529 research outputs found
In the shadow of the church: the building of mosques in early medieval Syria
No full textIn his book In the Shadow of the Church: The Building of Mosques in Early Medieval Syria Mattia Guidetti examines the establishment of Muslim religious architecture within the Christian context in which it first appeared in the Syrian region, contributing to the debate on the transformation of late antique society to a Muslim one. He scrutinizes the slow process of conversion to Islam of the most important town centers by looking at religious places of both communities between the seventh and the eleventh century. The author assesses the relevancy of churches by analyzing the location of mosques and by researching phenomena of transfer of marble material from churches to mosques
WHITE STRIPING APPEARANCE ALONG GROWTH ON BROILER CHICKENS TREATED WITH DIFFERENT COCCIDIOSIS CONTROL PROGRAMS
No full textWhite striping (WS) is an alteration of broiler muscle characterised by the presence of white striations parallel to the direction of muscle fibers. This condition is becoming increasingly important in broiler production because it affects the acceptance of raw meat by the consumer and its hysicochemical characteristics, thus decreasing the economic value (1). In this study the age of WS onset in broiler chickens and the effect of diet and of different coccidiosis control programs on WS prevalence at slaughter, were evaluated.
Four groups of 180 chickens were randomly allotted to four experimental treatments: control (C), coccidiostat (Cox), vaccinated (V), and vaccinated fed with a low energy diet (VLE). The birds were weighed at 12, 25, 42, and 51 d of age. Twenty animals per treatment were sacrificed at 12 and 25 d of age, whereas the remaining chickens at 51 d. Breasts were categorized based on the degree of WS following the lesion score proposed by Kuttappan et al. (2): 0=absence (normal breast), 1=moderate (breast with white lines less than 1 mm thick), 2=severe (breast with white lines more than 1 mm thick). For histological evaluation, up to now 34/80 (d 12) and 46/80 (d 25) breast samples were examined.
At 12 d of age all breasts were classified as normal (WS score 0), whereas at 25 d of age WS was macroscopically evident with score 1 in a limited number of birds (3/20 group C, 2/20 group Cox, 3/20 group V, 1/20 group VLE).
Histologically, myopathic changes were found in 29/34 (85%) of samples at d 12, and 46/46 (100%) of samples at d 25. At d 12, breast muscles were affected by fiber size change, and multifocal mild degeneration/necrosis, while at d 25 these alterations were increasingly severe and associated with heterophilic and macrophagic infiltration, early interstitial fibrosis, and fat infiltration.
The absence of macroscopic lesions at d 12 associated with the presence of early and mild histological lesions in some samples indicates the onset of WS around 12 d.
At 51 d of age the prevalence of WS was above 90% in all groups, and the prevalence of WS score 2 was 77.6%, 64.4%, 62.6% and 61.6%, for Cox, VLE, V and C, respectively, being significant (P<0.001) the difference Cox vs V and C.
The coccidiostat effect on the increase in WS severity seems attributed to the higher initial birds’ growth.
This study provided a new perspective for the control of WS prevalence and a starting point for further studies.
REFERENCES
1. Kuttappan, V. A., V. B. Brewer, P. W. Waldroup, and C. M. Owens. 2012. Influence of growth rate on the occurrence of white striping in broiler breast fillets. Poult. Sci. 91:2677–2685.
2. Kuttappan, V. A., H. L. Shivaprasad, D. P. Shaw, B. A. Valentine, B. M. Hargis, F. D. Clark, S. R. McKee and C. M. Owens. 2013. Pathological changes associated with white striping in broiler breast muscles. Poult. Sci. 92:331-338
Impact of coccidiosis control program and feeding plan on white striping prevalence and severity degree on broiler breast fillets evaluated at three growing ages
No full textEvidenze di campo dell’efficacia della vaccinazione per Bronchite infettiva con ceppi Mass e QX nei confronti dell’infezione da ceppi di campo di genotipo Q1
No full textInfectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is an highly contagious Avian Coronavirus, and causes respiratory symptoms and serious economic losses for the worldwide chicken industry. In Northern Italy the prevalent strain is QX, and many farms vaccinated with the association of Mass and QX strains.
A monitoring program was carried out in some farms vaccinated with a Mass strain at the hatchery and Nobilis IB Primo QX spray in field at day 1. A farm with previous QX strains isolation was selected, and two consequent cycles were monitored. Tracheal and cloacal swabs were collected at 5, 8, 12, 15, 19, 23, 29, 37, 43, 50 and 57 days from 10 birds, and blood samples were collected since 15 days, every week, from 20 birds.
The swabs were processed in pool and 2 real time PCR specific for the two vaccines were conducted. An test HI was performed on blood samples for the titration of antibodies against IBV QX, Mass and 793B strains, in the second cycle Q1 was added. During the first cycle the birds showed mild respiratory symptoms at day 16 for 24h, no mortality was present and no treatment was required, and around day 43 for a couple of days, with presence of swollen head syndrome and mortality. A PCR for IBV and aMPV was conducted on swabs collected at days 15, 43 and 50, and sequencing for IBV positive samples was carried out. IBV Q1 strain was detected at days 15 and 50 and aMPV was detected at day 50. During the second cycle no symptoms were detected, but the presence of two peak in serology suggested the presence of field infection and IBV field QX strain was identified at day 29 and 36.
In this case the vaccination with a Mass strain associated with a QX was effective not only for the control of a IBV QX strain infection, but also against IBV Q1 strain infection. Further studies in laboratory with known challenge will be necessary to confirm this result
Prevalence of White Striping and Wooden Breast on broiler meat subjected coccidiosis to different control programs
No full textWhite Striping (WS) and Wooden Breast (WB) are alterations of broiler meat characterised by white striation parallel to the direction of muscle fibres, and paleness and harness of the meat, respectively. In this study the effects of coccidiosis control system and low energy diet on WS and WB prevalence were evaluated.
One day-old chicks (Ross 708) were randomly divided in 4 groups of 140 each and assigned to 4 treatments: Control (C), Coccidiostat (Cox), Vaccinated (V), and Vaccinated fed with a Low Energy diet (VLE). Birds were slaughtered at 51 days of age and breasts were scored for both WS and WB based on the severity of condition as: 0= normal, 1= moderate, 2= severe.
No body weight (BW) and average daily gain (ADG) differences were observed between Cox (BW 3.7±0.3 kg ADG 71.1±5.5 g/day), V (BW 3.6±0.4 kg ADG 69.6±6.9 g/day) and VLE (BW 3.7±0.3 kg ADG 71.2±6.3 g/day) groups, being the difference C (BW 3.5±0.3 kg ADG 67.6±5.8 g/day) vs Cox and VLE significant (P<0.05).
The total WS prevalence was above 90% and no differences were observed among groups. The prevalence of WS score 2, covariated by the BW, showed a difference (P<0.01) between Cox (77.6%) and C (61.6%), V (62.6%), VLE (64.4%). The WB prevalence was 64% (C), 51.3% (Cox), 53.4% (V), 55.7% (VLE), and no differences were observed among groups.
The use of vaccine resulted in a reduction of WS grade 2 but had no effect on WB. Diet had no effect on WS and WB prevalence
Is Infectious Bronchitis vaccination with Mass and QX genotypes protective against Q1 strain? - A case report.
No full textRecombinant IBV detection and vaccination efficacy. A case report
No full textInfectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV), belonging to Coronaviridae family, affects the respiratory tract of poultry causing a mild respiratory syndrome, often complicated by many secondary bacterial diseases leading to mortality, great performance decrease and relevant economic losses. IBV is characterized by a high antigenic and genetic variation and recombination rate, that cause the emrgence of a lot of different strains worldwide, some of those are very persistent in some geographic area while others can appear and disappear quickly.
Commonly employed control strategies involve biosecurity and vaccination. Unfortunately, the cross- protection among different IBV strains is often poor, and vaccines are not available for all IBV variants. However, the use of a combination of vaccines belonging to different IBV genotypes can broaden the protection spectrum to many different variants.
Currently, in Italy the circulating genotypes are QX, 793B, Mass and Q1, but strains originating from the recombination between QX and 793B are sporadically detected.
In the present study,a monitoring program was carried out in broiler farms using the following vaccination strategy: two spray vaccinations against IBV at hatchery with vaccines belonging to Massachussets and QX genotypes. Tracheal and cloacal swabs and blood samples were collected every 10 days. The swabs were processed in pool and tested using 2 real time RT-PCR specific for the two vaccines and a generic RT-PCR for IBV followed by sequencing. Titration of antibodies against Mass, QX, Q1 and 793B strains was perfomed in each sample using hemoagglutination inibition test.
The real time RT-PCR for IBV QX vaccine was positive in tracheal swabs at days 12, 22 and 42 and only in cloacal ones at day 12. RT-PCR and sequencing were positive for IBV QX field strain in tracheal swabs at days 32 and 42 and in cloacal ones at days 32, 42 and 52 , while tracheal swabs were positive for a QX-793B recombinant strain at day 52. No clinical signs were observed during the whole production cycle confirming the efficacy of QX vaccine in controlling the disease caused by homologous variant.
Furthermore the detection of a recombinant strain in healthy animal supports the hypothesis that the combination of vaccines applied in this farm could also protect against an enlarged spectrum of variants as already proved for the association between vaccines belonging to Mass and 793B genotype. Experimental challenges will be necessary to confirm field findings
Is white striping of the breast affected by the coccidiosis control program?
No full textWhite Striping (WS) is an alteration of breast muscle characterized by the presence of visible white stripes between muscle fibers that is becoming increasingly important in meat-type heavy chickens. The aim of the study was to evaluate the influence of coccidiosis control program and diet on WS. Four groups of 140 broiler chickens were randomly allotted to the four experimental treatments: Control (C), Coccidiostat (Cox), Vaccinated (V), and Vaccinated fed a Low Energy diet (VLE) were slaughtered at 51 days of age and all breasts have been scored for WS (0= no WS, 1= mild WS, 2= severe WS). Mean BW were
3.5±0.3, 3.7±0.3, 3.6±0.3 and 3.7±0.3 kg, and mean DWG were 67.6±5.8, 71.1±5.5, 69.6±6.9 and 71.2±6.3 g/day, for C, Cox, V and VLE, respectively, being significant (P<0.05) the difference C vs Cox and VLE. No BW differences were observed between Cox and V groups that received the same diet, nor between the two vaccinated groups fed different diets.
Mean FCR were 1.97±0.07, 1.92±0.10, 1.90±0.08, 1.84±0.10, for C, Cox, V and VLE, respectively (ns).
The WS prevalence was above 90% in all groups. The prevalence of WS score 2 was 54.0, 81.2, 62.5 and 68.6% whereas the mean WS scores were 1.50, 1.79, 1.58 and 1.63, for C, Cox, V and VLE, respectively, being significant (P<0.001) the difference Cox vs C and V. The prevalence of WS grade 2 causes breast downgrade that results in economic losses, and the mean WS score was higher in birds treated with coccidiostat than in vaccinated ones, but no difference was observed due to the diet. These results could be explained by the different growing curves of the groups. This study provided a new perspective for the control of WS prevalence and a starting point for further studies
RESVERATROL-INDUCED AUTOPHAGY CONTRIBUTES TO THE INHIBITION OF EPSTEIN BARR VIRUS REPLICATION IN BURKITT’S LYMPHOMA CELLS
No full textRESVERATROL-INDUCED AUTOPHAGY CONTRIBUTES TO THE INHIBITION OF EPSTEIN BARR VIRUS REPLICATION IN BURKITT’S LYMPHOMA CELLS
De Leo Alessandra (a), Colavita Francesca (a), Arena Giuseppe (b), Mattia Elena (a)
(a) Dip. di Scienze di Sanità Pubblica e Malattie Infettive “Sanarelli”, Univ. di Roma “Sapienza”
(b) Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza Hospital, CSS-Mendel Institute, Roma
Presenting author: De Leo Alessandra, [email protected]
We have previously examined the antiviral activity of resveratrol on the replication of Epstein Barr Virus (EBV), the etiologic agent of infectious mononucleosis and associated with several types of malignancies of epithelial and lymphoid origin.
In a cellular context that allows in vitro EBV activation and lytic cycle progression through mechanisms closely resembling those that in vivo initiate and enable productive infection, we found that RV inhibited EBV lytic genes expression and the production of viral particles in a dose-dependent manner
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