205 research outputs found

    Correction: Somatic mutations in cancer development

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    Abstract Since publication of Environmental Health 2011, 10(Suppl 1):S12 1 it has been noticed that titles and captions for the figures and tables were incorrectly applied. In this full-length correction article, figures and tables have been renumbered with legends and captions applied appropriately. Some minor typographical errors have also been corrected. The inconvenience caused to readers by premature publication of the original paper is regretted. The transformation of a normal cell into a cancer cell takes place through a sequence of a small number of discrete genetic events, somatic mutations: thus, cancer can be regarded properly as a genetic disease of somatic cells. The analogy between evolution of organisms and evolution of cell populations is compelling: in both cases what drives change is mutation, but it is Darwinian selection that enables clones that have a growth advantage to expand, thus providing a larger target size for the next mutation to hit. The search for molecular lesions in tumors has taken on a new dimension thanks to two powerful technologies: the micro-arrays for quantitative analysis of global gene expresssion (the transcriptome); and ‘deep’ sequencing for the global analysis of the entire genome (or at least the exome). The former offers the most complete phenotypic characterization of a tumor we could ever hope for – we could call this the ultimate phenotype; the latter can identify all the somatic mutations in an individual tumor – we could call this the somatic genotype. However, there is definitely the risk that while we are ‘drowned by data, we remain thirsty for knowledge’. If we want to heed the teachings of Lorenzo Tomatis, I think the message is clear: we ought to take advantage of the new powerful technologies – not by becoming their slaves, but remaining their masters. Identifying somatic mutations in a tumor is important because through a deeper understanding of the nature of that particular tumor it can help us to optimize therapy or to design new therapeutic approaches.</p

    «Sarebbe una menzogna giurare quello in cui non si crede». Il rifiuto al giuramento del “repubblicano” Fabio Luzzatto

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    This contribution aims to bring light to the figure of Fabio Luzzatto, one of the professors who in the 1931 rejected the fascist’s oath. Due to this, he was dismissed from his chair of Agricultural Law at the Royal Advanced Institute of Agriculture of Milan. Throughout a wide range of archive and printed sources, the Author reconstructs the main steps of the Friulian jurist’s cultural, political and academic education. Luzzatto was a convinced republican and a leading exponent of the Italian Freemasonry, who lived in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. He was Extraordinary Professor of Introduction to Legal Studies at the University of Macerata, from 1895 to 1901, but he lived his maturity in Milan, where as a truly anti-fascist he opposed the regime with courage and fierce resistance

    Wissenschaft des Judentums e critica del misticismo in Salomon Munk e Samuel David Luzzatto

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    Si tratta della critica da parte di due autori e filosofi ebrei dell'Ottocento al misticismo ebraico. L'atteggiamento critico nei confronti delle correnti mistiche all'interno dell'abraismo non impedisce a Salomon Munk e Samuel David Luzzatto di portare avanti studi storici e filologici approfonditi dei testi principali della mistica ebraica che oggi possono essere considerati pionieristici. Tali studi hanno aperto la strada a un intero campo di indagine che verrà poi esplorato in profondità da Gerschom Scholem, studioso della mistica ebraica e autore di opere fondamentali sul pensiero ebraico.This is the criticism by the two authors and Jewish philosophers of the nineteenth century to Jewish mysticism. The critical attitude towards the mystical currents within dell'abraismo not prevent Salomon Munk and Samuel David Luzzatto to carry out in-depth historical and philological studies of the major texts of Jewish mysticism that today can be considered pioneering. These studies have paved the way for a whole field of inquiry which will then be explored in depth by Gerschom Scholem, a scholar of Jewish mysticism and author of fundamental works on Jewish thought

    Malaria and Darwinian Selection in Human Populations

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    PNH phenotypes and their genesis

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