1,188 research outputs found
Jüri Okas’ ‘specific objects’: diverging discourses in Estonian Art in the 1970s.
No full textPreviously in the University eprints HAIRST pilot service at http://eprints.st-andrews.ac.uk/archive/00000367/Article 3 of 6 in issue devoted to the visual culture of the Scandinavian and Baltic region.This article will look at the early works of Estonian architect and artist Jüri Okas and will try to work between diverging languages and interpretations, reading works by Okas against the background of Anglo-american conceptualism and minimalism of the same period. The first part of the paper will analyse a print by Jüri Okas that paraphrases works by the American artist Donald Judd and will try to show how Okas’ concept of minimalism differed from the Western one and the reasons behind it. The second part of the paper will focus on a conceptual book by Jüri Okas, consisting of a series of photographs of everyday and banal architectural objects, and compare it to Rober Venturi’s book on Complexity and Contradiction in Architecture. Finally, a comparison will be made with works of Robert Smithson in the context of concepts of waste, excess and the remainders of industrial civilisationPostprin
Kadızâde Mehmed Efendi’nin Va’d ve Vaid Risâlesi
No full textKadızade Arif b. Mehmed Erzurumi (1173/1760) 18. Yüzyıl İslam alimlerindend.ir. İslam.i ilirnlerin çeşitli alanlarında eserler veren Kadızade Mehmed Arif Efendi Kelam sahasında da eserler yazmıştır. Onun Kelam alanında yazdığı eserlerden birisi Süleymaniye Kütüphanesi Nafız Paşa bölümü nr. 1502'de kayıtlı Ristiletün fi'l-va'd ve'! vaid adlı kısa risalesidir. Talik yazısıyla istinsah edilmiş olan bu risale 48 ve 49 varakları arasında kayıtlıdır.1 K~dızade Mehmed Arif Efendi'nin Va'd ve vaid risalesirıin değerlendirilmesine geçmeden önce Mu'tezile ve Ehl-i Sünnetin bu konudaki görüşlerinin özedenmesi, risaleyi daha iyi anlarnarmza katlı sağlayacaktır. Risaleiıin anlaşılması bunu gerektirmektedir. Va'd ve va1d ilkesini benimsernelerinden dolayı Kelam tarihinde kendilerine Vaidiyye ismi de verilen Mu'tezilenin ve ona alternatif olarak gelişen Ehl-i Sünnetin bu konudaki görüşlerinin bilinmesi bu bakımdan önem arz etmektedir. </p
Testing the weighted salience model of conceptual combination
No full textIn two experiments the Weighted Salience Model (WSM) of conceptual combination was examined. Several of the hypotheses set forth in the WSM were evaluated, including the importance of salience of constituent features, differential interpretation strategies based on similarity, an initial reliance on the modifier as opposed to the head, and a context effect of salience reorganization. Results confirmed that the hierarchy of output dominance within constituent features was important in determining features in final combinations. Additionally, similar pairs were defined with property interpretations more frequently than were dissimilar pairs, and dissimilar pairs were defined with relation interpretations more frequently than were similar pairs. Context effects were demonstrated through the finding that target features were found more often in primed than unprimed pairs. The hypothesis of modifier superiority was not confirmed. These findings indicate that the WSM adds to the current understanding of conceptual combination through a reliance on output dominance and the importance of context. Despite these strengths, changes to the WSM may be necessary if future studies fail to support the importance of the modifier over the head noun
Kadızâde Mehmed Efendi’nin Va’d ve Vaid Risâlesi
No full textKadızade Arif b. Mehmed Erzurumi (1173/1760) 18. Yüzyıl İslam alimlerindend.ir. İslam.i ilirnlerin çeşitli alanlarında eserler veren Kadızade Mehmed Arif Efendi Kelam sahasında da eserler yazmıştır. Onun Kelam alanında yazdığı eserlerden birisi Süleymaniye Kütüphanesi Nafız Paşa bölümü nr. 1502'de kayıtlı Ristiletün fi'l-va'd ve'! vaid adlı kısa risalesidir. Talik yazısıyla istinsah edilmiş olan bu risale 48 ve 49 varakları arasında kayıtlıdır.1 K~dızade Mehmed Arif Efendi'nin Va'd ve vaid risalesirıin değerlendirilmesine geçmeden önce Mu'tezile ve Ehl-i Sünnetin bu konudaki görüşlerinin özedenmesi, risaleyi daha iyi anlarnarmza katlı sağlayacaktır. Risaleiıin anlaşılması bunu gerektirmektedir. Va'd ve va1d ilkesini benimsernelerinden dolayı Kelam tarihinde kendilerine Vaidiyye ismi de verilen Mu'tezilenin ve ona alternatif olarak gelişen Ehl-i Sünnetin bu konudaki görüşlerinin bilinmesi bu bakımdan önem arz etmektedir. </p
TOT: the association strength heuristic
No full textThree experiments were conducted to examine the effect of association strength on TOT (tip-of-the-tongue states) and recall. Two hundred nineteen undergraduate students studied pictures and names of 24 imaginary animals that were presented on a large computer screen. The strength of association between the cue and target was manipulated by varying the number of times the picture and the name were presented simultaneously, while keeping the number of presentations for each picture or the target constant across conditions. After the study phase, participants were cued by each picture to recall the imaginary animal names. Participants were asked to rate their strength of TOT on a scale ranging 0 to 3 for each item if they could not think of the name at the moment. Participants also made subjective judgments as to how many times they saw the picture and name of the animal co-occur on the same screen at the study phase, and then they performed a recognition test at the end. The results indicated that the frequency and strength of TOTs linearly increased as a function of number of co-occurrences; the correlation between TOT strength and the participants??
subjective estimation of number of co-occurrences was greater than the correlation between TOT strength and the actual number of co-occurrences. This pattern of results was found even when recall increased along with the increase in number of co-occurrences and was more pronounced particularly when recall was reduced either by interference (Experiment 1) or by increased number of critical items (Experiments 2 & 3) and also by a reduced number of co-occurrence conditions and an increased gap between one level to the next (Experiment 3). Results suggest that an increase in association strength concomitantly increases TOT strength especially when the activation of the target is under threshold for recall and that people may use rules of thumb, or heuristic when they report TOTs by estimating the strength of the cue-target association
Loffienema Shah, Allie, Vaid & Handoo 2018
No full text<i>Loffienema</i> Shah, Allie, Vaid & Handoo, 2018 <p> Genus characterized by having tubular stoma with poorly developed valvular apparatus, pharynx with swollen metacorpus, female reproductive system didelphic-amphidelphic, female tail conoid-elongate, male tail leptoderan with anteriorly open bursa with reduced velum having spaced bursal papillae, appearing one genital papillae very anterior to bursa (1+3/2+2+2), and spicules with rounded manubrium, very narrow calamus and fusiform lamina. This morphology agrees perfectly with the members of the genus <i>Haematozoon</i> Leisering, 1865, which was restored by Sudhaus (2011), especially with <i>H. subulatum</i> (Leisering, 1865) Sudhaus, 2011 described by Osche (1952) as <i>Rhabditis</i> (<i>Telorhabditis</i>) <i>inermiformis</i> Osche, 1952, its junior synonym.</p> <p> The authors that propose the creation of the <i>Loffienema</i> genera did not compare their species with the members of the genus <i>Haematozoon</i>, which agrees perfectly, having identical stoma, spicules, bursa and genital papillae arrangement, its main diagnostic characters. These authors drawn spicules with heart-like manubrium but this character is no visible in the light microscopy pictures provided by them, being clearly rounded (Fig. 2H in Shah <i>et al.</i>, 2018), Thus, <i>Loffienema</i> is proposed as a junior synonym of <i>Haematozoon</i>.</p> <p> The only species described, <i>L. dhanoriensis</i> Shah, Allie, Vaid & Handoo, 2018, is very similar to <i>Haematozoon subulatum</i> Leisering, 1865 described as <i>Rhabditis inermiformis</i> by Osche (1952) and as <i>Rhabditoides zocchi</i> by Marinari-Palmisano (1967), both their junior synonyms. However, its body size is smaller (784–841 µm in females and 773–792 µm in males <i>vs</i> 1500–2000 µm in type females and 1200–1500 µm in type males of <i>Haematozoon subulatum</i>, 1196 –2000 µm in females and 1265-1530 µm in males of <i>R. inermiformis</i>, and 937–1234 µm in females and 819–1089 µm in males of <i>R. zochii</i>), shorter and wider stomatal tube (3.6 longer than wide <i>vs</i> 6.6 times in <i>R. inermiformis</i> and 8.5 times in <i>R. zochii</i>, unfortunately, this character was not illustrated in detail in the type population), and shorter spicules (46–47 µm <i>vs</i> 60–69 µm in <i>R. inermiformis</i> and 55–61 µm in <i>R. zochii</i>). On the other hand, with respect to the second species of the genus, <i>Haematozoon giardi</i> (Maupas, 1915) Sudhaus, 2011, <i>L. dhanoriensis</i> also maintains smaller morphometry (1344–2030 µm in females, 1000–1573 µm in males, stomatal tube 8.8 times longer than wide, and spicules 52–57 µm). Although, <i>L. dhanoriensis</i> could be synonymized with some of these species, its smaller size makes it slightly different. Thus, the species is transferred to the genus <i>Haematozoon</i> as <i>H. dhanoriense</i> (Shah, Allie, Vaid & Handoo, 2018) n. comb.</p>Published as part of <i>Abolafia, Joaquín, 2023, A proposal to synonymize Loffienema with Haematozoon, Quercorhabditis with Diploscapteroides, and Stegorhabditis with Stomachorhabditis (Nematoda Rhabditida, Rhabditomorpha), including keys to species identification, pp. 231-238 in Zootaxa 5258 (2)</i> on pages 231-232, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5258.2.5, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/7777125">http://zenodo.org/record/7777125</a>
Effects of context encoding and cuing: tests of the outshining and overshadowing hypotheses
No full textThe following experiments looked at how encoding information and available
cues at test can influence context effects. More specifically, the present experiments
investigated the overshadowing and outshining hypotheses. Experiment 1 established a
new method for attaining robust reinstatement effects by using movie scenes.
Experiment 2 found support for the outshining hypothesis. So, if verbal and contextual
cues were encoded and verbal cues were present at test, then context reinstatement
through the reinstatement of the movie scenes would have little effect on memory.
However, in the absence of verbal cues at test, significant context effects were found
showing that the verbal cues were able to outshine the context (i.e., the movie scenes).
Experiment 3 extended the outshining hypothesis by showing that strengthening the
association between the verbal cues and the target items led to greater outshining of the
movie scenes by the verbal cues. Experiment 4 looked at the overshadowing hypothesis
and showed that if the context (i.e., the movie scenes) was not encoded well, but the
verbal cues were then the context was overshadowed by the verbal cues. Further, if the
association between the verbal cue and target items was encoded, then the overshadowing effect was greater as compared to cases where the association between
the two items was not encoded. Finally, Experiment 5 found that if context was well
encoded but verbal cues were not well encoded then the verbal cues were overshadowed
by the context. It was also found that encoding the association between the context and
target led to a more robust overshadowing effect as compared to cases where the
association was not encoded
Exploring figurative language processing in bilinguals: the metaphor interference effect
No full textWhile studies suggest that figurative, or non-literal, meanings are automatically activated in single language users, little is known about how language proficiency may influence the automaticity of non-literal meaning activation. The present research sought to address this issue by comparing figurative language activation in Spanish-English bilinguals. An interference paradigm (Glucksberg, Gildea & Bookin, 1982) was used in which participants were to judge the literal truth or falsity of statements of the form Some Xs are Ys. Judgments on this task are typically slower to statements that, though literally false, are metaphorically true (e.g., Some lawyers are sharks), suggesting that metaphorical meanings are non-optionally activated (at least in single language users). The present research involved four experiments: Experiment 1 conducted with English-speaking monolinguals, replicated the metaphor interference effect; in Experiment 2 the effect was replicated in English-dominant and in balanced bilinguals tested only in English. Experiment 3 conducted with bilinguals tested in both languages, showed that the metaphor interference effect was not obtained in either language in English-dominant bilinguals and was obtained in Spanish only in the balanced group. The findings from Experiments 1 and 2 support the view that nonliteral (metaphoric) meanings are automatically accessed in monolinguals and bilinguals alike. Experiment 3 involved a fewer number of metaphor trials per language, raising the possibility that this procedural difference may have led to a weakening of the metaphor interference effect. This possibility was directly tested in Experiment 4, conducted with English-speaking monolinguals presented with the same number of metaphor trials as the bilinguals in Experiment 3. The results showed a clear metaphor interference, even with the reduced number of trials. As such, the findings of Experiment 3, where a metaphor interference effect was obtained only for Spanish items, are somewhat equivocal: at face value, they suggest that the effect is modulated by language proficiency. Alternatively, the metaphor interference effect may turn out to be present in both languages, but may simply have been obscured by variability owing to the small sample size per language order. Which of these two interpretations turns out to be valid will depend on additional testing. Implications of the present findings for theories of the organization of the bilingual representational system are addressed
The role of emergent features in metaphor comprehension
No full textVita.Theories of metaphor differ in their predictions about what types of features will be present in a metaphor's interpretation. To test competing views, subjects in Experiment 1 were asked to list attributes of words in isolation (WORD), or in metaphoric statements. In the latter, they listed attributes of individual topic or vehicle words (SENTENCE), attributes shared by topics and vehicles (SHARE) or attributes of the vehicles that described the topics (ATTRIBUTE). Subjects' lists of attributes in the SHARE and ATTRIBUTE Conditions contained more emergent features (unique to the SHARE or ATTRIBUTE list) than common features (present in both WORD and SHARE or ATTRIBUTE lists). Few common features were listed. Subjects' rankings indicated common and emergent features were similar in importance for the metaphor. In metaphor interpretations (ATTRIBUTE Conditions), common features were more important to the vehicle than the topic of the metaphor. The specific content of emergent features depended more upon the vehicle than the topic. SENTENCE Condition subjects, who were told to attend to a specific word rather than the whole metaphor, found it difficult to suppress changes in word representations produced by metaphor. Experiment 2 subjects produced interpretations of Experiment 1 metaphors and rated their confidence that others would interpret the metaphor as they had. They also rated ease of interpretation, degree of metaphoricity, metaphor goodness, familiarity, and semantic similarity of topic and vehicle. Confidence ratings and actual interpretation overlap were positively correlated, indicating subjects were fairly accurate in determining when their interpretations were similar to others'. Metaphors rated high in confidence and interpretation overlap were also rated high in goodness, familiarity, ease of interpretation, and semantic similarity, but low in metaphoricity. Metaphors with higher numbers of common features in Experiment 1 were rated as very literal. Metaphors with many emergent features in Experiment 1 had low interpretation overlap scores..
FIGURE 2. Quercorhabditis rajouriensis gen. n in Description of Quercorhabditis rajouriensis gen. n., sp. n. (Nematoda: Rhabditidae)
No full textFIGURE 2. Quercorhabditis rajouriensis gen. n, sp. n. A. Pharyngeal region; B–E Stoma showing heavily cuticularized cheilostom; F. Pharyngeal region showing excretory pore; G. Female genital tract; H. Testis; I. Rectum; J. Female posterior region (arrows showing phasmids). K. Male posterior region showing spicules and gubernaculum; L–M. Male posterior region showing caudal papillae (arrow showing dorsal arm in spicules); N. Lateral lines; O. Punctations.Published as part of Shah, Ali Asghar, Hussain, Abid & Vaid, Shavish, 2013, Description of Quercorhabditis rajouriensis gen. n., sp. n. (Nematoda: Rhabditidae), pp. 385-390 in Zootaxa 3630 (2) on page 389, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3630.2.13, http://zenodo.org/record/21960
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