364 research outputs found
FIGURES 1–8 in A revision of Chinese pear psyllids (Hemiptera: Psylloidea) associated with Pyrus ussuriensis
No full textFIGURES 1–8. Cacopsylla (Cacopsylla) accincta sp. nov., adult. 1. Head, antennae removed; 2. microscopic structure of denoted part of vertex; 3. male terminalia, without distal aedeagus segment; 4. distal aedeagus segment; 5. inner view of paramere; 6. female terminalia, inner valvulae removed; 7. antennal segment X; 8. Fore wing. Scale: for 1, 0.16 mm; for 2, 0.064 mm; for 3, 4 & 6, 0.2 mm; for 5 & 7, 0.32 mm; for 8, 0.475 mm.Published as part of Luo, Xinyu, Li, Fasheng, Ma, Yanfang & Cai, Wanzhi, 2012, A revision of Chinese pear psyllids (Hemiptera: Psylloidea) associated with Pyrus ussuriensis, pp. 58-80 in Zootaxa 3489 on page 61, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.21397
Unraveling neural patterns across situational awareness levels on hazard recognition behaviors: a fNIRS study
No full textConstruction sites are one of the most hazardous environments suffering from high injury rates. Maintaining effective situation awareness (SA) in this dynamic setting is crucial for timely hazard recognition and worker safety. However, the cognitive mechanisms of hazard recognition underlying SA levels (i.e., perception, comprehension, and projection) have not been fully investigated in the construction industry. To address this, this study examined the neural responses of subjects, using an advanced neuroimaging technique, during hazard recognition tasks across various construction scenarios. Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) technique was utilized to record the real-time brain activation in the prefrontal and visual cortex and the situation awareness global assessment technique (SAGAT) was adopted to categorize each level of SA. The results indicated that higher activations in the right prefrontal cortex (RVC) are associated with subjects' spatial awareness needed for Level 1 hazard perception, and more activations in the left visual cortex (LVC) and left prefrontal cortex (LPFC) are linked to the greater analytical processing of visual information and semantic knowledge retrieval required for Level 2 hazard comprehension. Further, strengthened neural activation and correlations in both the visual and prefrontal cortex are correlated with detailed information processing and mental model retrievals necessary for Level 3 hazard projection. These findings reveal the neural cognitive mechanisms of construction hazard recognition underlying different SA levels, providing insights for developing customized training based on SA levels' deficits in hazard recognition behaviors.
Cacopsylla (Cacopsylla) accincta Luo, Li, Ma & Cai, 2012, sp. n.
No full textCacopsylla (Cacopsylla) accincta sp. n. (Figs 1–8) Adult. Coloration: Body brown, vertex yellowish brown, discal foveae and surrounding concave area dark brown. Genal processes blackish brown, apical half lighter. Antenna yellowish brown, with black apices on segments IV–VIII and segments IX–X entirely black. Ocelli light orange; compound eyes purplish red. Thoracic terga with dark brown stripes. Legs brown, femora darker. Fore wing transparent, veins brown. Abdominal segments blackish orange to mostly black with red hind margins. Male and female terminalia yellowish brown to black; female proctiger and subgenital plate with black pattern as shown in Fig. 6 or entirely black. Structure: Body glabrous and robust. Head strongly inclined from longitudinal body axis, slightly wider than mesoscutum. Vertex (Fig. 2) finely sculptured with microscopic setae and scaly micro structures that are relatively dense, narrow and smooth. Genal processes (Fig. 1) elongate cone-shaped, gradually tapering and moderately divergent apically, about as long as vertex along median suture, covered with long setae, apex relatively acute. Antenna long and slender; terminal setae (Fig. 7) subequal in length, slightly longer than antennal segment X. Metatibia with well developed basal spine, apical spurs arranged as 1 + 3 + 1. Fore wing (Fig. 8) oblong oval, widest in apical third; pterostigma short, ending in the middle of cell r 1; cell cu 1 relatively flat, curvature of vein Cu 1 a relatively smooth; surface spinules present in all cells, leaving narrow spinule-free stripes along veins, fields narrowing along wing margin in cells r 2, m 1, m 2 and cu 1, in c+sc sparse and scattered with the field reduced; 4 sets of radular spinules present in cells r 2, m 1, m 2 and cu 1, in r 2 relatively reduced. Male terminalia: Proctiger (Fig. 3) slightly arched, evenly covered with short setae. Paramere (Figs 3, 5) lamellar and relatively slender; apical tooth acute, strongly inflexed and projecting cephalad; erect or curved setae present on both inner and outer surface, almost evenly spaced on outer surface, denser and longer basally on inner surface and posterior margin, conspicuously denser on posterior than anterior margin; several long, erect and relatively thick setae growing from small tubercles on anterior margin, seemingly forming a row. Apical dilatation of aedeagus (Fig. 4) hook-shaped; sclerotised end tube of ductus ejaculatorius obliquely and straightly rising upward. Subgenital plate (Fig. 3) more or less quadrate in profile, with a band of moderately long setae extending from the middle of the dorsal margin towards the rear. Female terminalia (Fig. 6): Proctiger with a relatively long apical part, dorsal margin weakly concave in profile, densely covered with setae that vary in length; apex of proctiger covered with relatively sparse peg setae. Ventral surface of subgenital plate evenly covered with short setae and peg setae. Material examined. Holotype: male, dry mounted, China, Gansu, Beishan, Hanji, Linxia, on Pyrus ussuriensis 14.ix. 2011, Ma Yanfang. Paratypes: 8 male, 10 female with same data as holotype. Non-paratypic specimens: Additional specimens from the same series are preserved in absolute ethanol. Etymology. From Latin, accinctus = armed, referring to the coloration that’s like military suit and the robust body. Remarks. This species resembles Cacopsylla mali, which is the type species of Cacopsylla s. str., in shape and setation of paramere, shape of cells and area of surface spinules in fore wing, all aspects of female terminalia, etc. For such reason, it is herein assigned to Cacopsylla s. str.Published as part of Luo, Xinyu, Li, Fasheng, Ma, Yanfang & Cai, Wanzhi, 2012, A revision of Chinese pear psyllids (Hemiptera: Psylloidea) associated with Pyrus ussuriensis, pp. 58-80 in Zootaxa 3489 on page 60, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.21397
Fig. 2. Key 1H–1H in Terpene Shikimate conjugated meroterpenoids from the endophytic fungus Guignardia mangiferae
No full textFig. 2. Key 1H–1H COSY and HMBC correlations of compounds 1, 3, 6, and 9.Published as part of Chen, Keliang, Chen, Chunmei, Liu, Xiulan, Sun, Weiguang, Deng, Yanfang, Liu, Junjun, Wang, Jianping, Luo, Zengwei, Zhu, Hucheng & Zhang, Yonghui, 2021, Terpene Shikimate conjugated meroterpenoids from the endophytic fungus Guignardia mangiferae, pp. 1-9 in Phytochemistry (112860) 190 on page 4, DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2021.112860, http://zenodo.org/record/825739
Fig. 8 in Terpene Shikimate conjugated meroterpenoids from the endophytic fungus Guignardia mangiferae
No full textFig. 8. ΔδH(S-R) value of MTPA esters of 6 in CDCl3.Published as part of Chen, Keliang, Chen, Chunmei, Liu, Xiulan, Sun, Weiguang, Deng, Yanfang, Liu, Junjun, Wang, Jianping, Luo, Zengwei, Zhu, Hucheng & Zhang, Yonghui, 2021, Terpene Shikimate conjugated meroterpenoids from the endophytic fungus Guignardia mangiferae, pp. 1-9 in Phytochemistry (112860) 190 on page 6, DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2021.112860, http://zenodo.org/record/825739
Cacopsylla (Thamnopsylla) burckhardti Luo, Li, Ma & Cai, 2012, sp. n.
No full textCacopsylla (Thamnopsylla) burckhardti sp. n. (Figs 9–19) Adult. Coloration: Body yellowish green. Vertex yellowish brown; discal foveae dark brown; areas along median suture, fore margin and middle of hind margin yellowish green. Genal processes yellowish brown. Ocelli orange, compound eyes brown to black. Antenna brown, with black apices on segments IV–VIII and segments IX–X entirely black. Thoracic terga yellowish green, with brown stripes. Legs yellow, dorsal surface of femora with irregular brown pattern, apical tarsal segment brown. Fore wing transparent; veins light brown, vein A 1 darkened near anal break, not forming a marking. Abdomen yellowish green, middle of terga black, connected together into a wide stripe; sterna black or yellowish green. Male and female terminalia yellowish green. Structure: Body glabrous and robust. Head strongly inclined from longitudinal body axis, slightly wider than mesoscutum and relatively transverse. Vertex (Fig. 10) finely sculptured with microscopic setae and scaly micro structures that are relatively small, prominent and sparse. Genal processes (Fig. 9) cone-shaped, robust and relatively blunt apically, almost as long as vertex along median suture, covered with long setae. Ocelli relatively large. Compound eyes moderately protruding. Antenna relatively short and slender, terminal setae (Fig. 15) of very different lengths, the longer one about twice as long as the shorter one, and about as long as antennal segment X. Metatibia with short basal spine, apical spurs arranged as 1 + 3 + 1. Fore wing (Fig. 16) oblong oval, widest in apical third; pterostigma relatively long, ending in the apical third of cell r 1; cell cu 1 nearly quadrate, curvature of vein Cu 1 a almost forming right angle; surface spinules present in all cells except for c+sc, leaving wide spinule-free stripes along the veins, fields narrowing along wing margin in cells r 2, m 1, m 2 and cu 1; 4 sets of radular spinules present in cells r 2, m 1, m 2 and cu 1, in r 2 less developed. For texture of surface spinules: normal (as is in most known Cacopsylla spp. represented by C. chinensis) basally, gradually turning into singularly contrasting (black and slightly larger in individual) apically, with radular spinules also contrasting. Male terminalia: Proctiger (Fig. 11) slender, densely covered with short setae. Paramere (Figs 11, 13) lamellar and broad, apical tooth subacute and inflexed; anterior margin expanding into narrow elongate extension, posterior margin strongly sinuate; setae present on both inner and outer surface, sparser and shorter on anterior margin, denser and longer in basal 2 / 3 of inner surface and posterior margin, several slightly thicker short setae present near apical tooth. Apex of basal aedeagus segment (Fig. 11) strongly projected caudad; apical dilatation (Fig. 12) of aedaegus relatively elongate and lens-shaped; sclerotised end tube of ductus ejaculatorius weakly sinuate. Subgenital plate (Fig. 11) nearly triangular, partly covered with setae that vary in length near dorsal margin and sparse short setae ventrally. Female terminalia (Fig. 14) elongate. Proctiger sinuate dorsally, covered with rather short setae; apical part densely covered with peg setae, with the involved field not completely surrounded by fields of setae. Ventral surface of subgenital plate covered with short setae and peg setae. 5 th instar nymph. Coloration: For specimens preserved in absolute ethanol and not dissected. General colour yellow, mature individuals darker. Dorsal sclerites ochreous, ventral ones lighter or light brown. Wing pads light brown except for the base. Compound eyes brown. Apical 2 / 3 of antennal segment 7 black. Structure: Body oblong oval. Dorsal surface (Fig. 17) unevenly covered with minute capitate setae, on abdomen arranged in transverse stripes, indicating the division of abdominal segments. Ventral surface of abdomen (Fig. 17) covered with simple setae, longer laterally. Micro spinules present on both dorsal and ventral surfaces, fields as shown in Fig. 17, on dorsal surface short, lamellar and multicuspid, on ventral long, spinous and unicuspid. Ocular seta (Fig. 17) very short, capitate. A long capitate seta (Fig. 17) present posterior to compound eye at body margin. Antenna (Fig. 17) slender, 7 -segmented, with a single rhinarium on apices of segments 3 and 5, two rhinaria on segment 7. A sclerite with a spiracle present in ventral surface between praecoxa and mesocoxa, and a sclerite with a spiracle present on ventral surface between mesocoxa and metacoxa (Fig. 17). A pair of long capitate setae present in anterior margin of head, with a pair of short capitate setae between them (Fig. 17). Fore wing pad with one, and hind wing pad with two short capitate setae on distal angle (Fig. 17). Dorsal surface of mesotibia and metatibia with 2 long capitate setae (Fig. 17). Tarsal arolium (Fig. 19) petiolate, fan-shaped. Abdomen ventrally with 3 + 3 lateral free sclerites (Fig. 17) each bearing a spiracle. Outer circum-anal ring (Fig. 18) oval, with anterior margin sharply depressed, posterior margin near straight and lateral margins weakly indented. Inner circum-anal ring (Fig. 18) of similar shape as outer one but lateral margins not indented. Ventral surface of caudal plate (Fig. 18) with 2 + 2 simple setae near anterior margin, 2 + 2 simple setae right in front of outer circumanal ring, 2 simple setae within the suture and a series of simple setae near posterior margin. Abdominal margin (Fig. 17) bearing 5 pairs of long and pointed simple setae and 3 pairs of sectasetae. Material examined. Holotype: male, dry mounted, China, Gansu, Sanshilipu, Hezheng, on Pyrus ussuriensis 15.vi. 2011, Ma Yanfang. Paratypes: 7 male, 26 female with same data as holotype, together with numerous nymphs. Non-paratypic specimens: China, Gansu: Sanshilipu, Hezheng, 16 male, 23 female on Pyrus ussuriensis, 9.vi. 2010, Ma Yanfang, dry mounted. Additional materials (from the same series with the type materials) are preserved in absolute ethanol. Etymology. This species is named after Dr. Daniel Burckhardt for his great contribution to study of psyllids and his help in our research. Remarks. This species resembles Cacopsylla pyrisuga (Foerster) in the fore wing shape, the strongly contrasting surface spinules, setation of female proctiger and broad parameres. It differs from the latter in shape of distal segment of aedeagus, the more produced anterior margin and the more sinuate posterior margin of the paramere and more reduced areas of surface spinules of the fore wing. C. pyrisuga is recorded from the whole Palaearctic Region (Klimaszewski, 1973; Kwon, 1983; Ossiannilsson, 1992), though never formally from China by Chinese authors. Kwon’s (1983) record of C. pyrisuga from Korea may concern C. burckhardti rather than C. pyrisuga judging from his illustrations, e.g. distal segment of aedeagus, sinuate hind margin of paramere and shape of female proctiger. The fore wing illustration of Kwon does not show the areas of surface spinules, but he states in his redescription that they are “completely covering cell c+sc”, which is not the same with C. burckhardti. Kwon’s record of Cacopsylla pyricola may also concern other species.Published as part of Luo, Xinyu, Li, Fasheng, Ma, Yanfang & Cai, Wanzhi, 2012, A revision of Chinese pear psyllids (Hemiptera: Psylloidea) associated with Pyrus ussuriensis, pp. 58-80 in Zootaxa 3489 on pages 62-65, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.21397
Investigating the impact of scenario and interaction fidelity on training experience when designing immersive virtual reality-based construction safety training
No full textSafety training is an effective method to reduce safety issues. Immersive virtual reality (IVR) for safety training has gained attention in high-risk industries, but the trade-off between realism and abstraction in IVR-based training is not fully understood. This study investigated the impact of scenario and interaction fidelity on IVR-based forklift safety training, focusing on presence and usability. Scenario fidelity varied the Level of Development (LOD) in IVR model (high LOD vs. low LOD), while interaction fidelity varied the control interface (steering wheel and pedals vs. keyboard). A 2-by-2 experiment with 120 participants examined high/low scenario and interaction fidelity. Results showed scenario fidelity enhanced presence and usability significantly, while interaction fidelity had no effect. The realism of training scenarios is more influential for presence and immersion than control interface realism. These findings aim to balance IVR simulation fidelity and learning outcomes and help guide the development of cost-efficient IVR-based safety training
Understanding Hazard Recognition Behaviors through Situational Awareness Assessment in Virtual Construction Environments
No full textEffective safety management at construction sites requires accurate hazard recognition. However, previous research studies have revealed a significant proportion of hazards remain unrecognized. Poor hazard recognition may be attributed to the deficiency at one or more levels of situational awareness (SA). Understanding how different hazard types, particularly those with high fatality rates, influence workers' SA is critical to improving safety outcomes. To address this research gap, three hazard types with different fatality hierarchies (F-I: fall, F-II: struck-by, and F-III: electrical hazards) were built in a complex and dynamic virtual reality (VR) construction environment. Participants' hazard recognition behaviors regarding hazard perception, comprehension, and projection (Level 1, 2, and 3 SA) were measured by a well-recognized situational awareness global assessment technique (SAGAT). The findings revealed that the achievement of SA varied among different hazard types and was impacted by fatality hierarchy. There was a consistent decline in success rates from Level 1 to Level 3 SA across all hazards, and the potential to achieve a high-level SA demonstrated a positive correlation with the hazard fatality hierarchy. Specific reasons for failure at each SA level attributed to shortcomings included a deficiency in prior knowledge, narrowed attention, and the increased demand for cognitive resources. The findings enhance the understanding of workers' SA in hazard recognition behaviors and provide a foundation for developing customized interventions. These interventions can be tailored to address SA deficiencies at different levels based on hazard types with distinct fatality hierarchies, ultimately improving safety performance at construction sites.
Cacopsylla
No full textKey to the known Cacopsylla nymphs on Pyrus ussuriensis in China 1. Fore wing pad with only 1 capitate seta at outer margin; ventral surface of hindwing pad nearly completely covered with micro spinules; 3 + 3 lateral free sclerites bearing a spiracle each present in ventral surface of abdomen (Fig. 17); 3 pairs of sectasetae present in abdominal margin (Fig. 17)...................................... C. (Thamnopsylla) burckhardti sp. nov. -. Fore wing pad with a line of 9–12 capitate setae along outer margin (Figs 30, 41); ventral surface of hindwing pad covered with micro spinules only in anterior half; 2 + 2 lateral free sclerites bearing a spiracle each present in ventral surface of abdomen; abdominal margin without sectasetae (Figs 30, 41)....................................................... 2 2. Setae in wing pad margin and abdominal margin relatively longer (Fig. 30); tarsal arolium relatively wider (Fig. 32); outer circum-anal ring depressed laterally (Fig. 31)............................................ C. (Hepatopsylla) chinensis -. Setae in wing pad margin and abdominal margin relatively shorter (Fig. 41); tarsal arolium relatively narrower (Fig. 43); outer circum-anal ring not depressed laterally (Fig. 42)........................... C. (Hepatopsylla) cinereosignata sp. nov.Published as part of Luo, Xinyu, Li, Fasheng, Ma, Yanfang & Cai, Wanzhi, 2012, A revision of Chinese pear psyllids (Hemiptera: Psylloidea) associated with Pyrus ussuriensis, pp. 58-80 in Zootaxa 3489 on page 60, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.21397
Cacopsylla (Hepatopsylla) liaoli Yang & Li
No full textCacopsylla (Hepatopsylla) liaoli (Yang & Li) (Figs 44–51) Psylla liaoli Yang & Li, 1981: 43; Hodkinson, 1986: 327. Cacopsylla liaoli (Yang & Li): Li, 2011: 864. Adult. Coloration: Body black. Females lighter than males in general colour. Vertex black; areas alongside the median suture and middle of the hind margin yellowish brown to blackish brown. Genal process black. Compound eyes red; ocelli yellowish brown. Antenna yellow, with brown apices on segment VI, segments VII–VIII entirely brown, segments IX–X entirely black. Thorax black, terga gradually lightening into brown from bilateral sides to the middle; stripes unclear. Legs yellow, metafemora brown exept for apical 1 / 5 and basal 1 / 4, apical tarsal segments brown. Fore wing transparent, more or less yellowish, hind half covered by large brown pattern (Fig. 51) which occupies cells cu 2, cu 1, m 2, m 1, apical 1 / 5 of r 2 and apical angle of r 1, with the small area around the anal break uncolored. Abdomen blackish brown. Male proctiger brown, paramere yellow. Female terminalia brown. Structures: Body glabrous and relatively slender. Head relatively small, about as wide as mesoscutum, strongly inclined from longitudinal body axis. Vertex (Fig. 45) finely sculptured with microscopic setae and scaly micro structures that are relatively long, narrow, sparse and remarkably reduced; fore margin relatively strongly deflexed. Genal processes (Fig. 44) cone-shaped and near obliquely truncate subapically, shorter than the vertex along median suture, and covered with very sparse short setae. Antenna relatively short and slender, slightly squiggly; terminal setae (Fig. 50) not as long as each other, the longer one about twice as long as the shorter one, and about as long as antennal segment X. Metatibia with well developed basal spine, apical spurs arranged in (1 + 1 + 2 + 1). Fore wing (Fig. 51) oblong oval, widest at apical third; pterostigma relatively long, ending at apical third of cell r 1; cell cu 1 relatively flat, turning of vein Cu 1 a relatively smooth; surface spinules that are obviously denser than normal (as is in most Cacopsylla spp. represented by C. chinensis) present in all cells, leaving spinule-free bands along veins, narrowing apically along Rs, M 1 + 2, M 3 + 4 and Cu 1 a; 3 sets of relatively less developed radular spinules present in cells m 1, m 2 and cu 1, only distinguished under high-power objective (40 × or higher). Male terminalia: Proctiger (Fig. 46) slightly arched, covered with short setae. Paramere (Figs 46 & 48) lamellar and relatively broad; apex tooth-shaped, blunt, moderately inflexed and projected caudad; dense erect short setae present in both inner and outer surface, relatively evenly distributed, slightly longer and denser in posterior margin than in anterior margin. Apical half of basal aedeagus segment (Fig. 46) moderately curved caudad; distal aedaegus segment (Fig. 47) slightly curved, apical dilatation relatively less dilated; ductus ejaculatorius projecting dorsalbasally and moderately curved apically. Subgenital plate (Fig. 46) near quadrate, with several setae that vary in length in dorsal margin, ventral surface sparsely covered with short setae. Female terminalia (Fig. 49): Proctiger convex dorsally in profile, covered with setae that vary in length; remarkably curved at about the middle of anus longitudinally, with the basal part rising upward; laterally and apex of apical part covered with peg setae that gradually turn longer in the basal part. Subgenital plate relatively flat, covered with short setae and peg setae. Material examined. Holotype: male, dry mounted, China, Liaoning, Beizhen, Xingcheng, 11.v. 1960, Zhang Ciren. Paratypes: 8 male, 6 female, with same data as holotype. Non-paratypic specimens: China, Liaoning, 5 male, Xicheng, vii. 1964, Wu Weijun. Hebei, 1 male, 5 female, Guangtoushan, Pingquan, 500–1500 m, 3.vii. 1986, Li Fasheng. Shanxi: 1 male, 6 female, Fengshan, Taigu, 1300 m, 5.iv. 1982, Pang Zhen. Gansu: 4 male, 11 female, Sanshilipu, Hezheng, 23.iv. 2009, Ma Yanfang, on Pyrus ussuriensis. Distribution. China: Liaoning, Hebei, Shanxi, Gansu. Host plants. Pyrus communis, P. bretschneideri (common name: Bai li, white pear), P. ussuriensis. Remarks. This species is known as Liaoning pear psyllid. According to Pang & Pang (1990), it is polyvoltine (2 generations a year in Taigu, Shanxi Province) without seasonal dimorphism, and overwinters as 2 nd instar nymphs. These authors also gave a brief description and illustration of the nymphs.Published as part of Luo, Xinyu, Li, Fasheng, Ma, Yanfang & Cai, Wanzhi, 2012, A revision of Chinese pear psyllids (Hemiptera: Psylloidea) associated with Pyrus ussuriensis, pp. 58-80 in Zootaxa 3489 on pages 72-74, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.21397
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