deeply arched. Males with acute, elongate, retrorse hooks on distal half of anal-fin rays; hooks posterolaterally arranged on last unbranched to 11 th or 17 th branched rays. Two or 3 unpaired hooks per ray segment of each contralateral lepidotrichia (Fig. 4d). Hooks generally situated on posterior margin of posterior ray branches. Hook bearing ray segments and branches progressively fused during maturation of males. Mature males with hypertrophied soft whitish tissue on interradial membrane anterior to analfin hooks. Pectoral-fin rays i,9*(18), 10(36) or 11(13). Pectoral-fin ray reaching pelvic-fin origin in immatures and females, but extending beyond that point in adult males. Pelvic-fin rays i,6(2) or 7*(65). Pelvic-fin origin slightly anterior to vertical through dorsal-fin origin. Pelvic fin falling short of anal-fin origin in immature and females; extending far beyond that point in adult males. Males with one or two acute, elongate, ventral-medially situated hook per lepidotrichia segment on all pelvic-fin rays. Adult males with hypertrophied soft whitish tissue anterior to hooks on ventral surface of pelvic fin. Principal caudal-fin rays 17(2) or 19*(65). Procurrent caudal-fin rays: dorsal 12(2), 13(1) or 15(3); ventral 12(1), 13(2) or 14(3). Adult males with ventral procurrent caudal-fin rays hypertrophied, commonly fused, with distal tips extending beyond muscles and skin of caudal-peduncle. Hypertrophied ventral procurrent caudal-fin rays elongated, rod-shaped, anteriorly bent, proximally acute and slightly expanded distally (Fig. 2g).</p> <p>Scales cycloid; similar in size over all body. Lateral line partially pored with 8(1), 11(5), 12(2), 14(7), 15(4), 16(2), 17(6), 18(2), 19(2), 20(2), 21(1), 23(1), 32(5), 33(7), 34(11), 35*(7) or 36(2) pored scales. Scales in lateralline series 31(3), 32(9), 33(22), 34(16), 35*(15) or 36(2). Predorsal series in regular row 8(1), 9*(9), 10(34) or 11(23). Scale rows between lateral line and dorsal-fin origin 5(49) or *6(18). Scale rows between lateral line and pelvic-fin origin 4*(64) or 5(3). Scale rows around caudal peduncle 12(3), 13(24), 14*(36) or 15(4). Axillary scale on pelvic fin base extending posteriorly one or two scales. Scales along anal-fin base 9(4), 10(12), 11(24), 12(14), 13(6), 14(2), 15*(3) or 17(1).</p> <p>Counts based on six clear and stained specimens: supraneurals 4(4) or 5(2); abdominal vertebrae 15(5) or 16(1); caudal vertebrae 19(4) or 20(2).</p> <p> <b>Color in alcohol.</b> Overall ground coloration of body pale yellow, darker dorsally from head to caudal peduncle. Body with faint dark, sometimes silver, midlateral stripe usually forming black line along middle longitudinal body axis. Longitudinal stripe extending from region slightly anterior to vertical through dorsal-fin origin to caudal spot. Scale series above longitudinal line with darker chromatophores mostly on posterior border of scales, resulting in faint reticulated pattern. Abdominal region ventral to longitudinal line more lightly colored and without pigmentation. Caudal spot rounded, black, situated over posterior of caudal peduncle and base of middle caudal-fin rays, but falling short of upper or lower margin of peduncle. Fins mostly hyaline with scattered, sparse, dark chromatophores. Adipose fin unpigmented. Caudal fin with dark chromatophores along fin rays, except for clear areas on base of each caudal-fin lobe. Humeral region with triangular, dark area due to pseudotympanum in musculature (Fig. 10).</p> <p> <b>Sexual dimorphism.</b> Mature males of <i>S. tocantinensis</i> have hooks on the pelvic and anal-fin rays. The caudal peduncle is ventrally arched, as commonly observed in species of <i>Serrapinnus</i>. The hook bearing anal-fin rays are hypertrophied, expanded in the sagittal plane, and sometimes have fused ray segments. Adult males also have the last unbranched dorsal-fin ray and the first pelvic-fin ray elongated, sometimes in a short filament. The ventral procurrent caudal-fin rays are hypertrophied in mature males, and extend ventrally through the caudal peduncle muscles and skin (Figs. 2g –h, 4d, 10).</p> <p> <b>Distribution.</b> <i>Serrapinnus tocantinensis</i> is distributed throughout the rio Tocantins-Araguaia basin, from the upper to the lower portions of the system (Fig. 5d).</p> <p> <b>Etymology.</b> The species name, <i>tocantinensis</i>, refers to the restricted geographic distribution of the species to the rio Tocantins-Araguaia basin. A noun in apposition.</p>Published as part of <i>Malabarba, Luiz R. & Jerep, Fernando C., 2014, Review of the species of the genus Serrapinnus Malabarba, 1998 (Teleostei: Characidae: Cheirodontinae) from the rio Tocantins-Araguaia basin, with description of three new species, pp. 57-79 in Zootaxa 3847 (1)</i> on pages 71-75, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3847.1.3, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/4928753">http://zenodo.org/record/4928753</a>
Schooling and education.
No full textSchooling and education by Giles R. Wright with Howard L. Green and Lee R. Parks. Number 4 in the New Jersey Ethnic Life Series. Published by New Jersey Historical Commission
Mechanisms of cytokine signal transduction: IL-2, IL-4 and prolactin as hematopoietin receptor models
No full textCytokines, hormones and hematopoietic growth factors transduce biological signals across the cell membrane via a highly conserved family of single membrane-spanning receptors. The intracellular signal transducing machinery responsible for mediating these responses has remained largely unknown. However, recent identification of a homologous class of tyrosine kinases, Janus Kinases (JAKs), and a related family of transcription factors, signal transducers and activators of transcription (STATs), has shed new light on the molecular mechanisms responsible for mediating hematopoietin signaling and immune response. Current research efforts within the field of cytokine signaling have now shifted to understanding how these molecules are activated by hematopoietic receptors, positively and negatively regulated by kinases and phosphatases, and how they impact on gene transcription to ultimately coordinate cell homeostasis, proliferation and differentiation. This article will review some of our results identifying the involvement of JAKs, STATs, and secondary effector molecules activated following engagement of hematopoietic receptors for IL-2, IL-4, and prolactin. Here, we provide evidence for the ingenious ability of cytokine receptors to selectively recruit and activate these proteins among a repertoire of possible alternative biochemical messengers as a means to affect unique and general cell responses
Structural modifications of the active site in teicoplanin and related glycopeptides .2. Deglucoteicoplanin-derived tetrapeptide
No full textAppropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
No full textWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
De Maiestate / Praeside M. Jacobo Thomasio, Moralis Philosoph. P. P., publice disputabit Johannes Dunte, R. L. Author & Respon: ad diem 9. Septembr. H L. Q. C.
No full textDE MAIESTATE / PRAESIDE M. JACOBO THOMASIO, MORALIS PHILOSOPH. P. P., PUBLICE DISPUTABIT JOHANNES DUNTE, R. L. AUTHOR & RESPON: AD DIEM 9. SEPTEMBR. H L. Q. C.
De Maiestate / Praeside M. Jacobo Thomasio, Moralis Philosoph. P. P., publice disputabit Johannes Dunte, R. L. Author & Respon: ad diem 9. Septembr. H L. Q. C. (1)
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Ectrepopterus uruguayensis Fowler 1943
No full textEctrepopterus uruguayensis Fowler 1943 (Figs. 1–6; Table 2) Megalamphodus uruguayensis Fowler 1943: 313 (type locality: Uruguay, no further locality data available; type species of the subgenus Ectrepopterus by original designation and monotypy; mistyped also as Magalamphodus uruguayensis). Megalamphodus (Ectrepopterus) uruguayensis. Géry 1972: 14 (redescription of holotype). Megalamphodus uruguayensis. Géry 1977: 586 (in key). Hyphessobrycon uruguayensis. Weitzman and Palmer 1997: 234 (listed as a valid species probably belonging to the rosy tetra group). Thomaz et al. 2010 (phylogeny based on DNA sequences). Diagnosis. The same for the genus. The larger number of maxillary teeth (6–11) and the presence of longitudinal, wavy stripes laterally on body in larger specimens further distinguish this species from several characids. Description. Morphometric data are summarized in Table 2. Body compressed and elongate; greatest body depth near to dorsal-fin origin. Dorsal head profile nearly straight. Dorsal body profile convex from supraoccipital bone to base of last dorsal-fin ray and straight from this point to adipose-fin origin. Ventral profile of head smoothly convex. Ventral body profile slightly convex to nearly straight from pectoral-fin origin to pelvic-fin origin, and straight to anal-fin origin. Body profile along anal-fin base posterodorsally slanted. Caudal peduncle elongate, nearly straight to slightly concave along dorsal and ventral margins. tion. The range not includes the holotype. Mouth terminal, lower jaw projecting slightly more than upper jaw. Maxilla long and slightly curved aligned at angle of approximately 45 degrees relative to longitudinal body axis. Maxilla slightly widened anteroposteriorly, and extends to junction of infraorbital 2 and 3. Premaxilla with one or two tooth rows: outer row, when present, with one to two tricuspid teeth; inner row with six to seven tricuspid teeth (7 *), gradually decreasing in length from first to fourth or fifth teeth and last two smaller. Maxilla with six to eleven (8 *, mode = 10) tricuspidate teeth; and last five or six uni- to tricuspid teeth. Four or five anteriormost dentary teeth larger, tricuspid, followed by one or two medium sized tricuspid teeth, and eight to 13 teeth with one to three cusps. Central cusp in all teeth two to three times longer and broader than other cusps. All cusp tips slightly curved posteriorly towards oral cavity (Fig. 4). Dorsal-fin rays ii, 8–10 (ii, 9 *; n = 93; ii, 8 and ii, 10 in one specimen each); first unbranched ray approximately one-half length of second ray. Dorsal-fin origin located at middle of SL and posterior to vertical through pelvic-fin origin. Distal margin of dorsal fin slightly convex. Adipose-fin located approximately at vertical through insertion of last anal-fin ray. Pectoral-fin rays i, 10–12 * (mode = 10, n = 93). Pelvic-fin rays i, 6 or 7 * (mode = 7, n = 93). Pelvic-fin origin located anterior to vertical through dorsal-fin origin. Anal-fin rays iii–v, 19–26 (22 *, rarely 19 or 24–26, mode = 22, n = 93). First unbranched ray normally only apparent in cleared and stained specimens. Anal-fin origin posterior to vertical through base of last two dorsal-fin ray. Caudal-fin forked, lobes similar in size, with 18– 20 principal rays (19 *, two with 18 and one with 20, n = 92). Dorsal procurrent rays 9–11 (mode = 10, n = 10), and ventral procurrent rays 8–10 (mode = 9, n = 10). Scales cycloid, moderately large. Lateral line incomplete, perforated scales 5–9 (8 *, one specimen with 5 and one specimen with 9, mode = 6, n = 93). Longitudinal scale series including pored scales 32 *– 36 (mode = 33, n = 93). Scale rows between dorsal-fin origin and lateral line 6 or 7 * (mode = 6, n = 93); scale rows between lateral line and pelvic-fin origin 4–6 (5 *, mode = 5, n = 93). Predorsal scales 10 *– 13, arranged in regular series (mode = 11, n = 82). Scale rows around caudal peduncle 14 * (n = 93). Scale sheath along anal-fin base 6–12 (8 *, mode = 8) scales in single series, extending to base of fifth to tenth branched rays. Precaudal vertebrae 16 * or 17 (mode = 16, n = 11); caudal vertebrae 16 or 17 * (mode = 17, n = 11); total vertebrae 33 * or 34 (mode = 33, n = 11). Supraneurals 5 or 6 (mode = 6, n = 10). Gill rakers on upper limb of outer gill arch 5 or 6 (mode = 6), and on lower limb 9–11 (mode = 9, n = 10). Ventral extent of third infraorbital reaching horizontal arm of preopercle, but not reaching the laterosensory canal of preopercle. Fontanels forming slightly narrow groove; parietal little longer than frontal. Frontals not contacting anteriorly to frontal fontanel. Color in alcohol. The holotype is discolored, except for the humeral spot (Fig. 1). Color description based on non-type specimens (Fig. 5). Dorsal and dorsolateral portion of head and body pigmented dark brown. Scales on lateral and dorsal surface of body with scattered dark brown chromatophores. In some specimens larger than 35.0 mm SL the dorsal and ventral border of scales are dark brown pigmented forming a wavy, striped pattern between longitudinal rows of scales, more conspicuous in middle portion of body (Fig. 5). One narrow humeral spot vertically elongate, located over third to fourth lateral line scales and extending over two longitudinal series of scales above and below of lateral line. Midlateral body stripe very narrow extending from posterior middle region of body to base of median caudal-fin rays, wide and more densely pigmented on caudal peduncle forming a triangle spot. Anteriorly directed chevron-shaped marks along the midlateral body. Small black chromatophores scattered over rays of all fins. Caudal-fin rays darkened black in the distal portion. Adipose-fin smoothly dark black pigmented along the distal border. Color in life. Color pattern similar to described for alcohol preserved specimens. Overall body and head color pattern silvery to golden (Figs. 5 and 6). Chromatophores distribution pattern of head, body and fins as described above for alcohol preserved specimens. Eye with upper third of iris iridescent red. Dorsal fin yellowish. Pectoral fin hyaline. Pelvic fin orangish. Anal fin yellowish, more intense along proximal half of most anterior anal-fin rays. Adipose fin yellowish. Caudal fin yellowish, mostly at the proximal half of the dorsal and ventral caudal-fin lobes; middle caudal-fin rays and distal third portion or distal half of caudal-fin rays with dark black melanophores (Figs. 5 and 6). Wavy, striped pigmentation pattern along the scales is not clearly discernible in living specimens. Sexual dimorphism. Mature males of Ectrepopterus uruguayensis are recognized by the presence of small bony hooks on all rayed fins (absent in females). Mature males present bony hooks in the third distal portion of the first to fifth branched rays, and in the distal portion of all pectoral-fin rays. Pelvic fin usually bearing bony hooks along ventromedial border of the unbranched and first to fourth branched rays. Anal-fin rays bearing one small, elongate, retrorse bony hook along posterolateral border of each segment of lepidotrichia, usually along last unbranched ray to last branched ray, in the distal portion of all caudal-fin rays, and in the two posteriormost procurrent caudal-fin-rays. Hooks usually located along of distal portion of each ray. Anal-fin profile nearly straight in males and smoothly concave in females. The presence of bony hooks is often found in males, but only mature males (specimens larger than 33.0 mm SL) possess bony hooks on all rayed fins. Pectoral-fin tip reaching pelvic-fin origin in males but not in females. Pelvic-fin tip surpass anal-fin origin in males but not in females. Males and females also differ by anal-fin profile, which is nearly straight in males and smoothly concave in females. Gill glands were not found on first gill arch on both mature males and females. Distribution. Ectrepopterus uruguayensis occurs in the lower tributaries of the río Uruguay (río Cuareim, río Salto, and río Negro basins), and río de La Plata (río Santa Lucía and arroyo Pand), in Uruguay (Fig. 7). The Uruguay River basin in Brazil has been extensively sampled for the last 20 years, with intensive collecting undertaken in some localities, and so far there are no records of the species in this country. Menni (2004) listed Hyphessobrycon uruguayensis (= E. uruguayensis) for Argentina without any specific location or list of examined material. Ecological notes. Ectrepopterus uruguayensis inhabits streams, and occurs in semi-lentic and lotic shallow areas (up to 1.2 m deep) with moderate submerged vegetation and riparian vegetation composed by trees and shrubs or absent. The streams have transparent water, and bottom with mud, some stretches with sand or gravel. Water temperature measured during field work ranged from 10 to 30 °C, depending on the season. The pH was found around 7 in the neutral range. Keeping these conditions under consideration, Ectrepopterus uruguayensis can be easily kept in aquaria up to eight years. This species is usually collected in small numbers in natural habitats. Observations in aquaria (TOL) showed that, contrary to many other characids, it does not form schools, but rather specimens stay mainly alone, without showing territorial behavior. Material examined. All from Uruguay: ANSP 70331, holotype, female, 29.2 mm SL, 1935, F. Felippone. MCP 13080, 5 (1 c&s), 27.7–36.5 mm SL, arroyo Catalán, puente de la ruta 30, Artigas, ca. 30 º 50 ’S 56 º 14 ’W, 9 Jul 1987, L. H. Amato. MCP 31907, 3 (1 c&s), 33.3–39.7 mm SL, arroyo Salsipuedes, tributary of the río Tacuarembó, Tacuarembó, 32 º 20 ’ 39 ’’S 56 º 15 ’ 13 ’’W, 15 Aug 2002, P. Laurino et al. MCP 31915, 35.9 mm SL, arroyo Catalán Grande, Artigas, 30 º 50 ’ 40 ’’S 56 º 14 ’ 30 ’’W, 16 Aug 2002, P. Laurino et al. MCP 33504, 2, 30.2– 35.9 mm SL, arroyo Saucedo, Salto, 31 º06’ 28 ’’S 57 º 30 ’ 25 ’’W, 17 Mar 2003, P. Laurino et al. MCP 33505, 6 (2 c&s), 23.6–29.1 mm SL arroyo Palomas (loc 2), Salto, 31 º04’ 43 ’’S 57 º 37 ’ 26 ’’W, 17 Mar 2003, P. Laurino et al. MCP 33506, 4, 27.1–28.7 mm SL, arroyo Palomas (loc 1), Salto, ca. 31 º03’ 16 ’’S 57 º 37 ’ 43 ’’W, 17 Mar 2003, P. Laurino et al. MCP 33507, 4, 25.5–33.3 mm SL, arroyo Cardoso, San José, 34 º 24 ’ 50 ’’S 56 º 26 ’ 49 ’’W, 23 Mar 2003, E. Lartigau et al. MCP 36790, 33.8 mm SL, arroyo Pando, Canelones, 34 º 44 ’ 19 ”S 54 º 56 ’ 27 ”W, 26 Aug 2004, P. Laurino et al. MCP 36791, 2, 38.7–42.1 mm SL, creek near Paso de San Borja, Durazno, 33 º 24 ’ 57 ”S 56 º 25 ’ 57 ”W, 22 Aug 2004, P. Laurino et al. MCP 36792, 35.6 mm SL, arroyo Pando, Canelones, 34 º 42 ’ 12 ”S 55 º 56 ’ 43 ”W, 31 Aug 2004, T. O. Litz et al. MCP 36795, 13, 29.2–43.4 mm SL, ditch between arroyo Salsipuedes and ruta 5 Km 289.5, tributary of the rio Tacuarembó, Tacuarembó, 32 º 29 ’ 13 ”S 56 º 22 ’ 44 ”W, 22 Aug 2004, P. Laurino et al. MCP 36796, 8, 28.8–35.8 mm SL, arroyo Catalán Grande, Artigas, 30 º 50 ’ 40 ”S 56 º 14 ’ 30 ”W, 23 Aug 2004, P. Laurino et al.; MTD-F 27461 –27466, 6, 25.9–35.6 mm SL, arroyo Palomas (loc 2), Salto, 31 º04’ 43 ’’S 57 º 37 ’ 26 ’’W, 17 Mar 2003, P. Laurino et al. UFRGS 7169, 4, 29.0–32.0 mm SL, arroyo Mestre de Campo, on road to Polanco of YI, drainage of río YI, Durazno, 33 º 24 ’ 55 ’’S 56 º 12 ’06’’W, 29 May 2005, L. R. Malabarba et al. UFRGS 7170, 11, 30.2 –40.0 mm SL, arroyo affluent to arroyo Mestre de Campo, on road to Polanco of YI, drainage of río YI, Durazno, 33 º 23 ’S 56 º 13 ’W, 29 May 2005, L. R. Malabarba et al. UFRGS 7171, 23, 36.2–44.5 mm SL, arroyo on road 26 ca. 59 km of Melo, between arroyos Saule and Fratile Muerto, Melo, 32 º 17 ’ 39 ’’S 54 º 44 ’ 59 ’’W, 28 May 2005, L. R. Malabarba et al. UFRGS 7172, 2, 36.4–39.6 mm SL, marginal pool and arroyo Corrales, on road 27, drainage of río Tacuarembó, Rivera, 31 º 23 ’ 26 ’’S 55 º 15 ’ 14 ’’W, 27 May 2005, L. R. Malabarba et al. UFRGS 7343, 1, 36.7 mm SL, río Caraguatá, río Tacuarembó basin, Tacuarembó, 32 º09’ 29 ”S 55 º01’ 27 ”W, 28 May 2005, L. R. Malabarba et al. UFRGS 7474, 30.6 mm SL, arroyo Cuñapiru, río Tacuarembó basin, km 12.3 road 27, Rivera, Rivera, 3102 ’ 21 ”S 5529 ’ 31 ”W, 27 May 2005, L. R. Malabarba et al. UFRGS 7506, 47.9 mm SL; UFRGS 10564, 2 ethyl alcohol anhydrous, 38.2 – 40.0 mm SL, arroyo on road 26 about 59 km of Melo, Cerro Largo, 32 º 17 ’ 39 ”S 54 º 44 ’ 59 ”W, 28 May 2005, L. R. Malabarba et al. UFRGS 7767, 3, 37.2–40.5 mm SL, arroyo Cuaró Grande on road 4, tributary of río Quaraí, Artigas, Artigas, 30 º 47 ’03”S 56 º 46 ’ 54 ”W, 8 Sep 2005, L. R. Malabarba et al. UFRGS 7785, 1, 37.1 mm SL; UFRGS 12345, 1 ethyl alcohol anhydrous, 38.2 mm SL, arroyo Carpinchuri, tributary of río Uruguay on road 3, Paysandu, Paysandu, 31 º 40 ’ 38 ”S 57 º 53 ’ 30 ”W, 20 Sep 2005, L. R. Malabarba et al. UFRGS 7899, 1, 39.7 mm SL, arroyo Chapicuy Chico, tributary of río Uruguay on road 3, Paysandu, Paysandu, 31 º 37 ’ 20 ”S 57 º 52 ’ 51 ”W, 10 Sep 2005, L. R. Malabarba et al. UFRGS 7909, 9, 33.1–40.2 mm SL, cañada Cecilia on road 3, km 512, Salto, Salto, 31 º 16 ’01”S 57 º 46 ’ 42 ”W, 9 Sep 2005, L. R. Malabarba et al. UFRGS 7918, 2, 38.9–44.4 mm SL, cañada on road 4, tributary of río Queguay Grande, Paysandu, Paysandu, 32 º 12 ’ 25 ”S 57 º 12 ’ 47 ”W, 10 Sep 2005, L. R. Malabarba et al. UFRGS 7945, 36.9 mm SL, cañada on road 4, tributary of río Queguay Chico, Paysandu, Paysandu, 32 º01’ 57 ”S 57 º 19 ’ 30 ”W, 10 Sep 2005, L. R. Malabarba et al. UFRGS 7985, 53, 29.8–44.3 mm SL, arroyo Guaviyú on road 3, tributary of río Uruguay, Artigas, Artigas, 30 º 37 ’ 51 ”S 57 º 41 ’ 18 ”W, 9 Sep 2005, L. R. Malabarba et al. UFRGS 8009, 40.2 mm SL, arroyo los Chanchos on road 3, río Daymán basin, Paysandu, Paysandu, 31 º 28 ’ 34 ”S 57 º 54 ’06”W, 10 Sep 2005, L. R. Malabarba et al. UFRGS 8073, 9, 33.5–42.9 mm SL, arroyo de las Tunas on road 31, tributary of río Arapey Grande, Salto, Salto, 31 º 20 ’04”S 57 º 19 ’ 36 ”W, 8 Sep 2005, L. R. Malabarba et al. UFRGS 8105, 2, 42.3–46.4 mm SL, arroyo on road 4, tributary of río Valentin Grande, Salto, Salto, 31 º 16 ’ 32 ”S 57 º09’ 22 ”W, 8 Sep 2005, L. R. Malabarba et al. UFRGS 8578, 27 (4 c&s), 39.3–40.8 mm SL, arroyo Tala on road 31 between Salto city and Artigas, 31 º 23 ’09’’S 57 º 33 ’ 46 ’’W, L. R. Malabarba et al. UFRGS 10973, ethyl alcohol anhydrous, 32.8 mm SL, arroyo Tala on road 31, tributary of río Uruguay, Salto, Salto, 31 º 23 ’09”S 57 º 33 ’ 46 ”W, 8 Sep 2005, L. R. Malabarba et al. UFRGS 11129, 2 ethyl alcohol anhydrous, 33.3–38.9 mm SL, arroyo Corrales and lateral puddles on road 27, río Tacuarembó basin, Rivera, Rivera, 31 º 23 ’ 26 ”S 55 º 15 ’ 14 ”W, 27 May 2005, L. R. Malabarba et al. ZVC-P 423, 8, 28.8–38.8 mm SL, arroyo Bolón, tributary of the arroyo Tomás Cuadra, río Negro drainage, ca. 33 º 12 ’S 56 º 10 ’W, E. Messner. ZVC-P 1464, 16 (2 c&s), 31.3–47.4 mm SL, arroyo Higuera, tributary of the arroyo Carpinteria, río Negro drainage, Tacuarembó, ca. 31 º 45 ’S 55 º 13 ’W, 5 Oct 1959, E. Messner. ZVC-P 1769, 31.8 mm SL, río Santa Lucía, Arequita, Levalleja, ca. 34 º 20 ’S 55 º 15 ’W, Carbonell. ZVC-P 2975, 4, 25.6– 27.5 mm SL, Estancia San Francisco, 5 km W from Casupá, Florida, ca. 34 º05’S 55 º 40 ’W, 12 Apr 1981, E. Lessa & D. Lisandro. ZVC-P 5267, 53, 16.1–24.3 mm SL, arroyo Mahoma Chico, tributary of the río San José, San José, ca. 34 º02’S 56 º 58 ’W, 4 Jan 1953.Published as part of Malabarba, Luiz R., Bertaco, Vinicius A., Carvalho, Fernando R. & Litz, Thomas O., 2012, Revalidation of the genus Ectrepopterus Fowler (Teleostei: Characiformes), with the redescription of its type species, E. uruguayensis, pp. 47-60 in Zootaxa 3204 on pages 50-56, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.21006
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