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Jorge Aguilar ( R ), Mexican Consul, invites Ill. Gov. William Stratton to attend the Chicago Celebration of the 150th anniversary of Mexico's independence (photograph)
No full textPhoto labeled: "HXPO91208-9.12.Chicago: Jorge Aguilar ( R ), Mexican Consul, invites Ill. Gov. William Stratton to attend the Chicago Celebration of the 150th anniversary of Mexico's independence Sept. 15. L-R: Jose Alvarado, G.I. Forum, Samuel Witwer, GOP candidate for U.S. Senate, Mrs. Stratten, State Rep. August J. Ruf and Mr. Aguilar. (UPI Telephoto
Florence Nightingale diagrams of deaths in England & Wales
No full textWhen time-series data is plotted as a normal x-y plot with the time variable along the x axis it is difficult to identify seasonality or other factors that may influence the data.
Florence Nightingale used a form of radial plots to display data from the Crimean War and to demonstrate that better hygiene would reduce the death rate amongst soldiers could be reduced by better hygiene.
Plotting the weekly numbers of deaths using this radial form demonstrates the variability during the first months of the year – deaths from “Aussie flu” in the first weeks of 2018. The increase in the number of deaths from the first week in April 2020 can clearly be seen.
Radial plots are available in all the main stats packages (Radar plots in Excel, several procedures in R, proc gradar in SAS, RADAR in STATA)
Bolus tube feeding suppresses food intake and circulating ghrelin concentrations in healthy subjects in a short-term placebo-controlled trial
No full textBackground: previous investigations suggest continuous tube feeding (TF) schedules do not suppress appetite and food intake, but bolus TF has been little studied. OBJECTIVE: We tested the hypothesis that 1) bolus TF does not suppress appetite and food intake and 2) there is no interrelation between food intake and appetite mediators (including ghrelin). Design: a single-blind, placebo-controlled trial within which 6 healthy men [body mass index (in kg/m(2)): 21.1 +/- 1.61] received 3 d of bolus TF (6.93 +/- 0.38 MJ/d of 4.18 kJ/mL multinutrient feed). For 2 d before and after TF, placebo boluses (<0.4 MJ/d) were given by tube. Hourly tracking of appetite, weighed measurements of daily ad libitum food intake, and metabolic and hormonal (including ghrelin) measurements were undertaken. Results: total energy intake was significantly increased with bolus TF (18.2 +/- 1.86 MJ; P = 0.0005) despite a partial reduction in food intake compared with placebo periods (P = 0.013) and during the TF period (by 15%; P = 0.007). There was little change in hunger and fullness with bolus TF, and within-day temporal patterns did not differ whether TF or placebo was given. Changes in fasting concentrations of ghrelin (1003.6-756.0 pmol/L; P = 0.013) and other mediators (including leptin, insulin, and glucose) were significantly related to subsequent daily food intake (eg, ghrelin: r(2) = 0.81, P = 0.022). Conclusions: in this short-term study, subjects maintained appetite ratings during bolus TF by a significant reduction in food intake and changes in ghrelin and some appetite mediators related to subsequent daily food intake. Longer-term studies are required to fully ascertain the effect of TF on appetite, food intake, and appetite mediators<br/
UKPDS 18: estimated dietary intake in type 2 diabetic patients randomly allocated to diet, sulphonylurea or insulin therapy. UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group.
No full textSelf-reported dietary intake was estimated from 3-day prospective food diaries completed by Type 2 diabetic patients in the UK Prospective Diabetes Study. All patients had received individual dietary advice and had been randomly allocated to diet, sulphonylurea or insulin therapy 3 months after diagnosis. A total of 132 patients (120 white Caucasian, 12 Asian) stratified for gender, obesity and allocated therapy with mean age 55 years (SD 8), body mass index 28 kg m-2 (SD 4), and with a diabetes duration of 3 to 6 years were selected at random from 5 of 23 clinical centres. Patients reported a similar proportion of their energy intake as carbohydrate (43%) to the general population and had not increased to the recommended 50-55%. Their protein intake (21%) was higher than the advised 10-15%. Estimated energy intake from fat (37%) was close to that recommended for diabetic patients (30-35%) and was lower than that reported for the UK population (40%). The estimated polyunsaturated/saturated fat intake ratio (0.48) was higher than that reported for the UK population (0.35) compared with the recommended 1.0. Mean fibre intake at 22 g day-1 was less than the recommended 30 g day-1. The 8 male Asian patients took a higher proportion of their dietary intake as fat (46% vs 37%) and lower as protein (14% vs 21%) than the male white Caucasian patients. No significant differences were seen in estimated nutrient constituents between patients allocated to diet, sulphonylurea or insulin therapy as part of the UK Prospective Diabetes Study and followed for mean 4.2 years (SD1.6). This suggests that dietary factors will not confound UK Prospective Diabetes Study treatment related analyses
The use of statistical methodology to determine the accuracy of grading within a diabetic retinopathy screening programme
No full textAIMS:
We aimed to use longitudinal data from an established screening programme with good quality assurance and quality control procedures and a stable well-trained workforce to determine the accuracy of grading in diabetic retinopathy screening.
METHODS:
We used a continuous time-hidden Markov model with five states to estimate the probability of true progression or regression of retinopathy and the conditional probability of an observed grade given the true grade (misclassification). The true stage of retinopathy was modelled as a function of the duration of diabetes and HbA1c .
RESULTS:
The modelling dataset consisted of 65 839 grades from 14 187 people. The median number [interquartile range (IQR)] of examinations was 5 (3, 6) and the median (IQR) interval between examinations was 1.04 (0.99, 1.17) years. In total, 14 227 grades (21.6%) were estimated as being misclassified, 10 592 (16.1%) represented over-grading and 3635 (5.5%) represented under-grading. There were 1935 (2.9%) misclassified referrals, 1305 were false-positive results (2.2%) and 630 were false-negative results (11.0%). Misclassification of background diabetic retinopathy as no detectable retinopathy was common (3.4% of all grades) but rarely preceded referable maculopathy or retinopathy.
CONCLUSION:
Misclassification between lower grades of retinopathy is not uncommon but is unlikely to lead to significant delays in referring people for sight-threatening retinopathy
The Broken Bow News
No full textWeekly newspaper from Broken Bow, Oklahoma that includes local, state, and national news along with advertising
The Broken Bow News
No full textWeekly newspaper from Broken Bow, Oklahoma that includes local, state, and national news along with advertising
Delay in diabetic retinopathy screening increases the rate of detection of referable diabetic retinopathy.
No full textAIMS: To assess whether there is a relationship between delay in retinopathy screening after diagnosis of type 2 diabetes and level of retinopathy detected. METHODS: Patients were referred from 88 primary care practices to an English National Health Service diabetic eye screening programme. Data for screened patients were extracted from the primary care databases using semi-automated data collection algorithms supplemented by validation processes. The programme uses two-field mydriatic digital photographs graded by a quality assured team. RESULTS: Data were available for 8183 screened patients with diabetes newly diagnosed in 2005, 2006 or 2007. Only 163 with type 1 diabetes were identified and were insufficient for analysis. Data were available for 8020 with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes. Of these, 3569 were screened within 6 months, 2361 between 6 and 11 months, 1058 between 12 and 17 months, 366 between 18 and 23 months, 428 between 24 and 35 months, and 238 at 3 years or more after diagnosis. There were 5416 (67.5%) graded with no retinopathy, 1629 (20.3%) with background retinopathy in one eye, 753 (9.4%) with background retinopathy in both eyes and 222 (2.8%) had referable diabetic retinopathy. There was a significant trend (P = 0.0004) relating time from diagnosis to screening detecting worsening retinopathy. Of those screened within 6 months of diagnosis, 2.3% had referable retinopathy and, 3 years or more after diagnosis, 4.2% had referable retinopathy. CONCLUSIONS: The rate of detection of referable diabetic retinopathy is elevated in those who were not screened promptly after diagnosis of type 2 diabetes
UKPDS58: modeling glucose exposure as a risk factor for photocoagulation in type 2 diabetes
No full textIn type 2 diabetes, the risk of retinopathy, and of retinal photocoagulation, rises with time after diagnosis of diabetes. In this paper, mathematical modeling shows that this ageing effect is attributable to the rise in glycemia with time since diagnosis of diabetes. Mathematical models were fitted to data from 3648 patients from the UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS). A proportional hazards model, in which time and glycemia measured by HbA1c are independent risk factors for photocoagulation, was compared to a model in which time does not contribute except through a measure of cumulative glucose exposure. Since likelihood ratio tests cannot be applied to non-nested models, graphical methods were used to compare the two models. The glucose exposure model was able to fit variation in survival with time at least as well as the proportional hazards model. The proportional hazards model, however, seriously underestimates the differences in two groups of different mean HbA1c. We conclude that duration of diabetes and HbA1c level better predict risk for photocoagulation when treated as two components of cumulative glucose exposure, than when treated as independent risk factors.</p
Gendered bodies and objects in a mortuary domain: Comparative analysis of Durankulak cemetery
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