253 research outputs found
The transmission dynamics of groups A and B human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) in England & Wales and Finland: seasonality and cross-protection
No full textHuman respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) transmission dynamics are inherently cyclical, and the observed genetic diversity (between groups A and B) also appears to have a repeating pattern. A key unknown is the extent to which genetic variants interact immunologically, and thus impact on epidemiology. We developed a novel mathematical model for hRSV transmission including seasonal forcing of incidence and temporary intra- and inter-group partial immunity. Simultaneous model fits to data from two locations (England & Wales, UK, and Turku, Finland) successfully reproduced the contrasting infection dynamics and group A/B dominance patterns. Parameter estimates are consistent with direct estimates. Differences in the magnitude and seasonal variation in contact rate between the two populations alone could account for the variation in dynamics between these populations. The A/B group dominance patterns are explained by reductions in susceptibility to and infectiousness of secondary homologous and heterologous infections. The consequences of the observed dynamic complexity are discussed
The Economic Community of West African States : a study in political and economic integration
No full textThe creation of ECOWAS in May 1975 marked the successful outcome
of protracted negotiations that had begun shortly after independence, and
which reflected the mounting sense of unease in Africa and throughout the
Third World that political independence did not signify effective control
by the new states of their economies. Hence the numerous experiments at
integration within the region, some mainly political and others more economic
in character. All, however, contributed to the movement towards regional
economic integration and ECOWAS.
The Ghana-Guinea Union attempted briefly to bridge the unfortunate
linguistic and cultural divide separating former British and French territories
In West Africa. The Union was restricted, however, to political cooperation
between leaders with more or less compatible and radical ideologies, who
were a small minority within the region as a whole. With independence the
very number and diversity of West African states seemed to dictate a different
and more gradual approach to unity based, initially, on economic cooperation and
functional inter-dependence, and that has been the policy of every Nigerian
government since 1960.
If I have emphasised the role played by Nigeria, particularly after
1970, it is because international agencies and our future partners themselves
recognised that, without Nigeria, there could be no effective West African
community. By reason of its size, population and oil resources, Nigeria
constitutes a core state, with no interest in territorial aggrandisement but
concerned, understandably, with its own security and, therefore, with the
stability of the region. These objectives are best served by policies of
political cooperation, economic integration and adoption of a form of collective
self-reliance. Here Nigeria's perception of its development and security needs
has coincided increasingly with those of the other states within the region.
Particular attention has been given to the Francophone states, who
are the majority within West African and whose changing relationship with
the metropole on the one hand, and with Nigeria on the other, is central to
our analysis. The promise of the Ghana-Guinea Union was finally realised
thanks to the growing cooperation after 1970 between Nigeria and Togo who,
together, formed the nucleus of the West African community in 1972. Economic
Integration in the 'seventies was also facilitated by (a) the reduced importance
of ideological differences within the region; (b) the mounting economic
difficulties confronting states as a result of the global economic crisis and
increased oil prices after 1973, but alleviated by timely Nigerian assistance;
(c) the example of regional integration within the EEC, soon to be expanded
to include Britain; and (d) the successful outcome in 1975 of the Lome
negotiations between the EEC and the African-Pacific-Caribbean states.
The greater part of the thesis is concerned with the formation of
ECOWAS and the negotiations, between July 1966 and May 1975, in which I was
privileged to participate. While my own association with ECOWAS ended
shortly afterwards, in July 1975, there was, fortunately, no such interruption
in the development of the community. It seemed appropriate, therefore, to
extend the scope of the thesis to encompass the first formative years of the
community, 1975-1979, which saw the establishment of the principal ECOWAS
institutions, the adoption of the more important protocols, and the first
difficult steps towards their implementation
Efficacy of Aqueous Leaf Extracts of Negro Coffee (Cassia occidentalis) and Lemon Grass (Cymbopogon citratus)in the Management of Nematode Pests of Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench)
No full textA two-year rain-fed field trials to evaluate the efficacy of aqueous leaf extracts of Cassia occidentalis and Cymbopogon citratus at different levels in the management of nematode pests of okra was conducted. The levels of treatments used were 25%, 50%, 75%, 100% while 0% served as control. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design (RCBD). Effects of treatments on growth, yield, soil nematode population, root weight and root gall indices were determined. Phytochemical screening and infra-red spectrum to determine the secondary metabolites in the leaf extracts were also carried out. It was observed that the treated plants especially those that received 50% level and above performed significantly better (p=0.05) than the control with respect to the measured parameters. The phytochemical result revealed the presence of tannin (7.4%), crude alkaloids (2.5%), saponin (0%) and crude oxalates (42.28mg/g) in cassia while lemon grass contained tannin (4.5%), crude alkaloids (0.52%,), saponin (1.76%) and oxalates (0%). The infra-red spectrum revealed that the two plant extracts contained very strong and broad absorption bands ~3400-1cm region, assignable to ~NH stretching mode probably of alkaloid family. The medium absorption bands were due to ~CH bands which are common in natural products. The medium absorption bands are also strong indicators of other compounds in the leaf extracts. The use of botanically derived crude leaf extracts of cassia at 50% and lemon grass at 75% in the management of nematode pests of okra will therefore be of economic benefit, ensuring food security. Article History: Received : 03-06-2015 Revised : 04-09-2015 Accepted : 23-09-2015 Keywords: Nematodes Phytochemical screening Infra-red spectrum Secondary metabolites *Corresponding Author: Izuogu N.B E-mail: [email protected]@201 5 STAR Journal, Wollega University. All Rights Reserved. INTRODUCTION Okra, Abelmoschus esculentus (L) Moench is one of the most important vegetables in Nigeria. It is a tropical plant, which grows best in warm climate. It is available all year round, with a peak during summer months. Okra ranks high amongst the economical important vegetables of the world. The immature fruits of Okra, which are good sources of vitamin C, are used for the preparation of certain soups and sauces (Diouf, 1997). Successful production of okra in Nigeria has been hampered to some extent by nematode pests, especially the root- knot nematodes Meloidogyne spp. (Enopka et al., 1996; Agu and Ogbuji, 2001). According to Sikora and Fernandez (2005), root-knot nematodes are particularly damaging vegetables in tropical and subtropical countries of the world and cause losses up to 80% in heavily infested fields. Three species of root-knot nematodes, M. javanica, M. incognita and M. arenaria, are found in Nigeria and they attack over 140 species of cultivated plants amongst which are important food crops and vegetables (Enokpa et al., 1996).
In the Tropics, M. incognita very frequently attack okra (Singh et al., 1993; Khan et al., 1998). Khan and khan (1994) reported that M. incognita elicited leaf browning, suppression in plant growth, fruit yield and photosynthetic pigments in okra.
Nematode management is complicated and difficult and at present, chemical control is employed in many crops to maintain their populations below economic threshold levels (Eapen et al., 2005). Recently, the control of plant parasitic nematodes, using conventional nematicides has declined internationally because of the inherent toxicity of many existing synthetic pesticides to non-target organisms and their persistence in the environment. There is increasing need to find more acceptable alternatives. The potential for nematicidal activity of indigenous plants and their products has been reported by earlier workers (Adekunle and Fawole, 2003; Izuogu et al., 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012; Yakubu and Izuogu, 2013; Abolusoro et al., 2013; Olabiyi et al., 2013). The nematicidal principles of plant origin in the form of substances such as isothiocyanates, thiophenics, glucosides, alkaloids, phenolics, thianins and fatty acids have been identified (Fatoki and Fawole, 2000). There may be many more plants however, not yet tested, which could prove to be effective for the management of plant parasitic nematodes. The present study was therefore designed to investigate nematicidal potential of aqueous leaf extracts of Cassia occidentalis and Cymbopogon citratus against nematode pest of okra.
Original Research
1A Peer-reviewed Official International Journal of Wollega University, Ethiopia
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/star.v4i3.00 ISSN: 2226-7522(Print) and 2305-3372 (Online) Science, Technology and Arts Research Journal Sci. Technol. Arts Res. J., July-Sep 2015, 4(3): 000-000 Journal Homepage: http://www.starjournal.org/
Efficacy of Aqueous Leaf Extracts of Negro Coffee (Cassia occidentalis) and Lemon Grass (Cymbopogon citratus)in the Management of Nematode Pests of Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench) Izuogu N.B*, Yakubu L.B, Abolusoro S.A and NwabiaI.W. Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ilorin, Nigeria Abstract Article Information A two-year rain-fed field trials to evaluate the efficacy of aqueous leaf extracts of Cassia occidentalis and Cymbopogon citratus at different levels in the management of nematode pests of okra was conducted. The levels of treatments used were 25%, 50%, 75%, 100% while 0% served as control. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design (RCBD). Effects of treatments on growth, yield, soil nematode population, root weight and root gall indices were determined. Phytochemical screening and infra-red spectrum to determine the secondary metabolites in the leaf extracts were also carried out. It was observed that the treated plants especially those that received 50% level and above performed significantly better (p=0.05) than the control with respect to the measured parameters. The phytochemical result revealed the presence of tannin (7.4%), crude alkaloids (2.5%), saponin (0%) and crude oxalates (42.28mg/g) in cassia while lemon grass contained tannin (4.5%), crude alkaloids (0.52%,), saponin (1.76%) and oxalates (0%). The infra-red spectrum revealed that the two plant extracts contained very strong and broad absorption bands ~3400-1cm region, assignable to ~NH stretching mode probably of alkaloid family. The medium absorption bands were due to ~CH bands which are common in natural products. The medium absorption bands are also strong indicators of other compounds in the leaf extracts. The use of botanically derived crude leaf extracts of cassia at 50% and lemon grass at 75% in the management of nematode pests of okra will therefore be of economic benefit, ensuring food security. Article History: Received : 03-06-2015 Revised : 04-09-2015 Accepted : 23-09-2015 Keywords: Nematodes Phytochemical screening Infra-red spectrum Secondary metabolites *Corresponding Author: Izuogu N.B E-mail: [email protected]@201 5 STAR Journal, Wollega University. All Rights Reserved. INTRODUCTION Okra, Abelmoschus esculentus (L) Moench is one of the most important vegetables in Nigeria. It is a tropical plant, which grows best in warm climate. It is available all year round, with a peak during summer months. Okra ranks high amongst the economical important vegetables of the world. The immature fruits of Okra, which are good sources of vitamin C, are used for the preparation of certain soups and sauces (Diouf, 1997). Successful production of okra in Nigeria has been hampered to some extent by nematode pests, especially the root- knot nematodes Meloidogyne spp. (Enopka et al., 1996; Agu and Ogbuji, 2001). According to Sikora and Fernandez (2005), root-knot nematodes are particularly damaging vegetables in tropical and subtropical countries of the world and cause losses up to 80% in heavily infested fields. Three species of root-knot nematodes, M. javanica, M. incognita and M. arenaria, are found in Nigeria and they attack over 140 species of cultivated plants amongst which are important food crops and vegetables (Enokpa et al., 1996).
In the Tropics, M. incognita very frequently attack okra (Singh et al., 1993; Khan et al., 1998). Khan and khan (1994) reported that M. incognita elicited leaf browning, suppression in plant growth, fruit yield and photosynthetic pigments in okra.
Nematode management is complicated and difficult and at present, chemical control is employed in many crops to maintain their populations below economic threshold levels (Eapen et al., 2005). Recently, the control of plant parasitic nematodes, using conventional nematicides has declined internationally because of the inherent toxicity of many existing synthetic pesticides to non-target organisms and their persistence in the environment. There is increasing need to find more acceptable alternatives. The potential for nematicidal activity of indigenous plants and their products has been reported by earlier workers (Adekunle and Fawole, 2003; Izuogu et al., 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012; Yakubu and Izuogu, 2013; Abolusoro et al., 2013; Olabiyi et al., 2013). The nematicidal principles of plant origin in the form of substances such as isothiocyanates, thiophenics, glucosides, alkaloids, phenolics, thianins and fatty acids have been identified (Fatoki and Fawole, 2000). There may be many more plants however, not yet tested, which could prove to be effective for the management of plant parasitic nematodes. The present study was therefore designed to investigate nematicidal potential of aqueous leaf extracts of Cassia occidentalis and Cymbopogon citratus against nematode pest of okra.
Original Research
1A Peer-reviewed Official International Journal of Wollega University, Ethiopia
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/star.v4i3.00 ISSN: 2226-7522(Print) and 2305-3372 (Online) Science, Technology and Arts Research Journal Sci. Technol. Arts Res. J., July-Sep 2015, 4(3): 000-000 Journal Homepage: http://www.starjournal.org/
Efficacy of Aqueous Leaf Extracts of Negro Coffee (Cassia occidentalis) and Lemon Grass (Cymbopogon citratus)in the Management of Nematode Pests of Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench) Izuogu N.B*, Yakubu L.B, Abolusoro S.A and NwabiaI.W
Prevalence and public health risk of tuberculosis and nontuberculous mycobacteria in captive asian elephants (Elephas maximus Linnaeus) in Peninsular Malaysia
No full textTuberculosis (TB) remains a major public health problem worldwide with an estimated 9 million cases in 2013 and over 100 million deaths in the last century. The disease, caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is estimated to infect one third of the world human population and was declared a global health emergency by the World Health Organization in 1993. Mycobacterium tuberculosis is an airborne multi-host pathogen capable of causing tuberculosis in humans and wide range of animal species. The disease has been reported among the captive Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) worldwide in the recent years with considerable conservation and public health threats. Infected elephants shed the pathogen in respiratory secretions thereby endangering other elephants and human in close contact. Few nontuberculous mycobacterium species (NTM) known to be opportunistic pathogens in humans have also been shown to cause fatal pulmonary disease in elephants. Nontuberculous mycobacterium infections in elephants have very poor prognosis and are often misdiagnosed for TB or other trivial respiratory problems. As effective treatment regimen for elephant TB and mycobacterial infection is yet to be established, the diseases continue to threaten the survivability of captive elephants and pose serious occupational hazard to humans especially elephant handlers and wildlife veterinarians. This study was conducted to investigate the epidemiology and public health hazards of tuberculosis and nontuberculous mycobacteria in captive Asian elephants in Peninsular Malaysia. The specific objectives were to detect and isolate M. tuberculosis and nontuberculous mycobacteria in trunk washes of captive Asian elephants, to determine the seroprevalence, incidence and risk factors for tuberculosis in captive Asian elephants, to determine prevalence and risk factors for tuberculosis among workers at elephant holding premises; and to investigate presence of novel virulence or survival adaptation genes in nontuberculous mycobacteria isolated from elephants. In the study, the proportion of elephant positive on molecular detection of M. tuberculosis complex (MTBC) in trunk washes was (16/28) 27.59% (CI:95%, 17.05 – 41.12). The MTBC detection rates by location were (2/2) 100% in facility D, (5/8) 65.50% in facility C, (4/9) 44.40% in facility E, (3/8) 37.50% in facility B and (2/31) 6.45% in facility A. Though M. tuberculosis could not be isolated, the proportion of elephants with nontuberculous mycobacteria isolates was (36/58) 62.07% (CI: 95%, 48.35-74.19). The isolation rates were (19/31) 61.29% in facility A, (4/8) 50.00% in facility B, (7/8) 87.50% in facility C, (1/2) 50.00% in facility D and (5/9) 55.56% in facility E. More than 70% of the NTM belong to three important NTM complexes, the M. terrae complex comprising M. terrae, M. nonchromogenicum, M. arupense, M. hiberniae and M. longobardum (31.48%); the M. fortuitum complex with M. fortuitum, M.peregrinum, M. septicum and M boenickei (20.36%); and the M. avium complex (MAC) comprising M. avium-intracellulare and M. colombiense (20.37%). The less frequently isolated spp. were M. asciaticum, M. agri, M.rutilum, M. mantenii, M. aurum, M. insubricum, M. wolinskyi, M. poriferae, M. flavescens, and M. gilvum (27.75%). The overall prevalence of elephant tuberculosis based on serological screening was (14/60) 23.33% (95% CI: 13.78–36.33). The prevalence elephant TB at first, second and third samplings were (10/51) 19.61%,(14/53) 26.42% and (9/37) 24.32% respectively. New cases of seroconversion were detected in two elephants resulting in an overall incidence of 2.6 cases per 100 elephant-years. Statistical analyses of putative risk factors showed that elephants with designated mahouts were at significantly higher risk of infection [p = 0.022, OR: 4.887 (95% CI: 1.258-18.248)]. Throughout the study, elephants in facility B and F were all seronegative. The overall seroprevalence of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) among wildlife staff was (37/149) 24.80% (95% CI: 18.29-32.70). Staff in facility E had the highest prevalence of (6/12) 50% while facility A had the lowest (13/70) 18.57%. The prevalence of latent tuberculosis among staff in facility B, C, D and F were (5/21) 23.81%, (5/20) 25%, (6/18) 33.30% and (2/8) 25% respectively. Univariable logistic regression showed risk of infection to be significantly associated with facility E staff [p = 0.024, OR: 4.385 (95% CI:1.217-15.801)], workers older than 30 years of age [p = 0.007, OR: 3.333 (95% CI: 1.351-8.227), mahouts [p = 0.034, OR: 3.778 (95% CI: 1.076-13.259)] and foreigners [p = 0.018, OR: 3.313 (95% CI: 1.214-8.086)].However, upon multivariable analysis only staff older than 30 years of age were significantly associated with the risk of LTBI [p = 0.010, OR: 3.315 (95% CI: 1.329-8.270)]. Correlation of tuberculosis among mahouts and elephants revealed minimal agreement with kappa value of 0.222. Investigation of novel virulence and survival adaptation genes in nontuberculous mycobacterium species (NTM) revealed presence of glycoside hydrolase family 76 gene in Mycobacterium fortuitum. The gene encodes for glycoside hydrolase family 76 protein, which is a mannosidase used for nutrient acquisition through the hydrolysis of mannose sugar. It has not been previously reported in M. fortuitum and phylogenetic analysis showed similarity of the gene with that of M.tuberculosis and Mycobacterium smegmatis. The study has provided significant information on the presence of M. tuberculosis and NTM in trunk washes of captive elephants in Peninsular Malaysia. Latent TB infection and potentially associated risk factors in elephants and wildlife staff have also been identified. The impending conservation and public health hazards necessitate the need for control strategies such as screening and quarantine of newly-acquired elephants, isolation of infected elephants and early treatment of confirmed cases. Periodic occupational hazards and training program need to be organized for wildlife employees. They should be provided with personal protective equipment (PPE) such as N95 mask, goggles and disposable aprons when dealing with TB infected elephants. There is the need to also initiate preemployment and annual tuberculin skin test (TST) in order to monitor the risk of infection among wildlife employees. From a global standpoint, health authorities need to recognize the public health risk of elephant TB and make its elimination an integral part of the WHO “STOP-TB partnership”programme
The effect of time influence on physiological parameters following ketamine and diazepam administeration in cats
No full textObjective: The present study aims to determine the effect of time influence on rectal temperature, respiratory and pulse rate, onset and duration of action, duration of recumbency and recovery following ketamine and diazepam administration in cats.
Methods: Experimental study design was used on 20 cats (males and females) randomly divided into two equal groups (A and B). Ketamine (10 mg/kg i. m.) was administered to group A in the morning. The same procedure was repeated using different dosages (15 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg i.m.) at intervals of 3 days each. A similar procedure was applied to group B in the evening. A week after, diazepam (1.5 mg/kg, 2.5 mg/kg and 3.5 mg/kg i. v.) were administered to group A and B using the same procedure used in ketamine administration. All baseline measurements were recorded after each drug administration and were repeated at 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, 105, and 120 min intervals after induction of anesthesia with ketamine and diazepam.
Results: It was found that the onset of action of ketamine following i. m. administration was slightly longer at evening (2-5 mins) while that of diazepam was instant after i. v. administration. The duration of recumbency was shorter in the morning using ketamine while longer following diazepam (7-19 mins) administration. The rectal temperature, respiratory and pulse rate were lower in the morning following ketamine and diazepam administration even though, the respiratory and pulse rate decreases as the dose was increased but not statistically significant. The duration of action and recovery was significantly longer in the morning after ketamine and diazepam administration.
Conclusion: According to this study, there was not much difference between morning and evening administration using both drugs. However, it should be noted that influence of time of administration was evident in some of the parameters measured especially with diazepam
Fluorescent and affinity-based tools to detect cysteine sulfenic acid formation in proteins
No full textCysteine sulfenic acid formation in proteins results from the oxidative modification of susceptible cysteine residues by hydrogen peroxide, alkyl hydroperoxides, and peroxynitrite. This species represents a biologically significant modification occurring during oxidant signaling or oxidative stress, and it can modulate protein function. Most methods to identify such oxidatively modified proteins rely on monitoring the loss of one or more thiol group(s) or on selective labeling of nascent thiol groups following reduction of oxidized proteins. Our previous work reported the direct labeling of these chemically distinct modifications with a dimedone analogue, 1,3-cyclohexadione, to which a linker and functional group (an alcohol) had been added; further addition of a fluorescent isatoic acid or methoxycoumarin reporter allowed detection of the incorporated tag by fluorescence techniques ( Poole, L. B., Zeng, B. B., Knaggs, S. A., Yakubu, M., and King, S. B. ( 2005) Synthesis of chemical probes to map sulfenic acid modifications on proteins. Bioconjugate Chem . 16, 1624-1628 ). We have now expanded our arsenal of tagging reagents to include two fluorescein-, two rhodamine-, and three biotin-conjugated probes based on the original approach. The new tools provide readily detectable fluorescent and affinity probes to identify sulfenic acid modifications in proteins and have been used in subsequent mass spectrometric analyses to confirm covalent attachment of the conjugates and directly determine the site of modification
Fluorescent and Affinity-Based Tools To Detect Cysteine Sulfenic Acid Formation in Proteins
No full textCysteine sulfenic acid formation in proteins results from the oxidative modification of susceptible cysteine residues by hydrogen peroxide, alkyl hydroperoxides, and peroxynitrite. This species represents a biologically significant modification occurring during oxidant signaling or oxidative stress, and it can modulate protein function. Most methods to identify such oxidatively modified proteins rely on monitoring the loss of one or more thiol group(s) or on selective labeling of nascent thiol groups following reduction of oxidized proteins. Our previous work reported the direct labeling of these chemically distinct modifications with a dimedone analogue, 1,3-cyclohexadione, to which a linker and functional group (an alcohol) had been added; further addition of a fluorescent isatoic acid or methoxycoumarin reporter allowed detection of the incorporated tag by fluorescence techniques (Poole, L. B., Zeng, B. B., Knaggs, S. A., Yakubu, M., and King, S. B. (2005) Synthesis of chemical probes to map sulfenic acid modifications on proteins. Bioconjugate Chem. 16, 1624–1628). We have now expanded our arsenal of tagging reagents to include two fluorescein-, two rhodamine-, and three biotin-conjugated probes based on the original approach. The new tools provide readily detectable fluorescent and affinity probes to identify sulfenic acid modifications in proteins and have been used in subsequent mass spectrometric analyses to confirm covalent attachment of the conjugates and directly determine the site of modification
THE EFFECT OF TIME INFLUENCE ON PHYSIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS FOLLOWING KETAMINE AND DIAZEPAM ADMINISTERATION IN CATS
No full textObjective: The present study aims to determine the effect of time influence on rectal temperature, respiratory and pulse rate, onset and duration of action, duration of recumbency and recovery following ketamine and diazepam administration in cats.Methods: Experimental study design was used on 20 cats (males and females) randomly divided into two equal groups (A and B). Ketamine (10 mg/kg i. m.) was administered to group A in the morning. The same procedure was repeated using different dosages (15 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg i.m.) at intervals of 3 days each. A similar procedure was applied to group B in the evening. A week after, diazepam (1.5 mg/kg, 2.5 mg/kg and 3.5 mg/kg i. v.) were administered to group A and B using the same procedure used in ketamine administration. All baseline measurements were recorded after each drug administration and were repeated at 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, 105, and 120 min intervals after induction of anesthesia with ketamine and diazepam.Results: It was found that the onset of action of ketamine following i. m. administration was slightly longer at evening (2-5 mins) while that of diazepam was instant after i. v. administration. The duration of recumbency was shorter in the morning using ketamine while longer following diazepam (7-19 mins) administration. The rectal temperature, respiratory and pulse rate were lower in the morning following ketamine and diazepam administration even though, the respiratory and pulse rate decreases as the dose was increased but not statistically significant. The duration of action and recovery was significantly longer in the morning after ketamine and diazepam administration.Conclusion: According to this study, there was not much difference between morning and evening administration using both drugs. However, it should be noted that influence of time of administration was evident in some of the parameters measured especially with diazepam.Â
Ramification of Datum and Ellipsoidal Parameters on Post Processed Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS) Data – A Case Study
No full textThe World Geodetic System 1984 (WGS 84) is the global reference frame upon which Global Positioning System (GPS) observations are referenced to. Observations in the frame are in latitudes, longitudes and ellipsoidal heights. For use in a particular locality, it is necessary to convert these into the local coordinate system. In Ghana, the datum and ellipsoidal parameters for Ghana War Office and Clarke 1880 are used for the transformation of the GPS coordinates from the WGS 84 datum system to the Ghana National Grid System. This paper therefore examines post processed DGPS data using these two datum and ellipsoidal definitions separately. Dual frequency DGPS data were collected from 19 survey pillars (ie SGW D224/14/1 to SGW D224/14/19) and post processed using Clarke 1880 datum and ellipsoidal parameters. The raw data was also post processed using Ghana War Office datum and ellipsoidal parameters. The results for the two indicated an average difference of 7.23 m (23.72 ft) for 19 stations. This certainly does not fall within the tolerance set by Survey and Mapping Division (SMD) of the Lands Commission for cadastral plans production, which is +/- 0.9114 m (+/-3 ft). A composite plan using the post processed data from the two datum and ellipsoidal definitions was produced. The plan shows an overlapping area by the use of the two coordinates to plot, an indication of a potential conflict between ownership on paper which may not necessary exist on the ground.Keywords: Differential, Global Positioning System, Datum and Ellipsoidal Parameter
- …
