5,495 research outputs found
Heterogeneous Motivations of Household - Level Coca Growing Areas: The Case of an Indigenous Community in Peru
No full textThere is a great deal of heterogeneity among coca growers in Peru, a fact that the national organizations and international co-operation have recognized, but has not been able to address property in anti-drug policy design. In this paper, we investigate the joint decision to grow coca and the decision of the quantity of coca bushes to cultivate, first under a homogeneity assumption, and then relaxing this assumption to allow for heterogeneity. Our research results support the notion of coca grower heterogeneity, identify the differences between groups of coca growers, and suggest different anti-drug policies, based on their effects in each group. --coca,heterogenous,latent class,cragg model,Peru
Estimating the causal effect of forced eradication on coca cultivation in Colombian municipalities
No full textCoca eradication has been aggressively pursued by the Colombian government to reduce the amount of land that agricultural households in the Andean country devote to this illegal crop. However, little work has been done to assess the causal effect of the policy on land allocation decisions. I use a six year panel of observations covering the entire country for the years 2001-2006 to estimate this effect at the municipality level, exploiting exogenous sources of variation in eradication and taking an IV approach to estimation. The instruments are derived from changes in the expected cost of coca eradication as crews get far from the zone where Antinarcotics Police helicopters can protect them from the illegal armed groups that try to shoot them down. IV estimation shows that the causal effect of a one percent increase in eradication is slightly less than a one percent increase in coca cultivation.Agricultural Development; Coca; Cocaine; Colombia; Illegal Crops; crime
Migration and risk: an empirical application to the coca economy in Peru
No full textThis paper studies the growth of the Peruvian illegal coca economy as a result of the migratory process. The paper describes peasant attitudes towards migration as a portfolio decision making process, where peasants allocate labor to the coca fields or the urban sector according to relative earnings and risk structure. The empirical estimation, using data on wages and risk factors (i.e. political violence) for the coca region and Lima, shows that migration to the coca sector is an economically rational decision. using log-linear and non-linear specifications, it is shown that wage differentials and political violence in the coca region and the urban sector are significant in affecting migration to the coca sector. Unemployment in the urban sector shows an inconclusive effect. The variables used, although they seem to have non-stationary properties, are cointegrated and therefore validate standard inference procedures. A simple test of stability of the parameters shows that they do not change significantly through time
Inauguració i presentació de Jordi Coca a les Lliçons de la Càtedra
No full textInauguració i presentació de les Lliçons de la Càtedra dedicades a Jordi Coca a càrrec de Glòria Granell de l'Escola Municipal d'Humanitats de la Mercè, Mariàngela Vilallonga, directora de la Càtedra de Patrimoni Literari Maria Àngels Anglada- Carles Fages de Climent i Jörg Zimmer, vicerector en funcions de Política Internacional de la UdG4940.mp4
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AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF COCA ERADICATION POLICY IN COLOMBIA
No full textWe estimate an econometric model of coca production in Colombia. Our results indicate that coca eradication is an ineffective means of supply control as farmers compensate by cultivating the crop more extensively. The evidence further suggests that incentives to produce legal substitute crops may have greater supply-reducing potential than eradication.Political Economy,
The Divide of the Coca Leaf: National Culture and the Drug Policies of Bolivia and the United States
No full textWhile the United States and Bolivian cultures have different values, attitudes and norms, these differences have not been a major factor in determining the aid Bolivia receives from the United States (US). Now, President Morales, a former union leader for coca leaf growers, has refused to comply with US foreign policy to eradicate the coca leaf, creating political and cultural tension. This paper examines the US and Bolivian relationship as a case study through Schein’s organizational cultural theory and Adler’s culture theory to determine how Bolivia’s battle to save the coca leaf may affect the aid it receives from the US government and nonprofits
Miridiba tuberculipennis M. Coca-Abia
No full textMiridiba tuberculipennis (Moser, 1913) Figs 60–62 Holotrichia tuberculipennis Moser, 1913a: 55 (type loc.: Myanmar). Neodontocnema ardoini Frey, 1970: 245 (in key). Neodontocnema tuberculipennis – Arrow 1948: 51 (combination). Neodontcnema tuberculiventris – Frey 1970: 245 (lapsus calami). Miridiba tuberculipennis – Nomura 1977: 88 (combination). — Itoh 1995: 199 (combination). — Keith 2006: 45 (nom. nud.). — Coca-Abia 2008: 683–684, figs 19–20 (type material; in key). — Gao et al. 2018: 17, figs 5b, d, f, 6 (catalogue); 2019: 462 (species list; in key). Miridiba ardoini – Keith 2006: 45 (as combination of N. ardoini). — Coca-Abia 2008: 676. — Keith 2010: 232 (synonym). Diagnosis External morphology of adult (Fig. 60). Body size 20.0–24.0 mm. Dorsal surface glabrous, at most, with tiny setae in each puncture hardly visible. Clypeus shorter than frons, concave, with anterior edge emarginate at middle. Frons very sloping, strong carina sunk at middle. Pronotal anterior margin with a perpendicular anterior face with sparse and short setae; posterior margin glabrous, finely flanged and with a row of punctures, except at middle where is a little bulky; lateral margins smooth and glabrous, strongly convergent and elevated at anterior half; anterior angles acute, not projected forward; posterior angles obtuse and rounded. Prosternal process cone-shaped. Scutellum glabrous, with punctures except at sides. Each elytron with a wart on apex only in females; epipleuron with setae at basal half. Foretibia with insertion of inner spur closer to third outer tooth than second one in females, in males almost equidistant between both outer teeth; with moderate carina. Mesotibia with transverse carina interrupted at middle in females, complete in males. Metatibia with transverse carina complete in both sexes; inner margin of dorsal surface with spines. Prepygidium roughly punctate and pubescent. Pygidium pubescent, irregularly punctate, truncated cone shaped, blunt, and apical margin moderately raised. Ventrite 5 moderately depressed at posterior half with pubescence longer on depressed part. Ventrite 6 moderately concave and bulging at anterior margin. Male genitalia: parameres (Fig. 61) without pubescence, dorsal branches starting slightly below collum, long, thin and ventrally curved, apices of ventral branches bent outwards ninety degrees. Endophallus (Fig. 61) asymmetrical in lateral view, with a dorsal part armed with a very strong spine and a ventral part with numerous setae. Apophysis of temones with distal ends separated from each other. Female genitalia (Fig. 62): genital chamber with vestigial sternites reduced to an area with a few sensillae. Median oviduct reduced with epithelium not sclerotized placed behind peduncle of bursa copulatrix that is strongly sclerotized. Material examined Lectotype of M. tuberculipennis MYANMAR • ♂; “ Burma ” [Myanmar]; A.K. Weld Downing leg.; “Zool. Mus. Berlin” [Zoologisches Museum in Berlin]; “ Holotrichia tuberculipennis Mos. Type ♂”; “SYNTYPUS Holotrichia tuberculipennis Moser, 1913 labelled by MNHUB 2004”; “Lectotype Miridiba tuberculipennis (Moser, 1913) M. Coca-Abia, det. 2005”; MFNB. Paralectotype of M. tuberculipennis MYANMAR • ♀; same collection data as for lectotype of M. tuberculipennis; MFNB. Paralectotypes of M. tuberculipennis (here indicated) MYANMAR • 1 ♀; “Burma” [Myanmar]; “ A. K. Weld Downing Burma ”; “781”; “Andrewes Bequest B.M. 1922-221”; “ Holotrichia tuberculipennis Type Mos.”; “Type” [round label]; “Type” [red print label]; “Paralectotype Miridiba tuberculipennis (Moser, 1913) Chuan-bu Gao & Coca-Abia det. 2019”; BMNH • 1 ♂; same collection data as for preceding; cotype; BMNH. Holotype of M. ardoini VIETNAM • ♀; “Vietnam; 1960”; “Type”; “ Neodontocnema ardoini n sp. det G. Frey, 1970 Type”; “ Holotype Miridiba ardoini (Frey, 1970) Chuan-bu Gao & Coca-Abia det. 2017”; NHMB. Other material of M. tuberculipennis MYANMAR • 1 ♂; Burma; A.K. Weld leg.; BMNH • 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; BMNH • 1 ♀; Shan State, Kalaw; 4000 ft; Apr. 1916; F.M. Mackwood leg.; BMNH. Remarks Neodontocnema ardoini was described based on only one female specimen from Vietnam (Frey 1970). The external morphology described by Frey (1970) led Keith (2006) to consider the transfer of N. ardoini to Miridiba. Later, Keith (2010) synonymized M. ardoini with M. tuberculipennis after studying the type of M. ardoini and two non-type specimens of Miridiba from Vietnam (male and female), concluding that the features of these two specimens, female and male, matched well those of M. ardoini and M. tuberculipennis, respectively. However, to establish this synonymy, types of M. tuberculipennis should also have been studied. In this work, we have studied types of M. ardoini and M. tuberculipennis and verified that features of the external morphology and female genitalia that characterize M. tuberculipennis are present in M. ardoini. Therefore, we confirm the synonymy of M. ardoini with M. tuberculipennis, and we include this species into morphotype I “ Trichophora ”. In addition, two further former syntypes of M. tuberculipennis are recognised as paralectotypes (BMNH), and the unique female specimen of M. ardoini is labelled as holotype (NHMB). Distribution Laos, Myanmar (Shan State), Thailand, Vietnam.Published as part of Gao, Chuan-bu & Coca-Abia, María Milagro, 2021, Revision of the genus Miridiba Reitter, 1902 (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae, Melolonthinae): genital morphotypes and new taxonomic data, pp. 1-94 in European Journal of Taxonomy 749 on pages 44-46, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2021.749.1355, http://zenodo.org/record/477029
Explicit Evidence on an Implicit Contract
No full textWe offer the first direct evidence of an implicit contract in a goods market. The evidence we offer comes from the market for Coca-Cola. We demonstrate that the Coca-Cola Company left a substantial amount of written evidence of its implicit contract with its consumers—a very explicit form of an implicit contract. In general, observing implicit contracts directly is difficult because of their implicit nature. In the case of Coca-Cola, however, we are able to document the Company not only saying that it had an important implicit contract with its consumers, but also acting on it. This study makes an additional and unique contribution by exploring quality as a margin of adjustment available to Coca-Cola. We present evidence that the implicit contract included a promise not only of a constant nominal price but also a constant quality. We document the dedication to a 6.5oz serving of the "Secret Formula." Indeed, during a period of over 70 years, we find evidence of only a single case of true quality change. By studying the margin of adjustment the Coca-Cola Company chose in response to changes in market conditions, we demonstrate that the perceived costs of breaking the implicit contract were large. In addition, we are able to offer one piece of direct evidence on the magnitude of these costs by studying the events surrounding the failed introduction of the New Coke in 1985.Implicit Contract, Explicit Contract, Invisible Handshake, Customer Market, Long-Term Relationship, Price Rigidity, Coca-Cola, Nickel Coke
Explicit Evidence on an Implicit Contract
No full textWe offer the first direct evidence of an implicit contract in a goods market. The evidence we offer comes from the market for Coca-Cola. We demonstrate that the Coca-Cola Company left a substantial amount of written evidence of its implicit contract with its consumers—a very explicit form of an implicit contract. The contract represented the promise of a five cent (nominal) price and adherence to the “Secret Formula”. In general, the implicit nature of such contracts makes observation difficult. To overcome this difficulty, we adopt a narrative approach. Based on the analysis of a large number of historical documents obtained from the Coca-Cola Archives and other sources, we offer evidence of the Coca-Cola Company both acknowledging and acting on this implicit contract. We also make another unique contribution by exploring quality as a margin of adjustment available to Coca-Cola. The implicit contract included a promise not only of a constant nominal price but also a constant quality (i.e., 6.5 oz. of the Secret Formula). During a period of over 70 years, we find evidence of only a single case of true quality change. By studying the margin of adjustment the Coca-Cola Company chose in response to changes in market conditions, we demonstrate that the perceived costs of breaking the implicit contract were large. We argue that one piece of direct evidence on the magnitude of these costs is the aftermath “New Coke’s” introduction in 1985.Implicit Contract, Explicit Contract, Invisible Handshake, Customer Market, Long- Term Relationship, Price Rigidity, Nickel Coke, Coca-Cola
Segona lliçó: Set anys de dubtes (1971-1978): les novel·les, l'experiència escènica i el cinema. D'Albert Camus a Pina Bausch, passant per Michelangelo Antonioni
No full textSegona lliçó a càrrec de l'escriptor, professor i director de teatre Jordi Coca, sobre diferents qüestions que es va plantejar al llarg dels anys 1971 a 1978 en relació la literatura, l'experiència escènica i el cinema4942.mp4
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