20 research outputs found
Bunga rampai : rantai pasok komoditas pertanian Indonesia/ Edit.: Erna Maria Lokollo
No full textviii, 299 hal.: tab.; 23 cm
Food Consumption, Food Cash Dependency, and Food Policy in Indonesia
No full textPerhaps the most surprising discovery was that the vast majority of rural consumers were also very dependent on cash for acquiring food. Most agricultural economists concerned with less developed countries have long assumed that rural households produced most of the food they consumed. This study found that among the 1183 rural households surveyed in Eastern Java, the lowest average percentage purchased of the fourteen categories of food were 70%, 72%, and 76% for fats and oils, vegetables and fruits, respectively. Eighty-eight percent of cereals were purchased and for the remaining ten categories 90 to 100 percent of the foods were purchased in the market. The assumption that people in rural areas in Indonesia produce and consume their own foods may no longer hold. The data from the survey shows that fewer and fewer subsistence farms exist in this area (East Java). The rice price policy which was in existence at the time of the survey may explain the very high proportion of cereals which were purchased. However, further study is needed to determine whether such high proportions of food are purchased by rural households in other parts of Indonesia and in other less developed countries. (Abstract shortened by UMI.).Made available in DSpace on 2015-09-25T20:55:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2
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Previous issue date: 1999Embargo set by: Seth Robbins for item 84319
Lift date: Forever
Reason: Restricted to the U of I community idenfinitely during batch ingest of legacy ETDsRestricted to the U of I community idenfinitely during batch ingest of legacy ETDsU of I Only138 p.Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1999
Food Consumption, Food Cash Dependency, and Food Policy in Indonesia
No full text138 p.Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1999.Perhaps the most surprising discovery was that the vast majority of rural consumers were also very dependent on cash for acquiring food. Most agricultural economists concerned with less developed countries have long assumed that rural households produced most of the food they consumed. This study found that among the 1183 rural households surveyed in Eastern Java, the lowest average percentage purchased of the fourteen categories of food were 70%, 72%, and 76% for fats and oils, vegetables and fruits, respectively. Eighty-eight percent of cereals were purchased and for the remaining ten categories 90 to 100 percent of the foods were purchased in the market. The assumption that people in rural areas in Indonesia produce and consume their own foods may no longer hold. The data from the survey shows that fewer and fewer subsistence farms exist in this area (East Java). The rice price policy which was in existence at the time of the survey may explain the very high proportion of cereals which were purchased. However, further study is needed to determine whether such high proportions of food are purchased by rural households in other parts of Indonesia and in other less developed countries. (Abstract shortened by UMI.).U of I OnlyRestricted to the U of I community idenfinitely during batch ingest of legacy ETD
Economic and Social Aspects of Palm Oil IndustryL Indonesia's Palm Oil Trade in the Context of Economic Liberalization
No full textMarket Dependency and Household Food Consumption in East Java, Indonesia
No full text<br />ABSTRAK<br /><br />Tujuan utama penelitian ini adalah untuk melihat perbedaan diantara konsumen di daerah pedesaan dan perkotaan dalam mengkonsumsi bahan makanan utama, dan terutama menelusuri seberapa jauh konsumsi di masing-masing lokasi (desa dan kota) tergantung pada uang tunai dan pasar (cash or market dependency) untuk pemenuhan konsumsi bahan makanan tersebut. Data dianalisis dari SUSENAS 1993, BPS, Provinsi Jawa Timur. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ketergantungan akan uang tunai dan pasar berhubungan erat dengan jumlah konsumsi bahan makanan yang akan dibeli. Terdapat perbedaan nyata antara konsumen di daerah pedesaan dan perkotaaan, dimana konsumen di pedesaan memiliki angka ketergantungan uang tunai dan pasar yang lebih rendah daripada konsumen di perkotaan. Asumsi lama dan klasik yang menyatakan bahwa penduduk di pedesaan kebanyakan adalah petani subsisten (yang dapat memproduksi untuk dikonsumsi sendiri) sudah tidak berlaku lagi. Walaupun demikian masih didapati bahwa seringkali rumahtangga di pedesaan menjual bahan makanan berkualitas lebih baik yang diproduksinya, sehingga uang hasil penjualan tersebut dapat digunakan untuk membeli kualitas yang lebih rendah, yang berarti memaksimumkan konsumsi dari segi kuantitas. Hasil penelitian ini menyiratkan pentingnya pengambil keputusan menyadari perbedaan antara penduduk desa dan kota tersebut. Studi semacam ini apabila ditunjang oleh studi perilaku marketed dan marketable surplus dapat membantu pembuat kebijaksanaan di bidang pengadaan dan distribusi pangan. Studi ini juga membantu memperjelas adanya perilaku ketergantungan pada uang tunai dan pasar yang berbeda pada rumahtangga di daerah desa dan perkotaan.</jats:p
Dari Konferensi Cancun, Mexico (2003) - ke Pertemuan Stocktaking WTO (2010): Perjuangan Panjang Negosiasi Pertanian Negara Berkembang
No full textSalah satu perundingan WTO yang paling bergejolak, penuh muatan politis dan sangat alot dalam mencapai kesepakatan adalah perundingan pertanian. Persetujuan ini mencakup perundingan di 3 pilar utama, yaitu: akses pasar, subsidi domestik, dan persaingan ekspor. Setelah terjadi kegagalan mencapai kesepakatan pada KTM V di Cancun, Mexico, pada tahun 2003; maka pada sidang Dewan Umum WTO tahun 2004 berhasil disepakati apa yang disebut sebagai Paket Juli. Pada KTM VI di Hongkong, tahun 2005, tidak terjadi titik temu, bahkan perundingan Putaran Doha <strong><em><span style="text-decoration: underline;">terhenti</span></em></strong> sama sekali karena <strong><em><span style="text-decoration: underline;">tidak tercapai</span></em></strong> kesepakatan antara negara-negara anggota WTO. Pada tahun 2009, KTM ke VII diadakan di Jenewa, Swiss. Pada pertemuan ini anggota sepakat tidak merundingkan isu Putaran Doha, tetapi membahas upaya memperkuat sistem perdagangan multilateral WTO dalam menghadapi tantangan lingkungan global saat ini. Namun demikian sinyal yang ditangkap dari pertemuan-pertemuan sampingan beberapa kelompok adalah bahwa Putaran Doha harus segera diselesaikan pada akhir tahun 2010. Oleh karenanya diperlukan upaya dan kemauan politik semua negara anggota untuk mewujudkannya. Pertemuan terkini yaitu pertemuan <em>stocktaking</em> tingkat pejabat tinggi diadakan pada 22-26 Maret 2010. Beberapa <em>pending issues</em> pada draft teks modalitas pertanian (draft text ke- 4) dibahas kembali dan diupayakan konvergensi, namun belum tercapai kesepakatan diantara negara-negara anggota. Indonesia sebagai koordinator kelompok G-33 memiliki posisi yang strategis dalam pemperjuangkan kepentingan pertaniannya. Dukungan domestik dari masyarakat Indonesia termasuk dari Kementerian teknis lainnya selain Kementerian Perdagangan dan Kementerian Pertanian, juga dari LSM/NGO, DPR/MPR, dan Institusi lainnya sangat diperlukan, agar dapat memperjuangkan kepentingan petani dan masyarakat pedesaan menghadapi era globalisasi.</jats:p
Contextualizing narrative theory: reading the politics of formal innovation in contemporary women's fiction
Get PDFTo ignore the strategies and structures through which stories are told, this thesis contends, is to neglect a vital dimension of their politics. Narratology provides productive analytical tools to illuminate the complex and varied mechanics of narrative form, yet it also bears the traces of its structuralist origins. Its value is therefore contingent upon its continuing reformulation as an expansive, pluralist and contextualized critical discipline. Participating in this expansion, this
thesis evidences the pertinence and vitality of some narratological models and the limitations of others. It opens up alternative critical possibilities by drawing upon insights within contemporary critical theory, from poststructuralist philosophy to transcultural feminism to
sociolinguistics. Above all, my interventions proceed from close readings of innovative fiction by women writers hitherto all but unrepresented in, and therefore potentially subversive of, existing models: Nicole Brossard, Daphne Marlatt, Hiromi Goto, Ali Smith, Jackie Kay, Erna Brodber, Dionne Brand, Aritha van Herk.
The first chapter formulates an in-between critical space where feminist and postmodernist theories of narrative intersect. It re-examines metafiction through the lens of auto(bio)graphical practice and feminist poststructuralist theories of self, and introduces the notions of folds and
echoes to describe specific structural innovations. Chapter Two examines unconventional uses of second-person address and reconsiders existing narratological approaches in their light, focusing on the `push and pull of narrative' that the `you' form enacts. Chapter Three addresses the insufficient attention paid to multiply narrated novels, theorizing them as `narrative communities' and introducing terms to describe different internal relations between narrators, relations that can often be read as determinedly 'democratic'. The final chapter contests the
hegemony of temporal models of narrativity by formulating a 'spatial poetics' that accounts both for how spatial structures can be agents of narrative change and for the complexity of textual constructions of space, which frequently exceed static definitions of 'setting'.
Running throughout is a reconception of narrative as located not with the figure of the narrator, but in relations of intersubjectivity. The narratological criticism formulated here works towards a situated ethics of reading responsive to the politics of writing: it is engaged, relational, and ever in process
MEASURING RESEARCH BENEFITS WITH IMPORT BAN RESTRICTIONS, QUALITY CHANGES, NON-MARKET INFLUENCES ON ADOPTION AND FOOD SECURITY INCENTIVES
Get PDFHundreds of studies have been conducted since Griliches (1958) suggested a method for measuring the benefits to agricultural research. Alston et al. (2000) reviewed 292 studies that reported 1,886 observations of returns to agricultural R&D. While some studies consider complicated cases, most studies have focused solely on R&D policy. However, it is common that agricultural R&D policy is combined with other policies, such as a price support, subsidy policy, non-market inducement, and import restrictions. Naturally, when the benefits of agricultural research are measured without taking the related policies into account, biased estimates are likely. The South Korean rice industry provides a good example where several factors affected the adoption of new technology, causing the complications in the measurement of the research benefits. The agricultural R&D policy in Korea for rice was combined with factors such as an import ban, a price support and government purchase program, yield-quality tradeoffs, and arguments that there are external benefits, like a public good, associated with self-sufficiency. It is therefore important to evaluate the benefits of agricultural research appropriately and carefully given these conditions. The revolution in rice production in Asia was triggered in 1966 with the development of IR8 by the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI). As soon as the potential of IR8 was recognized, IR8 was released to Asian rice-producing countries (IRRI). Korea also received small sets of breeding materials from the IRRI (Chandler, 1992). In 1972, Korea introduced the first high-yielding variety developed through agricultural research in Korea. However, the high yielding âTong-ilâ rice was inferior in taste to conventional rice. The argument that prevailed in the 1970s (and continues to the present day) is that self-sufficiency in rice is a public good in Korea. This attitude affected the adoption of Tong-il. The Korean government strongly encouraged farmers to adopt the new varieties through a government purchase policy as well as non-market government inducements. The government purchase policy that had been in place since 1950s was expanded in the 1970s. Most of the Tong-il rice produced was purchased and used by the government or released back on the market at discounted prices. Local officials and extension workers were provides incentives to achieve high local adoption rates. In some extreme cases, officials and extension workers physically removed other rice from fields that had already been planted. An import ban was also imposed to maintain high domestic prices. The economic evaluation of high yielding rice involves innovations to deal with several elements: ⢠The basic economics of agricultural research and development (productivity-enhancing technology): measuring agricultural research benefits without considering the complicating factors. A new method to measure a supply shift caused by agricultural R&D will be presented, considering spillovers. ⢠The trade policy that affected returns to higher yields: world price is considered as an opportunity cost. The research benefit in open economy will be smaller than the benefit in closed economy. ⢠The price support and government purchase program for a fixed amount of rice from each farm: considering that the remaining amounts were sold in the market, this policy acts like a decoupled income transfer that does not affect the payoff of agricultural research. ⢠The yield-quality tradeoffs of the technology: this tradeoff should be evaluated as a loss because the gross benefits of research would increase if there had not been a quality change. ⢠Non-market incentives for the adoption of Tong-il rice: the effect of non-market adoption is similar to that of regulation in that it generally prevents profit-maximizers from making adjustments. ⢠The public good argument related to âfood securityâ and self-sufficiency. This paper measures the net research benefits derived from the development of Tong-il performed in Korea given this complex setting. Despite the importance of this case, no studies have measure the payoff to investments to development and adoption of high yielding varieties under the multitude of policies and other complications outlined above. Conceptual studies and a few examples from other countries have dealt with some of these issues, but no study has evaluated the issues fully in a real and important setting. For example, Lokollo (2002) explored the effects of modern technology on its adoption and productivity in Indonesia. The Philippines have also implemented a government purchase policy like Korea during the green revolution period (Martinez, Shively and Masters, 1998). Both of the cases are very similar to the Korean case, in that the green revolution was attained through several government policies. However, neither of them sought to analyze the agricultural R&D effects in the complicating setting, like the Korean case. One difficulty of the R&D-related studies lies in measuring a supply shift caused by agricultural research. To measure research-induced supply shifts, many R&D-related studies introduced complicating methods, such as production functions, supply-response functions, and productivity functions. One innovation of this paper is to present a new formula for measuring a research-induced supply shift. A horizontal supply shift (J) evaluated at the current price can be measured as follows, J=h/(1-δ+δh), where h indicate yield gains of new varieties over old varieties and adoption rate of high-yielding varieties, respectively. In the above formula, only two parameters are used and they are usually available in most cases. No specific forms of supply-and demand functions or elasticities are assumed. The net returns to research on Tong-il is quite large when all the complicating factors listed above were ignored, but substantially smaller once those factors are accounted for. A tentative conclusion is that the effect of the innovation is likely to be much smaller if the development and dissemination of new technology evaluated along with the applicable market-distorting policies. This research is important in order to properly account for this episode in the economic history of agricultural development of Korea. This paper also provides lessons for other developing countries, which take a similar path with the Korean case to their agricultural development. We expect the presentation to generate considerable interest. It deals with a major event that involves important current issues in the development of agriculture and food security in developing countries. The paper applies innovations in the economics of agricultural R&D, which has long been a major topic for agricultural economists.Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies,
Economic and Social Aspects of Palm Oil IndustryL Indonesia's Palm Oil Trade in the Context of Economic Liberalization
Get PDFThis paper aims to assess the palm oil trade in the world market, factors affecting Indonesia’s palm oil industry and trade, and how it can contribute to and benefit the sustainable agriculture development. Palm oil and palm kernel oil make up a third of total world production of oils and fats. During the last decade, the stock-production-import-export of palm oil in the world trade has increased to more than double in volumes and values. Other than being main producers, Indonesia and Malaysia are the two major exporters of palm oil in the world market with total shares of more than 80 percent of the total world export. Coupled with increasing demand for cooking oils, growing demand for palm oil derivatives-products has created a new challenge and opportunity for Indonesia to increase its competitiveness in the world market. Indonesia has and could continue to seize the opportunity to meet the increasing world market demand provided it can increase the ability to translate the new world market demand and adjust it to its domestic production facilities. The Indonesian policies of palm oil development must be directed, implemented and enforced with the focus to the downstream industries. The world concern of environmental degradation has triggered an RSPO forum and Indonesia responded through the ISPO to support the sustainable development. As the main producer, it is only fitting if Indonesia becomes and sets a price reference for sustainable palm oil traded in the world market
Dari Konferensi Cancun, Mexico (2003) - ke Pertemuan Stocktaking WTO (2010): Perjuangan Panjang Negosiasi Pertanian Negara Berkembang
Get PDFSalah satu perundingan WTO yang paling bergejolak, penuh muatan politis dan sangat alot dalam mencapai kesepakatan adalah perundingan pertanian. Persetujuan ini mencakup perundingan di 3 pilar utama, yaitu: akses pasar, subsidi domestik, dan persaingan ekspor. Setelah terjadi kegagalan mencapai kesepakatan pada KTM V di Cancun, Mexico, pada tahun 2003; maka pada sidang Dewan Umum WTO tahun 2004 berhasil disepakati apa yang disebut sebagai Paket Juli. Pada KTM VI di Hongkong, tahun 2005, tidak terjadi titik temu, bahkan perundingan Putaran Doha terhenti sama sekali karena tidak tercapai kesepakatan antara negara-negara anggota WTO. Pada tahun 2009, KTM ke VII diadakan di Jenewa, Swiss. Pada pertemuan ini anggota sepakat tidak merundingkan isu Putaran Doha, tetapi membahas upaya memperkuat sistem perdagangan multilateral WTO dalam menghadapi tantangan lingkungan global saat ini. Namun demikian sinyal yang ditangkap dari pertemuan-pertemuan sampingan beberapa kelompok adalah bahwa Putaran Doha harus segera diselesaikan pada akhir tahun 2010. Oleh karenanya diperlukan upaya dan kemauan politik semua negara anggota untuk mewujudkannya. Pertemuan terkini yaitu pertemuan stocktaking tingkat pejabat tinggi diadakan pada 22-26 Maret 2010. Beberapa pending issues pada draft teks modalitas pertanian (draft text ke- 4) dibahas kembali dan diupayakan konvergensi, namun belum tercapai kesepakatan diantara negara-negara anggota. Indonesia sebagai koordinator kelompok G-33 memiliki posisi yang strategis dalam pemperjuangkan kepentingan pertaniannya. Dukungan domestik dari masyarakat Indonesia termasuk dari Kementerian teknis lainnya selain Kementerian Perdagangan dan Kementerian Pertanian, juga dari LSM/NGO, DPR/MPR, dan Institusi lainnya sangat diperlukan, agar dapat memperjuangkan kepentingan petani dan masyarakat pedesaan menghadapi era globalisasi
