1,721,041 research outputs found
Comparing Brief Measures of Narcissisminternal Consistency, Validity, Coverage
No full textNarcissism is a personality construct linked to dysfunction in several domains. It encompasses grandiose and vulnerable variants as well as antagonism, agentic extraversion, and neuroticism higher-order factors. Many measures that vary in breadth and length have been constructed to measure narcissism. In recent years, super-short forms have become popular in research settings. Although brief measures hold some advantages, their brevity can come at psychometric costs. The comparative limitations of these short narcissism forms have received relatively little empirical examination. The goal of the current project was to fill this gap by determining the potential costs and benefits of using short measures of narcissism rather than longer measures in an online community sample (N= 473). This examination included assessing short form completion time, psychometric properties, structure, and measurement invariance across gender. Generally, the short forms demonstrated adequate internal consistency, variable convergence with each other, and mostly moderate to strong convergence with long forms.Short forms with long form counterparts performed well in terms of accounting for the variance of their long form counterparts. The short form items used for the bass-ackward analysis successfully replicated the factor structure of narcissism found by Crowe et al. (2019) using longer narcissism measures at both the two- and three-factor level, which showed measurement invariance across gender, generally at the scalar invariance level. Taken together, these findings suggest that it is still likely most advantageous to use the long forms whenever possible but that some short forms could be used when efficiency of survey administration is particularly important without significant psychometric cost
Psychopathy across the lifespan: A five-factor model approach
No full textAlthough psychopathy is assumed to persist across much of the lifespan, evidence suggests that psychopaths show consistent decreases in overt criminal activities as they age. Similarly, although relatively stable across long periods of time, personality traits also show age-related changes in absolute levels. The current investigation examines whether age-related changes in basic traits can account for age-related changes in psychopathy. Using data from the NEO-PI-R in a large sample spanning ages 15 to 70, predictions about mean psychopathy levels are derived as a function of age. These predictions are tested against observed levels of psychopathy at various ages. Further, this study tests whether the differential declines across mean Factor 1 and Factor 2 psychopathy scores are due to differential declines in the specific traits associated with each factor. The current study adds to a body of research suggesting that psychopathy can be understood as a constellation of maladaptive personality traits
How similar are physical and social aggression? An examination of the correlates among young adult women
No full textAlthough, there has been a surge in research examining indirect forms of aggression, many of the theoretical frameworks and models associated with aggression have predominantly focused on physical aggression. As a result, many of the conclusions drawn about aggressive behavior have been drawn from data conducted with males. This study examined the degree of similarity between physical and social aggression among young adult female perpetrators. Specifically, it determined how similar the correlational profiles between social and physical aggression were on underlying traits and processes that have historically been thought to underlie physical aggression. The secondary goal was to examine the degree of similarity between proactive and reactive forms of social aggression and physical aggression on the same underlying traits. One-hundred nineteen college women living in cooperative housing completed self-reports of behavior and personality (using the NEO-PI to assess the Five Factor Model), peer nominations of social aggression, and laboratory tasks (e.g., social information processing vignettes and a facial emotional expression recognition task). Inter-class correlations between the correlational profiles for social aggression and physical aggression revealed only a moderate degree of similarity for both self- and peer-reports. Test of dependent correlations showed that physical aggression had a stronger positive relationship to the tendency to believe that the person will act similarly in the future, has a stronger negative relationship to number of sad morphs, has a stronger positive relationship to anger errors, and a stronger positive relationship to both (lack of) premeditation and perseverance. Social aggression had a stronger positive association with sad errors and extraversion. It should be noted that the analyses exploring subtypes of social aggression and physical aggression were conducted with self-report data. Additionally, the proactive subscale reliabilities were low, thus the following results should be interpreted with caution. Inter-class correlations highlighted a moderate difference between proactive social and physical aggression and reactive social and physical aggression. Proactive physical aggression demonstrated a strong positive link to the belief that the person acted with negative intentions, the belief that the behavior was the result of negative personality characteristics, and sensation seeking behavior. Reactive physical aggression demonstrated a strong positive link to the tendency to believe that the person will act similarly in the future, a negative link to conscientiousness, and strong positive link to both (lack of) premeditation and perseverance. In addition to the above-noted problem with the reliabilities of the proactive aggression scales, inconsistent findings on the EEMT and the failure to replicate previous findings using the SIP tasks also limited the conclusions that could be drawn. Future research directions aimed at differentiating physical aggression and social aggression that overcome current limitations are discussed
Development of a Five-Factor Model Measure of Machiavellianism
Get PDFMachiavellianism is characterized by planfulness, the ability to delay gratification, interpersonal antagonism, and callousness. Although its theoretically positive relation with facets of conscientiousness should make Machiavellianism distinct from psychopathy, current measurements of Machiavellianism are indistinguishable from those of psychopathy. The goal of the present study was to create a theoretically grounded measure of Machiavellianism using an expert-derived trait profile based on the thirty facets of the Five Factor Model (FFM) and then test the validity of that measure by comparing it to relevant constructs. Expert ratings of the prototypical Machiavellian on FFM facets yielded a profile of 13 facets spanning low agreeableness and high conscientiousness. Items were written to represent each facet, resulting in a 201-item Five Factor Machiavellianism Inventory (FFMI). Across two studies, with a total of 710 participants recruited via MTurk, the FFMI was reduced to its final 52-item form comprising three factors: Antagonism, Agency, and Planfulness. The FFMI was shown to relate as expected to measures of Big Five personality traits, current Machiavellianism measures, psychopathy, narcissism, ambition, and impulsivity. The study findings suggest that the FFMI is a promising alternative Machiavellianism measure
Personality Traits, Personality Disorders, and Aggression: A Comparison of Intimate Partner Vs. Non-Intimate Partner Aggression
No full textBoth basic personality traits and clinical personality disorders have been studied in the context of a wide range of behaviors, including antisocial behavior and aggression. Although the five-factor model (FFM) has been examined in relation to several types of non-partner aggression, relatively few studies have assessed the relations between FFM traits and intimate partner aggression perpetration. Additionally, some work has suggested that there may be differential personality correlates of intimate partner aggression versus other forms of aggression, but none has directly compared these types of aggression in terms of their personality trait profiles. The present study sought to answer those questions as well as critically evaluate the potential mediating role of basic traits in the relation between personality disorder (PD) symptoms and outcomes related to aggression and antisocial behavior. A total of 307 participants, recruited from Amazon Mechanical Turk (MTurk), completed a number of questionnaires assessing personality traits, PD symptoms, and various types of aggressive and antisocial behavior. Findings suggest that traits related to Agreeableness and Conscientiousness generally demonstrated the strongest and most consistent (negative) relations across all measures of aggression and antisocial behavior; however, Neuroticism-related traits also demonstrated moderate (positive) correlations with certain types of aggression. PD symptoms almost all predicted aggressive and antisocial behavior, and although ASPD and BPD were two of the most robust PD symptom correlates across aggression and antisocial behavior outcomes, they were not always the strongest PD symptom correlate for each behavior. Personality profiles were moderately similar across aggression subtypes, but some showed more convergence than others. Finally, relations between PD symptom counts and aggressive and antisocial behavior were largely accounted for by more basic personality traits
Identifying adolescent offenders at risk for institutional misconduct: An examination of self-report and laboratory-based measures of juvenile psychopathy
No full textResearch suggests individuals with psychopathic traits possess several deficits that influence their tendencies to engage in antisocial behavior. However, few studies have examined whether youth with psychopathic traits possess the same deficits as their adult counterparts or whether specific deficits predict institutional misconduct in youth. The current study examined relations between three self-report measures of juvenile psychopathy (CPS, YPI, and FFM psychopathy prototype) and three laboratory tasks (Balloon Analog Risk Task-Youth Version, Paced Auditory Serial Addition Task-Computerized Version, and the Emotional Expression Multimorph Task) thought to capture psychopathic deficits. Additionally, these measures were compared as predictors of several forms of institutional misconduct. One-hundred twenty incarcerated juveniles completed measures on a laptop computer and experimenters tabulated reports of institutional misconduct via comprehensive chart review. Results indicated that self-report measures and laboratory tasks generally converged poorly and that these measures only modestly predicted institutional misconduct. Lastly, self-report measures and laboratory tasks failed to provide significant increments in variance over demographic variables and achievement scores. Thus, the laboratory tasks utilized in this study may not be particularly good measures of youth psychopathy, but predicted institutional misconduct just as well as self-report measures. The relatively weak prediction of institutional misconduct suggests clinicians should explore other factors (in addition to psychopathy) when predicting institutional misconduct
Development and validation of the affective and cognitive measure of empathy (ACME)
No full textLow empathy is a criterion for most externalizing disorders, and empathy training is a regular component of treatment for aggressive people, from school bullies to sex offenders. However, recent meta-analytic evidence suggests that current measures of empathy only predict 1% of the variance in aggressive behavior. Accordingly, a new self-report assessment of empathy was developed to more fully represent the empathy construct and predict important outcomes--particularly aggressive behavior and externalizing psychopathology. Across 3 independent undergraduate samples (N = 210-803), the 45-item Affective and Cognitive measure of Empathy (ACME) scales proved to be internally consistent , unidimensional, and structurally reliable across samples and sexes. The ACME also predicted important outcomes; these predictions were incremental to other measures of empathy and generalizable across sex. Importantly, the affective scales of the ACME--particularly a new affective dissonance scale--yielded moderate to strong associations with aggressive behavior and externalizing disorders. The ACME is a short, reliable, and useful measure of empathy
Merging Structural and Process-Related Approaches to the Study of Agreeableness: A Preregistered Replication and Extension
No full textAgreeableness is one of the major domains included within prominent hierarchical models of personality like the Five-factor Model (FFM). (Low) agreeableness has shown to be the strongest correlate of a variety of antisocial behaviors relative to the other FFM domains. Though there is substantial evidence that (low) agreeableness is the most important personality correlate of various antisocial behaviors, this evidence is descriptive and provides little information on the direction or processes underlying the relation. Process-related research has started to provide more insight into how agreeableness-related traits give rise to various antisocial and prosocial behaviors. The proposed study looks to first replicate previous research on some of the potential cognitive/emotional processes related to agreeableness, and then to conduct exploratory analyses to identify which, if any, of the empirically identified facets of agreeableness bear specific relations to the processes under study. Thus, the proposed project seeks to merge developments across important domains of personality research, structural research and process-based research, while also making use of open-science practices
Behavior outcomes in early childhood: The influences of cumulative risk and the childcare environment
No full textPrevious research suggests that cumulative risk at differing ecological levels is related to child maladjustment while high-quality extra-familial childcare can contribute to healthy psychological development. However, few studies have examined specific mechanisms of the childcare environment that may be protective. The present study of 274 preschool children and their primary caregiver examined whether accumulated risks at the individual, family, or social levels contributed to the development of internalizing behaviors, externalizing behaviors, and social competence. This study also explored the contribution of the childcare environment to the development of child behavior problems over and beyond the effects of cumulative risk. Finally, the present study investigated the moderational influence of the childcare environment in order to specify the mechanisms by which protection against cumulative risk may be conferred. Results were consistent with previous findings that cumulative risk has a deleterious influence on child behavior outcomes. However, characteristics of childcare quality were found to have an overall negligible influence on child behaviors over and beyond cumulative risk. In terms of moderators, lower levels of program structure in conjunction with social-level risk predicted lower levels of social competence. Interestingly, interactions of cumulative risk with positive classroom interactions and high levels of classroom activity predicted increased externalizing behaviors and impaired social competence, respectively. Although this study provides little guidance for intervention efforts, future researchers are urged to examine the childcare environment more carefully in order to uncover potentially protective aspects of this setting
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