19,554 research outputs found
A study of the reactivation of landsliding at Barton-on-Sea, Hampshire, following stabilisation works in the 1960s
No full textThe mostly clay cliffs of Barton-on-Sea, Hampshire, comprise inhomogeneous strata of the Bracklesham, Barton and Headon Hill Formations, overlain unconformably by Plateau Gravels, and have a long history of erosion and instability. Heavily-engineered stabilisation works involving a 1,500m-long sheet-piled wall and cut-off drain were installed in the 1960s but a number of catastrophic failures of the wall have occurred at locations along the Barton frontage since then. This report is concerned with the failures at Cliff House Hotel / Tom’s Garden and at Hoskins Gap West.Extensive monitoring of the cliffs over the past sixty years has produced a large and diverse dataset which has been compiled, analysed and assessed in this report. This includes inclinometer, piezometer and rainfall records, topographic surveying, aerial and ground photography, borehole and exposures logs, consultants’ reports, engineering drawings and newspaper articles. This report identifies characteristics of the key periods of activity at the two locations and compares and contrasts them. Maps of the areas of activity, cliff-top retreat, revetment movement and drainage patterns are provided. Fieldwork undertaken for the project includes the logging of three cliff exposures and the surveying of four cross-section profiles. Drawing on the information available it charts the progress of instability in the two study areas, suggests possible mechanisms for the failures and offers a prediction of future activity based upon the mechanisms described
The degradation of the Barton Clay Cliffs of Hampshire
No full textThe Barton Clay crops out along a 4·8 km stretch of the Hampshire coast and together with its capping of Plateau Gravels forms a cliff profile averaging around 30 to 37 m high. The original classic work on the geology of the Barton Clay had suggested a total thickness of only 34·5 m; more recent work involving boring and levelling on the cliff face has shown the formation to be 46·4 m thick. Active degradation of the outcrop creates a markedly stepped profile, relatively flat bench levels being separated from one another by steeper scarp slopes. The benches are underlain by up to 6 m of slipped debris or bench rubble. The scarps are formed by exposures of the solid Barton Clay and Plateau Gravel in the case of the top scarp. The interface between the bench rubble and Barton Clay is formed by a shear surface, an underground continuation of the scarp surfaces, which has been polished and grooved as a result of the seaward movement of the bench rubble. These shear surfaces are developed along particular, identifiable stratigraphic horizons within the Barton Clay and tend to develop along these horizons irrespective of the height of the latter within the cliff profile. Variations in the morphology occur laterally along the outcrop and can be related to the erosional history and partly to the geology.Five individual processes of degradation are particularly active on the undercliffs; these comprise bench sliding which is sliding of the bench rubble over the shear surfaces, collapse of the scarp slopes or scarp slumping, wearing down of the scarp slope by weathering or scarp spalling, and erosion by mud-flows and running water. Both mud-flows and streams when well developed cut through bench rubble and into the scarp slope and locally destroy the stepped profile. The current activity of these processes is due to marine erosion of the toe, the net result of the processes being a progressive retreat of the cliff top averaging over one metre per year in some places
Reactivation of landsliding following partial cliff stabilization at Barton-on-Sea, Hampshire, UK
No full textThe historically unstable eastern side of the Barton Clay coastal outcrop was subject to stabilization works during 1967–1968, the principal part of which was a 1450 m long filter drain with a sheet pile cut-off aimed at the seepage-prone Barton Sand–Barton Clay junction. Subsequently four reactivated landslides occurred and by 2008 amounted to c.?46% of the total length of the filter drain. Two of these landslides were massive failures of the whole undercliff. This paper examines the relations between the landslides and the stratigraphy, including the presence of the known preferred surfaces of shearing, and the characteristic geomorphological modes of degradation in the Barton Clay undercliffs. It is shown that although the original drainage design reflected the influence of the stratigraphy, there was insufficient consideration of the hazards posed by the natural patterns of degradation and their geomorphological expression. The earlier two of the landslides were followed by remedial measures but the latest two are continuing. Although the cliff toe is well protected by a robust rock armoured revetment, the western end of this area is now reverting to the state that existed before the stabilization works were installed
Seepage characteristics and landsliding of the A3 zone of the Barton Beds
No full textThe most characteristic feature of the Barton Clay cliffs of Christchurch Bay is the presence of a number of preferred bedding plane surfaces of shearing. Most of these are contained within clay horizons and the reason for their preferential use by the coastal landslides is unknown. One surface, however, is at the base of the 2.7 m thick A3 Zone which consists of inter-bedded sand and clays. This surface is well exposed and forms a distinct feature in the cliffs throughout nearly the whole of the 1.5 mile coastal outcrop of the A3 Zone.The paper discusses the reason why a shear surface is preferentially developed at this stratigraphic location. Three possible causes are discussed under the headings of (i) pore pressure fluctuation, (ii) seepage erosion and piping and (iii) equilibration response time. The first two are well established theories but the third is a new hypothesis derived from the original Bishop and Bjerrum theory of delayed equilibration. It is considered that the discussion is useful in the general context of landsliding at sand/clay junctions in overconsolidated soils
A geological appraisal of the site of the foundation failure of the giant oil tanks at Fawley, Hampshire
No full textTwo giant oil tanks (79.3 m diameter by 19.5 m high) were constructed at Fawley in 1967-68. The tanks were founded on a reinforced concrete slab supported by piles of varying lengths taken through alluvium and end-bearing in Valley Gravel which overlies Barton Clay (Eocene). Totals of 1580 and 1652 piles, respectively, were used for each tank. The foundations failed during water-loading tests with a maximum depression of 0.425 m in one of the reinforced concrete slabs. Post-mortem examination of the foundations revealed defects in a number of piles, and after further tests and investigations, Professor G. A. Leonards concluded that the failure was due to defective piles.The success of the original design was critically dependent on the geology. Particular problems on which attention was focussed included the continuity and thickness of the gravels, their variation in density, the character of the interface between Valley Gravel and Barton Clay and the lithological variations within the alluvium. These problems are examined here in relation to the existing geological knowledge of the region. Of particular significance is the conclusion that, in part, the variation in density within the gravels is due to the existence of Flandrian gravel overlying Pleistocene terrace gravel. Isopachytes of the gravels have been drawn along with contours on the upper and lower surfaces. These are compared with the settlement contours of the failed foundation slab and it is concluded that there is no correlation between them
The slip surface in the D Zone of the Barton Clay
No full textThe most dominant of the preferred bedding plane surfaces of shearing in the Eocene Barton Clay coastal cliffs of the Hampshire Basin is that near the base of the D Zone. This is utilized as the basal surface of compound landslides virtually throughout its 2.3 km outcrop from near the cliff top to beach level, an elevation change of nearly 30 m. The shear zone is located along a thin seam of dark chocolate brown clay, which has been investigated by X-ray powder diffraction mineralogical analysis, X-ray fluorescence chemical analysis, scanning electron microscope study of the microfabric and ring shear tests. The dark seam is slightly more clay rich and has a slightly lower value of residual shear strength than the ambient D Zone clay. The reason for its preference during landsliding is discussed. The available evidence suggests that although some previous shear displacement by flexural slip during folding may have occurred, the main displacement results from the lateral rebound response to coastal recession, involving a reorientation of any previous clay particle alignment. Lateral rebound initiates progressive failure, which leads to the compound landsliding of the in situ clay slopes
Roy W. Barton
No full textThe Oklahoma A&M College World War I Veterans collection captures the memories and experiences of the men and women of Oklahoma Agricultural and Mechanical College who served in World War I. In 1919, a project headed by Maude Cass, the editor of the 1919 Redskin; Professor Maroney of the Department of History; Margaret Walters, Librarian; and J.W. Cantwell, the College President, was undertaken to survey these veterans. The surveys were returned along with photographs, letters, and newspaper clippings documenting these veterans’ experiences during World War I
Barton Academy
No full textBarton Academy was named for state representative Willoughby Barton, the author of the bill that created Mobile's public school system. The building was used as a hospital for Union soldiers in 1864
The development and evaluation of a case study approach to design instruction in engineering design graphics
No full textPurpose of the Research. The investigation sought to determine: if the case materials were an acceptable method of design instruction through the stated opinions of students and instructional staff. The research also sought to determine the level of understanding of the major objectivies [sic] of the presentations by the students. The study was: conducted in the Department of Engineering Design Graphics at Texas A&M University during the fall semester, 1970. The research population consisted of 889 students enrolled in the first course of; engineering graphics and twelve cooperating instructors who presented; the instructional materials. Procedure of the Research. The instructional materials consisted of seven design units that were presented over a ten week span of the semester to guide the students through their team design activities. Photographic slides were used as the visual medium to present the case examples that were used to relate to the students the characteristics of approaches to problem solution that have been used in the arrival at conclusions in technical design projects. A survey method was used to obtain data from which an evaluation of the hypotheses could be performed. A questionnaire-quiz was developed to accompany each of the unit presentations except unit number one which was to serve as an introduction to design. Each instrument consisted of attitude statements to which the students responded by indicating their opinions through the use of a five-point progressive rating scale. The response possibilities ranged from a low of one, indicating complete disagreement with the statement, to a high of five which indicated total agreement with the statement. A response of three on the scale indicated neutrality. These instruments also included a multiple-choice informational quiz. These instruments were administered to the students at the conclusion of the instructional presentations to determine an immediate response from the student population concerning their attitudes about the unit materials and their understanding of the unit information. The results from these student responses were summarized in the form of means and standard deviations to determine the representative ratings on the questionnaire items and the dispersion about these mean responses. ..
Histories, Allen-Barton
No full textThe Daughters of Utah Pioneers, Phillips Camp biographies (circa 1940-1974) is a collection of biographical sketches of Utah pioneers submitted to the Phillips Camp, Daughters of Utah Pioneers, in Kaysville, Utah. The individual sketches give insight into the socioeconomic status of European, as well New World, converts to the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints during the nineteenth century. They contain biographical and genealogical information, as well as descriptions of experiences crossing the Atlantic to America and traveling across the plains to Utah. Minute details of pioneering life in Davis County, Utah, and other frontier outposts of settlement are illuminated. Described also are individual occupations and survival techniques along with information on offices held in, and services to, the church and the community. Biographies include: Mary Sims Allen (1847-1925), 1 page; William Allen (1849-1928), 2 pages; Anthone Edward Anderson (1839-1906), 2 pages; Pernilla J. Anderson (1850-n.d.), 5 pages; Mary Bunting Ashton (1820-1900), 1 page; Samuel Ashton (1815-1890), 1 page; John Bair (1810-1884), 2 pages; Lucinda Owens Tyler Bair (1812-n.d.), 2 pages; Charles Barnes (1848-1926), 2 pages; Frances Fitzjohn Chapman Barnes (1818-1876), 1 page; Mary Simmons Fanning Barnes (1841-1932), 2 pages; Rebecca Phillips Barnes (1852-1906), 3 pages; Rosa Ellen Webb Barnes (1850-n.d.), 3 pages; William Barnes (1844-1904), 1 page; William Jefferies Barnes (1820-1893), 1 page; James Barnett (1812?-1894), 2 pages; John Barnett (1858-n.d.) and Ellen Mary Bone Barnett (1856-1921), 4 pages; Lewis Barney (1808-1895), 3 pages; Ellen A. Beazer Barton (1852-1918), 3 pages; John Barton (1840-1916), 3 pages; Joseph Barton (1848-1934), 5 pages; Peter Barton (1845-1912), 3 page
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