7,053 research outputs found
The Interaction Between Capital Investment and R&D in Science-Based Firms
Get PDFThis paper analyzes the interaction among R&D, capital investment , and the stock market rate of return for 191 firms in science-based industries for the period 1973-1981. Using a framework based on dynamic factor analysis, we show how several prominent hypotheses about the determination of R&D and investment generate testable parameter restrictions. The data indicate that R&D Granger-causes investment, but that investment does not Granger-cause R&D. We use this finding to examine the validity of those hypotheses, to characterize the movements over time of R&D and investment, and to measure the stock market valuation of these movements.
Patents, R and D, and the Stock Market Rate of Return
Get PDFThe purpose of this paper is to present and estimate a model which allows one to use the recently computerized U.S. Patent Office's data base to identify when and where changes in inventive output have occurred. The model assumes a firm which chooses a research strategy to maximize the expected discounted value of the net cash flows from its activities, and a stock market that evaluates this expectation at different dates (it is a version of the Lucas-Prescott, 1971, investment model). Patents are taken as an indicator of the output of the firm's research laboratories. These assumptions place a set of testable restrictions on the stochastic process generating patents, R&D, and the stock market rate of return on the firm's equity (the econometric framework used is that of a restricted index, or dynamic factor-analysis model [Sargent and Sims, 1977; Geweke, 1977b]). The data contain observations on these three variables for 120 firms over an eight year period. The model fits these data quite well and the final section reports on the implications of the parameter estimates.
Chronic High Fructose Intake Reduces Serum 1,25(OH)<sub>2</sub>D<sub>3</sub>Levels in Calcium-Sufficient Rodents
No full textExcessive fructose consumption inhibits adaptive increases in intestinal Ca2+transport in lactating and weanling rats with increased Ca2+requirements by preventing the increase in serum levels of 1,25(OH)2D3. Here we tested the hypothesis that chronic fructose intake decreases 1,25(OH)2D3 levels independent of increases in Ca2+ requirements. Adult mice fed for five wk a high glucose-low Ca2+ diet displayed expected compensatory increases in intestinal and renal Ca2+ transporter expression and activity, in renal CYP27B1 (coding for 1α-hydroxylase) expression as well as in serum 1,25(OH)2D3 levels, compared with mice fed isocaloric glucose- or fructose-normal Ca2+ diets. Replacing glucose with fructose prevented these increases in Ca2+ transporter, CYP27B1, and 1,25(OH)2D3 levels induced by a low Ca2+ diet. In adult mice fed for three mo a normal Ca2+ diet, renal expression of CYP27B1 and of CYP24A1 (24-hydroxylase) decreased and increased, respectively, when the carbohydrate source was fructose instead of glucose or starch. Intestinal and renal Ca2+ transporter activity and expression did not vary with dietary carbohydrate. To determine the time course of fructose effects, a high fructose or glucose diet with normal Ca2+ levels was fed to adult rats for three mo. Serum levels of 1,25(OH)2 D3 decreased and of FGF23 increased significantly over time. Renal expression of CYP27B1 and serum levels of 1,25(OH)2D3 still decreased in fructose- compared to those in glucose-fed rats after three mo. Serum parathyroid hormone, Ca2+ and phosphate levels were normal and independent of dietary sugar as well as time of feeding. Thus, chronically high fructose intakes can decrease serum levels of 1,25(OH)2D3 in adult rodents experiencing no Ca2+ stress and fed sufficient levels of dietary Ca2+. This finding is highly significant because fructose constitutes a substantial portion of the average diet of Americans already deficient in vitamin D.Peer reviewe
Brand Borges: A Computer-Assisted Analysis of the Works of Jorge Luis Borges (1923-1955)
No full textThere is a particular idea about the Argentine author, Jorge Luis Borges, that has proliferated over time and has continued to maintain popularity in both the scholarly literature and in popular culture until the present. The general sentiment of this idea—referred to as “Brand Borges” in this dissertation—presumes that Borges is disconnected from Argentina and from reality in general. He is deemed to be more concerned with that which is not real, and when he does engage with the real world, he is thought to be more focused on international affairs rather than the events and traditions of his own country.
This study uses a variety of digital tools, such as methods of computer-assisted text analysis and those developed in geographic information systems, to analyze the first thirteen major works of Borges and challenge the idea of Brand Borges. By interpreting the results of digital analyses of Borges’s oeuvre, and assessing the people, places, and other elements explicitly mentioned, it is argued that he in fact does appear to be connected to both reality and Argentina.
For that which is implicit in Borges’s work, this dissertation then uses traditional methods of literary interpretation to examine a selection of texts and reveal that even when a story is set in a foreign land with international characters, it is often described in such a way as to relate the events, setting, or characters back to Argentina and reality
Correction: Fabrication of asymmetrical diffusion dialysis membranes for rapid acid recovery with high purity
Get PDFDr Christopher D. Easton made a signicant contribution to the work published in Journal of Materials Chemistry A (titled “Fabrication of asymmetrical diffusion dialysis membranes for rapid acid recovery with high purity”, DOI: 10.1039/C5TA05185A), which included conducting the XPS experiments on the membrane samples, processing the XPS data, and interpreting the results in the context of the work. Therefore, Dr Easton should be added as a co-author. The new author list is Xiaocheng Lin, Ezzatollah Shamsaei, Biao Kong, Jefferson Zhe Liu, Tongwen Xu, Christopher D. Easton and Huanting Wang. We apologize to the readers forany inconvenience this may cause.The Royal Society of Chemistry apologises for these errors and any consequent inconvenience to authors and readers
(Un)holy Toledo: Intersectionality, Interdependence, and Neighborhood (Trans)formation in Toledo, Ohio
No full textResearch article by Christopher G. Shroeder about Toledo, Ohio's LGBTQ+ community in the 1950s through the 1970s. The article explores themes such as intersectionality, interdependence, and gentrification in the formation of a gay-friendly neighborhood in Toledo's Old West End. The article was published in the Annals of the Association of American Geographers, Volume 104, Issue 1, in 2014.(Un)holy Toledo: Intersectionality,
Interdependence, and Neighborhood
(Trans)formation in Toledo, Ohio
Christopher G. Schroeder
Department of Geography, University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee
Research on largemetropolitan areas dominates understandings of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT)
urban lives. Investigating cities further down the urban hierarchy can nuance accounting of LGBT and queer
place-making, neighborhood formation, and cultural politics. Comparative analysis can further illuminate the
local foundations of place-based logics. Through the conceptual lenses of intersectionality and interdependence,
this article looks at the appropriation and formation of Toledo’s LGBT neighborhood, the Old West End,
and its relation to another central-city neighborhood, Vistula; the development of the local LGBT and queer
community more broadly; and the interrelation of these gay and queer neighborhoods with other social sites
and spaces. This qualitative study involving oral histories and archival research demonstrates that community
organizing and neighborhood (trans)formation depend on a host of socio-spatial conditions. Although LGBT
neighborhood transformation is often conflated with gentrification, my findings suggest that intersectionality and
interdependence play a large role in LGBT neighborhood transformation. The critical quality for development
of the neighborhoods I investigated was an emerging arena for local lesbian and gay cultural politics, which
relied heavily on an intersectionality and interdependence between and among religion, sexuality, and class.
Key Words: interdependence, intersectionality, neighborhood transformation, religion, sexuality.
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La investigaci´on que se realiza sobre grandes ´areas metropolitanas concede notable importancia al tema de las
vidas urbanas de lesbianas, gays, bisexuales y transexuales (LGBT). Al investigar en las ciudades de arriba abajo
en la jerarqu´ıa urbana es posible establecer conexiones de LGBT con la aparici´on de lugares raros, formaci´on
de vecindarios y pol´ıticas culturales. El an´alisis comparativo puede ayudar a iluminar los fundamentos locales
de la l´ogica basada en lugar. A trav´es de los lentes conceptuales de la inteseccionalidad y la inderdependencia,
este art´ıculo concentr´o sus observaciones sobre la siguientes cosas: la apropiaci´on y formaci´on del vecindario
LGBT de Toledo, el antiguo West End, y su relaci´on con el V´ıstula, otro barrio del centro urbano; el desarrollo
de la LGBT local y de la comunidad homosexual en t´erminos m´as generales; y la interrelaci´on entre estos
vecindarios gay y homosexuales con otros sitios y espacios sociales. El estudio cualitativo, que involucra historias
orales e investigaci´on de archivos, demuestra que el proceso de organizar comunidad y la (trans)formaci´on de un
vecindario depende de una multitud de condiciones socio-espaciales. Aunque la transformaci´on de un vecindario
LGBT a menudo se asocia con aburguesamiento, mis descubrimientos sugieren que la interseccionalidad y la
interdependencia juegan un papel importante en la transformaci´on de un barrio LGBT. La calidad cr´ıtica para el
desarrollo de los barrios que investigu´e era un escenario emergente de las pol´ıticas culturales locales de lesbianas
y gays, que se apoyaba fuertemente en la interseccionalidad e interdependencia entre religi´on, sexualidad y clase.
Palabras clave: interdependencia, interseccionalidad, transformaci´on de vecindarios, religi´on, sexualidad.
Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 104(1) 2014, pp. 166–181 C
2014 by Association of American Geographers
Initial submission, July 2012; revised submissions, May and August 2013; final acceptance, August 2013
Published by Taylor & Francis, LLC.
Intersectionality, Interdependence, and Neighborhood Transformation in Toledo, Ohio 167
Research on urban gay neighborhoods lacks a
strong emphasis on intersectionality and in-terdependence
of individuals—and individuals
working within and across groups—constructing those
places. Through a case study of early neighborhood
transformation in Toledo, a medium-sized city in the
U.S. Midwest, this article investigates socio-spatial
interconnectivity through the conceptual lens of in-tersectionality
and interdependence. Although social
categories intersect in myriad permutations,my primary
interest settles on the intersections of sexuality with
class and religion, because, as McCall (2005) noted,
“it becomes necessary to limit other dimensions of the
analysis . . . for the sake of comprehension” (1786). Fur-thermore,
the intersection of these social categories has
received far less attention in intersectionality research
(M. Brown 2011). By coupling intersectionality with
interdependence (J. Smith, Clark, and Yusoff 2007; G.
Brown 2009), I further focus on interactions whereby
groups and individuals, seemingly at odds, come to-gether
in meaningful ways, most notably in mutual co-operation
to resist oppression and inequality and in how
these relationships construct space and place.
Because urban gay neighborhoods have long been
conflated with gentrification, this article also addresses
interrelated gaps in the gentrification and sexualities
literatures. Similar to gentrification scholars’ calls for
looking at cities “down the urban hierarchy,” scholars
of sexualities have called for investigations of cities out-side
the core of major metropolises in the Global North
to provide broader perspective on the local specifici-ties
of processes of neighborhood formation (G. Brown
2008, 2009). This article expands the temporal and
spatial dimensions (D. P. Smith 2002; Phillips 2004;
Dutton 2005) of gentrification and sexuality research
by exploring neighborhood transformation in Toledo’s
central city from the mid-1950s to the late 1970s. In
addition to its economistic viewpoints, the literature
on gentrification provides rich accounts of the social
dynamics of neighborhood transformation.
Geographies of Gentrification
and Neighborhood Transformation
This article focuses on gentrification from the per-spective
of Warde’s “collective action” as differentiated
from the largely economic perspectives on production
and consumption, which are most commonly associ-ated
with the work of N. Smith (1986, 1996) and Ley
(1986, 1994). Others have sought to bridge the pro-duction
and consumption divide (Galster 2001), and
still others have attended to the social geographies of
gentrification (Butler and Robson 2001; Butler 2007).
The work of Caulfield (1989) and Butler and Robson
(2001) illustrates that the processes of gentrification
are nearly as diverse as the cities that experience it.
Butler and Robson’s (2001) comparison of three Lon-don
neighborhoods, in particular, exemplifies signifi-cant
differences among locales of gentrification as well
as gentrifiers’ socioeconomic backgrounds. Noting this
diversity of gentrification, Lees (2000) has argued for a
quasi-discipline devoted to the geography of gentrifica-tion,
much of which focuses on supergentrification in
global or world cities. Consequently, the study of gen-trification
and its gentrifiers in cities further down the
urban hierarchy or at other points in time is likely to be
neglected in this new geography of gentrification.
Likewise, research on the largest cities of the global
north dominates sexuality research, in which scholars
have mapped various gay enclaves, paying close
attention to the ways in which sexual minorities ap-propriate,
create, or identify with their neighborhoods.
Geographers and other scholars of sexuality continue
to explore the ways in which sexuality organizes urban
space, and many explicitly address the role of sexuality
in processes of gentrification. Initially, the work by
Levine (1979) or Castells and Murphy (1982) sought
to locate and investigate the underpinnings of concen-trations
of gay men in certain urban neighborhoods.
Additionally, Knopp (1997; see also Lauria and Knopp
1985) has further investigated the role gay men play in
urban neighborhoods.While contributing to gentrifica-tion,
this territorialization provided an important base
for political, cultural, economic, and social formation.
Researchers have paid less attention to lesbians’ en-gagement
with urban space, more or less conceding to
Castells’ presupposition that lesbians are more private
or home-centered and, therefore, less involved in
processes of gentrification (Castells and Murphy 1982).
Rothenberg’s (1995) study of Park Slope illustrates
lesbians’ involvement in gentrification and how the
neighborhood provides an important site for social for-mation
and subsequent visibility. In West Hollywood,
Forest (1995) investigated how gay men used media
to further a strategy based on an “ethnicity model” to
cohere a place-based gay image. Nash (2005) identified
a similar minority strategy employed to conceptualize
gay and lesbian identity, which activists linked
politically and symbolically to Toronto’s gay ghetto.
Few studies have investigated wider modes of
interdependence and intersectionality in the formation
of urban neighborhoods. The lack of intersectionality
reflected in most studies would indicate that sexual
168 Schroeder
minorities live in discrete nodes and only rarely inter-act
or intersect with other social categories, although
Podmore (2006) suggested that gay and lesbian neigh-borhoods
are more dynamic or fluid and less isolated
from other communities than other neighborhoods.
This is especially so in light of current shifts in gay and
lesbian visibility and status (G. Brown 2004), tenuous
as these shifts might be.
Gorman-Murray and Waitt (2009) illustrated one
of the shifts in the character of queer neighborhoods,
that of the “queer-friendly neighborhood.”Most impor-tant,
they analyzed the ways in which social cohesion
between heterosexual and same-sex attracted persons
was fostered and sustained. Social cohesion is not lim-ited
to queer-friendly neighborhoods (Butler 2007), but
social cohesion in queer-friendly neighborhoods indi-cates
little, if any, social conflict. Focusing on issues of
homonormative modes of consumption in gay neigh-borhoods,
G. Brown (2009) linked the economic and
social lives of gay men and lesbians while illustrating
the levels of interdependence between and among gay
men, lesbians, and others.
These studies illustrate an emergence of research on
interdependence and intersectionality, and they further
suggest the importance of such inquiry to understanding
the significance of collective action in shaping neigh-borhood
spaces. The dominant foci on queer consump-tion
and domesticity, however, occlude the role that
various institutions, especially religious institutions,
play in the formation of queer neighborhoods. Earlier
research by Paris and Anderson (2001) provides an ex-ception
through their case study of a Washington, DC,
neighborhood. Although they attended to the intersec-tions
of religion, sexuality, and neighborhood, they con-clude
that the presence of a Metropolitan Community
Church, largely composed of sexual minorities, threat-ens
to negatively impact the neighborhood at large. Al-though
they acknowledge the importance of a spiritual
space for those whom most mainstream religions have
marginalized, ultimately their concern is how this con-gregation
induces gentrification. Consequently, the au-thors
render the neighborhood as not socially cohesive,
not queer friendly. Because the authors obfuscate ho-mophobia,
one assumes perhaps that it is the queers who
are unfriendly. At any rate, the study also illustrates in-directly
the difficulty of decoupling marginal gentrifiers,
or first-phase gentrifiers with moderate incomes (Rose
1984; Caulfield 1989), from processes of gentrification
(Smith 1987), especially when marginal groups com-pete
against each other for space. Although not named
outright, intersectionality weaves throughout these
examples of neighborhood transformation. The works
suggest scholars must be more attuned to the ways
individuals and groups, inhabiting differing so-cial
categories, intersect and how this constructs
neighborhoods. Locating modes of interdependence,
furthermore, can help explicate how some individuals
and groups (trans)form neighborhoods through mutual
cooperation, even in the face of opposition or tensions.
Intersectionality and Interdependence:
Sexuality, Religion, and Class
In this section, I bring together two concepts,
intersectionality and interdependence, to examine
how individuals and groups claiming various identities
cooperate meaningfully at the neighborhood scale.
Geographers and other social scientists attend to the
intricacies of various modes of interconnectivity, but
geographers have focused less on intersectionality
(Valentine 2007) and interdependence (J. Smith,
Clark, and Yusoff 2007). Feminist scholars first de-ployed
both terms, the former originating in critical
race studies with a focus on the complexities of gender
and race (Crenshaw 1991). The latter emanated
from psychological development theories, focusing on
differences between women and men in relation to
ethics, morality, and care (Gilligan [1982] 2003).
Building on Crenshaw’s initial work, McCall (2005)
outlines three frameworks for investigating intersec-tionality:
anticategorical, intracategorical, and inter-categorical.
An “interest in relationships among groups
underlies” (McCall 2005, 1785) all three approaches.
All three approaches also recognize that categories
are fluid, not fixed. Intercategorical “begins with the
observation that there are relationships of inequality
among already constituted social groups” (McCall 2005,
1784–85) and “focuses on the complexity of relation-ships
among social groups within and across analytical
categories” (1786). To concentrate on the complexi-ties
of intercategorical intersections, this framework is
less concerned with the dynamics within a single group
but nonetheless acknowledges the relationship between
individual and social groups insofar as it requires clas-sifying
individuals into analytic categories. The inter-categorical
approach to intersectionality attends to the
simultaneity of advantage and disadvantage. As such,
this perspective can address Valentine’s (2007) con-cern
that researchers have not fully investigated inter-sectionality
in relation to “how privileged or powerful
identities are ‘done’ and ‘undone’ ” (14).
Intersectionality, Interdependence, and Neighborhood Transformation in Toledo, Ohio 169
Geographers have only recently begun to em-ploy
theories of intersectionality (Valentine 2007;
Valentine and Waite 2011). Like most other scholars
researching intersectionality, they have relied on the
intracategorical perspectives, examining ways in which
social identities and categories intersect on the body
and how individuals produce their lived experiences
or “identities of the self” (Fernandes 1997, 309). In a
recent special issue of Sexualities, geographers and other
scholars of sexualities examined the intersections of
sexuality and class (Taylor 2011) while acknowledging
the relative neglect of such intersections. S. Jackson
(2011) highlighted the need for research on sexuality
and class to explore classed identities among sexual
minorities and how heterosexuality intersects with
class and (uneven) class privilege. Theorizing inter-sectionality
contributes to understanding the processes
through which social categories are produced, although
it “has paid scant attention to the significance of space
in processes of subject formation” (Valentine 2007, 14).
That attention, moreover, has focused on the sites in
which intersecting subjectivity is lived or experienced
by the individual and less on how intersecting identities
and categories construct space—and even less on how
groups and individuals representing different social
categories and subjectivities intersect to construct
space. In one recent exception, Binnie and Skeggs
(2004) examined how consumption patterns inManch-ester’s
gay commercial scene exclude on the basis of
class.
Recently, geographers have explored the intersec-tion
of sexuality and religion, primarily in what McCall
(2005) might call specific points of intersection within
a single group—emphasizing individuals’ religious and
spiritual practices. For example, Vanderbeck and col-leagues
(2011) focused on lesbian and gay Anglicans’
activism over their status within their religion, and
Rouhani (2007) has looked at queer Muslim religious
activism. Queer Spiritual Spaces (Browne, Munt, and
Yip 2010) showcases the ways in which LGBT and
queer individuals navigate and negotiate the shifting
contours of diverse religions, emphasizing aspects of
faith and spirituality more so than direct activism.
Although social scientists have given considerable
attention to the Christian Right in the United States
and its engagements with the state (Sharp 1999; Fetner
2008), Sziarto (2008) pointed out that scholars have
paid less attention to more progressive religious orga-nizations
and that they often share “progressive stances
on issues of gender, sexuality, and economic justice”
(410). She examines how religion and associated
modes of spirituality intersect and lend legitimacy to
labor movements. Conversely, Valentine and Waite
(2011) investigated how competing interests within
the “equality strands” are managed and negotiated,
namely, between religion and sexuality, including het-erosexuality.
Importantly, their research demonstrates
how individuals from potentially competing groups
intersect and navigate everyday spaces to avoid conflict.
Valentine and Waite (2011) examined “banal en-counters,”
but interdependence offers a lens through
which to explore further the ways in which already-constituted
social groups, and individuals constituting
such groups, interact and intersect. Interdependence
involves interactions that rely on mutual care, go-ing
beyond everyday friendliness. The term originated
in feminist psychological scholarship to identify the
“growing comprehension of the dynamic of social in-teractions”
(Gilligan [1982] 2003, 74), namely, with
concerns about care, ethics, and morality. As Gilligan
([1982] 2003) stated, “This ethics, which reflects a cu-mulative
knowledge of human relationships, evolves
around a central insight, that self and other are inter-dependent”
(74). This framing is particularly apt for in-vestigations
of religion and sexuality, as many religious
institutions continue to grapple with ethics of caring for
sexualminorities and aspects ofmorality therein (Moon
2004).
Lately, some geographers have deployed the term
interdependence as a way of thinking about social,
cultural, and ecological interactions (J. Smith, Clark,
and Yusoff 2007). G. Brown (2009) used the term to
examine gay men’s alternative economic practices and
performances in relation to their spaces of consumption
and domesticity. “In mobilizing the term ‘interdepen-dence,’
” he furthers an understanding of “unexpected
social relationships” and interconnections “that
engender hope and nurturing” (G. Brown 2009, 1500).
Although Blokland (2003) evokes the term in relation
to social interactions at the scale of the neighborhood,
her examples limit interdependence to quotidian in-teractions
between and among neighbors, which does
not convey the high level of mutual care demonstrated
in Gilligan’s conceptualization of interdependence.
Interdependence differs from other terminology re-searchers
use to harness various forms of social and spa-tial
interconnectivity, such as social/cultural cohesion,
social mixing, and social preservation. Governmental
agencies in the developed world have promoted social
mixing with a goal of social cohesion particularly among
differing income groups in a neighborhood, thereby
theoretically ameliorating so-called ills associated with
170 Schroeder
concentrated poverty (Forrest and Kearns 1999; Lees
2008). Many scholars have critiqued social mixing as
merely state-sanctioned gentrification (Lees 2008).
Through her empirical research on social mixing, Rose
(2004) offers ambiguous findings, echoing Butler and
Robson’s (2001) findings that social mixing does not
inevitably result in integration or even significant in-teraction.
Butler and Lees (2006) suggested that actual
social mixing might be more pronounced among early,
or pioneer, gentrifiers, whereas Rose provided a typol-ogy
of gentrifiers’ (un)willingness to socially mix: “the
ignorant/indifferents,” the “Nimbies,” the “tolerants,”
and the “egalitarians” (Rose 2004). The latter two share
a propinquity to Brown-Saracino’s (2009) conceptual-ization
of social preservationists. Brown-Saracino does
not ignore the destructive forces of gentrification; in-stead,
she analyzes the lived experience of both old and
new residents as they seek to preserve a perceived au-thenticity
threatened by neighborhood transformation.
Even when social mixing induces social co
"The Federalist" and the classical foundations of the American Republic
No full textThis paper examines the classical themes and ancient historical examples presented through the Federalist Papers of Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay. The Federalist Papers represent a lucid sample of early American political theory, and the ideologies of three prominent founders. The study focuses on the Greco-Roman states within those essays that were deemed analogous or relevant to the American Confederacy under the Articles of Confederation, or were used to promote a new federal union under the Constitution. This paper also analyzes the formation of mixed governance constitutions, a vital construction for the creation of modern nations, as the idea progressed through the classical writers Plato, Aristotle, Polybius, and Cicero. Through this analysis, the influences of the Greek and Roman classics are shown to be a formative element in the formation of the American Republic. By reestablishing and reasserting the Classics into the political ideology of that time, insight into the creation of a new Constitution through the combined insight of the Federalist becomes readily apparent. The first section presents an introduction to the Federalist, and the ratification debates of 1787-88. Section two covers the classical influences to American history. The third section is a brief overview of five current works relating to this scholarship. Section four comprises the analysis of the five sections of the Federalist Papers as outlined by Alexander Hamilton. The final section of this paper investigates the writings of Plato, Aristotle, Polybius and Cicero to discover the evolution and creation of theories of mixed constitutions.M.A.Includes bibliographical referencesIncludes vitaby Christopher M. Broschar
The God-Haunted Atheist and the Posh Boy: Christopher Marlowe in Will and Upstart Crow
Get PDFDuring the mid-2010s, there appeared a pair of television shows featuring William Shakespeare in the title role, with Christopher Marlowe as a central supporting figure: Craig Pearce’s TNT drama Will and Ben Elton’s BBC comedy Upstart Crow. Pearce’s depiction of Marlowe as a brilliant but tortured, blaspheming homosexual corresponds very closely with what Lucas Erne calls the “mythographic image” of the playwright cultivated by Marlowe scholars and biographers. By contrast, Elton’s comic portrayal of Marlowe as a charming but unambitious “posh boy” who did not even write the plays attributed to him turns the stereotypical image of the playwright upside down. These two contrasting depictions of Christopher Marlowe himself correspond to the differing portrayals of his most famous protagonist: the tragic Doctor Faustus of the beginning and ending of that play, whose transgression of orthodox boundaries brings about his demise, and the comic Faustus of the middle scenes of the play, who squanders his considerable intellectual gifts
[Rezension von:] Bierende, Edgar: Lucas Cranach d. Ä. und der deutsche Humanismus - Tafelmalerei im Kontext von Rhetorik, Chroniken und Fürstenspiegeln. - Münich : Deutscher Kunstverl., 2002
No full textPrehospital randomised assessment of a mechanical compression device in cardiac arrest (PaRAMeDIC) trial protocol
Get PDFBackground
Survival after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest is closely linked to the quality of CPR, but in real life, resuscitation during pre-hospital care and ambulance transport is often suboptimal. Mechanical chest compression devices deliver consistent chest compressions, are not prone to fatigue and could potentially overcome some of the limitations of manual chest compression. However, there is no high-quality evidence that they improve clinical outcomes, or that they are cost effective. The Pre-hospital Randomised Assessment of a Mechanical Compression Device In Cardiac Arrest (PARAMEDIC) trial is a pragmatic cluster randomised study of the LUCAS-2 device in adult patients with non-traumatic out-of-hospital cardiac arrest.
Methods
The primary objective of this trial is to evaluate the effect of chest compression using LUCAS-2 on mortality at 30 days post out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, compared with manual chest compression. Secondary objectives of the study are to evaluate the effects of LUCAS-2 on survival to 12 months, cognitive and quality of life outcomes and cost-effectiveness. Methods: Ambulance service vehicles will be randomised to either manual compression (control) or LUCAS arms. Adult patients in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, attended by a trial vehicle will be eligible for inclusion. Patients with traumatic cardiac arrest or who are pregnant will be excluded. The trial will recruit approximately 4000 patients from England, Wales and Scotland. A waiver of initial consent has been approved by the Research Ethics Committees. Consent will be sought from survivors for participation in the follow-up phase.
Conclusion
The trial will assess the clinical and cost effectiveness of the LUCAS-2 mechanical chest compression device. Trial Registration: The trial is registered on the International Standard Randomised Controlled Trial Number Registry (ISRCTN08233942)
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