110 research outputs found
SPATIAL DIMENSION OF SOCIAL EXCLUSION. AN IMPERIAL INVESTIGATION INTO THE RELATIONSHIP OF HOUSING AND SOCIAL EXCLUSION IN THE SLUMS OF DHAKA CITY
No full textSlums are perceived to be heavily populated urban areas characterized by inadequate access to safe water, hygienic sanitation, urban roads, legitimate power supply, poor structural quality of housing and insecure residential status. From that perspective, slums are the clear manifestation of urban poverty. This article emphasize that slums are not just simple expression of poverty but there is a causal process that leads to poverty and inequality. It is not a mere static state describing the inequality rather it is an outcome of structural process causing a chain of disadvantages and deprivations of the community living in the slums. In view of this, this article commences by outlining the key elements of housing in slums and through empirical findings summarises how each of these elements relate to the processes and outcomes involved in social exclusion. Findings from questionnaire interview and in-depth discussion with slum dwellers tend to lend credence to the drawing of a spatial margin of social exclusion. It is understood that slum dwellers’ socio-economic deprivation is closely related with housing elements that further leads to their segregation in social and economic life - thus invigorating a vicious cycle. The systematic exploitation, material deprivation leads to social and economic marginalization of the poor people and results in greater vulnerability of this marginalized group.Social Exclusion, spatial dimension, slums, Dhaka, Housing.
METROPOLITAN GOVERNMENT AND IMPROVEMENT POTENTIALS OF URBAN BASIC SERVICES GOVERNANCE IN DHAKA CITY, BANGLADESH: RHETORIC OR REALITY?
No full textUrban basic services, namely water supply and sewerage, power supply, telecommunication, road network etc. are the prerequisites for city living. Efficiency in managing and maintaining urban basic services ultimately dictates the quality of an urban government. In the last three decades, Dhaka‘s urban basic services governance has been tumbling behind the required standard. Specially, in the last five/six years the situation has reached to an alarming state— resulting to a high degree of inconvenience in urban living and loss of potentials in city economy. Frequent malfunctioning, limited capacity to expand, bureaucratic complexity in availing services, lack of public accountability etc. are some of the common characteristics of urban basic services in Dhaka. There is a general understanding in the concerned sphere that fragmented mode of governing these has attributed the service environment with a complex texture. In fact, fragmentation contributed in terms of multiparty involvement, overlapping of responsibility, obsolete organizational planning, monopoly management etc. Presently, Dhaka‘s urban basic services governance can‘t assure better living, competitive business environment and sustainable economic growth. As a potential remedy, adoption of a general purpose ?metropolitan government? mechanism with prerogatives to plan, develop, maintain service provisions; adequately command the service providers; govern development initiatives; realize taxes and revenues have been in discussion for quite a period within the concerned political and administrative domain. This article discusses the rationale, potentials of a general purpose ?metropolitan government? mechanism to improve Dhaka‘s present state of urban basic services. Additionally, the paper attempted to frame out the structure and operational mechanism of the proposed government.Urban basic services, metropolitan government, fragmented governance.
Statistical Beamforming for Multi-Set Space–Time Shift-Keying-Based Full-Duplex Millimeter Wave Communications
No full textFull-duplex (FD) communication has been shown to provide an increased achievable rate, while millimeter wave (mmWave) communications benefit from a large available bandwidth that further improves the achievable rate. On the other hand, the concept of multi-set space-time shift keying (MS-STSK) has been proposed to provide a flexible design trade-off between throughput and performance. Hence, in this work, we consider the design of an FD-aided MS-STSK transceiver for millimeter wave communications. However, a major challenge is that channel reciprocity is not valid in mmWave communications due to shorter channel coherence time. Thus, the uplink (UL) pilots cannot be utilized to estimate the downlink (DL) channel. To overcome this challenge, we propose a beamforming technique based on channel statistics without assuming channel reciprocity. For this purpose, a closed-form expression for the outage probability of the system is derived by employing the characterization of the ratio of the Indefinite Quadratic Form (IQF). The derived analytical expression is then utilized to design optimum beamforming weights using the Sequential Quadratic Programming (SQP)-based heuristic method. Moreover, an Iterative Statistical Method (ISM) of joint transmit and receive beamforming algorithm is also developed by utilizing Principle Eigenvector (PE) and Generalized Rayleigh Quotient (G-RQ) optimization techniques. Finally, we verify our simulation results with the theoretical analysis
Impact of Urban Growth on Water Bodies - The Case of Hyderabad
No full textBeing located in the Deccan Plateau region, Hyderabad city has been dotted with a number of lakes, which formed very important component of its physical environment. With the increasing control of the State and private agencies over the years, and rapid urban sprawl of the city, many of the water bodies have been totally lost. Many have been shrunk in size while the waters of several lakes got polluted with the discharge of untreated domestic and industrial effluents. This study makes an attempt to analyse the transformation of common property resources (the lakes) into private property. The adverse consequences of the loss of water bodies are felt in the steep decline in water table and the resultant water crisis in several areas. Further, the severity of flooding that was witnessed in August 2000 was also due to a reduction in the carrying capacity of lakes and water channels. The State has not bothered to either implement the existing laws or pay attention to the suggestions of environmental organisations in this regard. The paper argues that in this process of loss of water bodies in Hyderabad, the State is as much responsible as private agencies in terms of the policies that it has formulated and the lack of ensuring legislation and implementation.Urban Growth, Water Bodies, Hyderabad
Impact of urban growth on water bodies: The case of Hyderabad
No full textBeing located in the Deccan Plateau region, Hyderabad city has been dotted with a number of lakes, which formed very important component of its physical environment. With the increasing control of the State and private agencies over the years, and rapid urban sprawl of the city, many of the water bodies have been totally lost. Many have been shrunk in size while the waters of several lakes got polluted with the discharge of untreated domestic and industrial effluents. This study makes an attempt to analyse the transformation of common property resources (the lakes) into private property. The adverse consequences of the loss of water bodies are felt in the steep decline in water table and the resultant water crisis in several areas. Further, the severity of flooding that was witnessed in August 2000 was also due to a reduction in the carrying capacity of lakes and water channels. The State has not bothered to either implement the existing laws or pay attention to the suggestions of environmental organisations in this regard. The paper argues that in this process of loss of water bodies in Hyderabad, the State is as much responsible as private agencies in terms of the policies that it has formulated and the lack of ensuring legislation and implementation.
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy studies of Fe3O4 films on Si and MgO substrates grown by pulsed laser deposition
No full textHeavy-Ion Bombardment of Diamond
No full textNonolayers of three micron diamond powder were exposed to various fluences of the heavy ions Ne+, Ar+, Kr+, and Xe+ with kinetic energy 3 MeV. X-ray diffraction patterns were taken before and after irradiation for each sample. For a few samples it was possible to obtain scanning electron micrographs of a field of particles both before and after irradiation to moderate doses. The one observable x-ray diffraction peak shifts toward lower angles and broadens with increasing fluence indicating an increase in lattice constant. The effect is more pronounced with heavier ions and appears to saturate at a value of da/a consistent approximately with the breaking strain limit of diamond. Some evidence of undamaged diamond remains. For the Ne+ and Ar+ exposures, the integrated intensity of scattered x-rays remains approximately constant with increasing fluence in sharp contrast to the results with zircon. In the scanning electron micrographs, irradiated particles increase in size as is reported for neutron irradiations of diamond
Microbiological, Versus Biological Vitamin B12 Activity in Bovine Rumen Liquor and Feces ,
No full textElicitation of flavonoids by Salicylic acid and Penicillium expansum in Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Nees. cell culture
No full textSalicylic acid and Penicillium expansum extract were used as chemical and fungalelicitors to enhance the synthesis of total flavonoid content in suspension culture ofAndrographis paniculata. Salicylic acid elicitor was added in 0.05mM, 0.5mM and 1.5mMconcentrations to the cell suspension of Andrographis paniculata and studied for 24, 48 and72 hrs. of treatment duration. Similarly, 0.3%, 0.6% and 1.2% of Penicillium expansum homogenate was treated with Andrographis paniculata suspension culture for 2 days, 5 daysand 8 days. All the elicitors administered at late exponential phase (25 days old culture).Ourfindings revealed that the salicylic acid treatment for 24 hrs with 0.05 mM concentration oftreatment duration showed 1.39 fold increment in total flavonoid content (1.72 mg/g) whereas Penicillium expansum elicitor (1.2%, 2 days) indicates 1.59 fold enhancement (2.38 mg/g) ascompared to control (1.49 mg/g). This concentration and incubation period was superior toother studied concentrations and incubation periods for P. expansum elicitor. Among all thestudied elicitors, Penicillium expansum (1.2%, 2 days) was found to be superior over Salicylicacid (0.05 mM, 24 hrs)
Mobile Velocity Based Bidirectional Call Overflow Scheme in Hierarchical Cellular System
No full textIn the age of global communications, heterogeneous
networks are seen to be the best choice of strategy to ensure continuous and uninterruptible services. This will allow mobile
terminal to stay in connection even they are migrating into different segment coverage through the handoff process. With the increase of
teletraffic demands in mobile cellular system, hierarchical cellular systems have been adopted extensively for more efficient channel
utilization and better QoS (Quality of Service). This paper presents a
bidirectional call overflow scheme between two layers of microcells and macrocells, where handoffs are decided by the velocity of mobile
making the call. To ensure that handoff calls are given higher priorities, it is assumed that guard channels are assigned in both
macrocells and microcells. A hysteresis value introduced in mobile velocity is used to allow mobile roam in the same cell if its velocity
changes back within the set threshold values. By doing this the number of handoffs is reduced thereby reducing the processing overhead and enhancing the quality of service to the end user
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