43,887 research outputs found
What limits dual-tasking in working memory? An investigation of the effect of sub-task demand on maintenance mechanisms employed during dual-tasking
No full textA number of models of working memory have been proposed since the seminal work of
Baddeley and Hitch (1974) on the Multiple Component Model (MCM). Subsequent
MCM research focussed on developing a theoretical framework based on modality-specific
stores that can operate in parallel during dual-tasking.
The MCM can be
contrasted with theories of working memory that assume an attention-based domain-general
shared resource responsible for both short term retention as well as on-line
cognition, such as the Time-Based Resource Sharing (TBRS) model (Barrouillet,
Bernardin, & Camos, 2004; Barrouillet, Bernardin, Portrat, Vergauwe, & Camos,
2007). The TBRS model assumes that short-term memory is dependent on access to
attention, and any diversion of attention results in increased forgetting. The model
describes ‘refreshing’ as the process of serially bringing memory items briefly into the
focus of attention. Barrouillet and colleagues have demonstrated in numerous studies
that memory spans lower as the cognitive demand of the secondary task increases
- findings that are incompatible with the MCM. However, Camos, Mora, and Oberauer
(2011) found that both sub-vocal rehearsal (the verbal maintenance mechanism
described in the MCM) and attention-based refreshing can be selectively employed
by participants depending on task demands. Since TBRS methodology compares
spans measured under different cognitive load levels that are the same for every participant,
we were interested in whether ensuring that secondary task demand was set
within each participant’s abilities would avoid ‘over-taxing’ the working memory system
and reduce dual-task costs. Our initial investigations re-measured memory and
processing spans under dual-task conditions with secondary tasks’ demand titrated
according to each individual’s measured ability (Experiments 1 and 2, and Doherty &
Logie, 2016). We found that memory span was unaffected when processing demand
was titrated, but that processing performance was lower when memory load was set
above participants’ span. Subsequent experiments (3-8) investigated the effect of setting
memory and processing load ‘below span’, ‘at span’, and ‘above span’ on memory
and processing accuracy during dual-tasking. Overall it was found that processing
resources can be reallocated to support memory performance but memory resources
cannot be reallocated to support processing performance. We interpret the results
as evidence for specialised memory resources and rehearsal mechanisms that can
be supplemented by attention-based processes once storage capacities are exceeded.
Experiments 6-8 aimed to encourage the use of phonological- or attention-based rehearsal
mechanisms for verbal short term memory by either introducing articulatory
suppression (AS) or shortening available encoding time for memory items. It was
found that participants exhibited shared-resource effects when they completed the
dual-task under AS, suggesting a shift to attention-based rehearsal. When encoding
time was limited participants’ memory performance during dual-tasking was unaffected
by concurrent processing load, suggesting the use of a rehearsal method which
did not require access to attention. Experiment 9 investigated whether participants
could dynamically allocate attention to one task or the other, and found that while
‘priority’ tasks received no benefit, non-priority tasks exhibited a marked decrement
in performance. We conclude that the perceived incompatibility between the MCM
and attention-based theories of working memory such as the TBRS model may be
more apparent than real, and suggest that future research should incorporate procedures
and methodological considerations that take into account findings from both
literatures
Recency, primacy and memory: reappraising and standardising the Serial Position Curve
No full textIn this paper we consider the serial position curve in immediate verbal free recall. A large literature has argued that two components of the serial position curve, recency and primacy, reflect the functioning respectively of short-term and of long-term memory. However, there are a number of difficulties in interpreting the recency effect as a phenomenon uniquely associated with short-term memory. Moreover, the serial position curve has been used widely for clinical investigations in patients with memory deficits. This is despite the lack of norms for the measures derived from the curve. We present a set of standardised norms based on 321 Italian normal subjects. These norms are shown to be applicable both to an English speaking population, and to three groups of brain damaged-patients, namely Alzheimer's, amnesics, and frontals. The standardised norms offer a clinical and experimental tool which, coupled with a multiple single case approach, allows us to show dissociations and double dissociations among the performance patterns obtained from all three pathological groups. The paper concludes with a discussion of a possible interpretation of the recency effect as a emergent property of all types of memory system, including verbal short-term memory. Taking into account previous literature as well as our own data, the recency effect in immediate verbal free recall is here interpreted in terms of a two-component view of verbal short-term memory
A large-scale comparison of prospective and retrospective memory development from childhood to middle age
No full textWe present the first large-scale comparison of prospective memory (PM) and retrospective memory (RM) from 8 to 50 years of age (N = 318,614). Participants in an Internet study were asked to remember to click on a smiley face (single-trial event-based PM test) and to indicate whether/where a picture had changed from study to test (single-trial RM test), in both cases after retention intervals filled with working-memory tests and questionnaires. Both PM and RM improved during childhood; however, whereas maximal PM was reached by teenagers, with approximately linear decline through the 20s-40s, RM continued to improve through the 20s and 30s. On both tests, females outperformed males and achieved maximal success at earlier ages. Strikingly, 10-11-year-old girls performed significantly better than females in their late 20s on the PM test. The presence of the smiley face at encoding and temporal uncertainty (expecting it olatero rather than at the oendo of the test) both benefited PM; these effects decreased and increased, respectively, from childhood to middle age. The findings demonstrate that in a cross-sectional study (a) developmental trajectories are qualitatively different between PM and RM, and (b) the relative influence of PM cues differs between younger and older ages
A 2 h periodic variation in the low-mass X-ray binary Ser X-1
No full textSpectroscopy of the low-mass X-ray binary Ser X-1 using the Gran Telescopio Canarias have revealed a ?2 h periodic variability that is present in the three strongest emission lines. We tentatively interpret this variability as due to orbital motion, making it the first indication of the orbital period of Ser X-1. Together with the fact that the emission lines are remarkably narrow, but still resolved, we show that a main-sequence K dwarf together with a canonical 1.4 M? neutron star gives a good description of the system. In this scenario, the most likely place for the emission lines to arise is the accretion disc, instead of a localized region in the binary (such as the irradiated surface or the stream-impact point), and their narrowness is due instead to the low inclination (?10°) of Ser X-1
Review of the book Unbegrenzte moglichkeiten: Amerikanisierung in Deutschland und Frankreich (1900-1933) by Egbert Klautke
No full textDr. Jeff R. Schutts (Douglas College) reviews the book Unbegrenzte Moglichkeiten: Amerikanisierung in Deutschland und Frankreich (1900-1933) by Egbert Klautke (2005).Final article published
Visual similarity effects in complex span: An experiment with articulatory suppression and tone-discrimination tasks
No full textThe contribution of visual codes in working memory has been confirmed by the fact that serial order memory performance is better for a sequence that consists of visually dissimilar items than visually similar items. This is called the visual similarity effect. This diagnostic phenomenon has been tested so far in immediate serial recall of verbal materials (e.g., Logie et al., 2016; Saito et al., 2008). In our previous experiments (Saito et al., 2020), we found the visual similarity effects in a complex span task, which is one of the most prevalently used working memory tasks. In those experiments, English speaking participants were required to remember a series of six monosyllabic English words drawn from a visually dissimilar or visually similar set, with each word followed by a 4,800 ms retention interval. Specifically, we reported that the visual similarity effects appeared in an articulatory suppression condition in which participants were required to utter "1, 2, 3" repeatedly during every retention interval, while the effect disappeared in a size judgement condition in which they were required during the retention interval to judge whether a presented drawing represents an object that smaller than, equivalent to, or larger than a soccer ball in the real world. This judgement is assumed to require participants to generate visual images of a soccer ball and another object. In this preregistration experiment, we attempt to test two sets of alternative hypotheses that can explain the pattern of the results mentioned above.
In order to achieve this goal, we will employ a tone discrimination task that will be performed during the retention intervals. This processing task that requires participants to judge whether a presented tone is high, medium, or low pitch has been developed and used in our previous study (Barrouillet et al., 2020). We will compare two conditions of complex span tasks: The articulatory suppression condition and the tone discrimination condition.
References
Barrouillet, P., Minamoto, T., Camos, V., Chooi, W.-T., Logie, R. H., Morita, A., Nishiyama, S., & Saito, S. (2020). Dual-task costs in working memory. Online talk presentation at the 10th European Working Memory Symposium, Cardiff, U.K., September 2.
Logie, R. H., Saito, S., Morita, A., Varma, S., & Norris, D. (2016). Recalling visual serial order for verbal sequences. Memory & Cognition, 44, 590-607.
Saito, S., Logie, R. H., Morita, A., & Law, A. (2008). Visual and phonological similarity effects in verbal immediate serial recall: A test with Kanji materials. Journal of Memory and Language, 59, 1-17.
Saito, S., Morita, A., Nishiyama, S., Camos, V., Barrouillet, P., Minamoto, T., Chooi, W.-T., & Logie, R. H. (2020). The visual similarity effect in complex span. Online poster presentation at the 61st Annual Meeting of the Psychonomic Society, November 20
Letter from R. H. Ford to Commissioner of Indian Affairs, 1860
No full textR. H. Ford (letter author) is the brother of Henry L. Ford. The letter asks if the recently deceased Henry L. Ford was due anything from the government, which would be left to his father, William Ford
Papers of R H Horne
No full textThis record was harvested from a previous catalogue system and will be withdrawn in 2025. Information in this record may be superseded or incomplete. Visit this record in UMA's new catalogue at: https://archives.library.unimelb.edu.au/nodes/view/69212R.H. "Orion" Horne: Syllabus of Three Lectures on the Undeveloped Characters in Shakespeare's Plays by R.H. Horne, author of "Orion", "Cosmo de Medici" and "Death of Marlowe", etc. Leaflet showing contents of each of the three lectures. On verso, a note by Horne explaining that these lectures had been given at the Manchester Athenuem, the Literary and Scientific Institute, Marylebone, and at the Mechanics Institute, Liverpool. This leaflet is folded in with handwritten expositions (probably lectures): 1. The Bible, 31 pp. 2. Gems form Auriel (Henri Frederico Auriel, 1821-1881), 5 pp. 3. Some illustrations of Shakespeare's Art, 20 pp.113896
Acquisition: [1989.0151] "Papers of R H Horne
Imagery, Language and Visuo-Spatial Thinking
No full textImagery, Language and Visuo-Spatial Thinking discusses the remarkable human ability to use mental imagery in everyday life: from helping plan actions and routes to aiding creative thinking; from making sense of and remembering our immediate environment to generating pictures in our minds from verbal descriptions of scenes or people. The book also considers the important theme of how individuals differ in their ability to use imagery. With contributions from leading researchers in the field, this book will be of interest to advanced undergraduates, postgraduates and researchers in cognitive psychology, cognitive science and cognitive neuropsychology
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