41,821 research outputs found
Quantifying and reducing uncertainty in life cycle assessment using the Bayesian Monte Carlo method
No full textGestures and Literature Oral Tradition in the Shih-chi
No full textSsu-ma Ch'ien 司馬遷 drew upon many kinds of sources in compiling the Shih-chi. One was oral tradition, as narrated by the old men of the city. Their narrations were acted out in the market place where the people crowded to listen and to pass the time. During the transmission from mouth to mouth, the narrations improved until they became refined literary masterpieces. Ssu-ma Ch'ien travelled through out China collecting these traditional tales, and inserted them into his history. The most dramatic scenes described in the Shih-chi are these narrations copied by him just as they were spoken. In comparison those parts of the Shih-chi, which derive from the Confucian classics or official documents, seem tedius. The daily life of the people fascinated Ssu-ma Ch'ien. The Shih-chi portrays the ways of gamblers, assassins, the rich and the poor of all classes. In the later Han 後漢, the aristocracy began to increase in strength, and consequently influenced the author of the Han-shu 漢書, Pan Ku 班固 who wrote only about Confucianism as the ideology of the ruling class. After him, the oral tradition never reappeared in formal history. It survived only in vernacular novels such as the Shui-hu-chuan 水滸傳
Willingness to Pay for the Preservation of Lo Go - Xa Mat National Park in Vietnam
Get PDFLo Go - Xa Mat National Park has great value in terms of biodiversity but preserving the park is a great challenge for the Vietnamese government. This study estimated the willingness to pay of households to preserve Lo Go - Xa Mat National Park, using the contingent valuation method. We employed the single-bounded dichotomous choice question format to estimate how much households in Ho Chi Minh City were willing to contribute towards a preservation plan for the park. This plan comprised twelve preservation activities and compensating the local communities for their foregone income. The study found that households in Ho Chi Minh City were willing to pay at least VND 6,209 per month for three years for the preservation of Lo Go - Xa Mat National Park. With protest votes included, factors strongly affecting households' willingness to pay were bid amount and the amount of their monthly electricity bill. The education level of the respondents and the number of working people in the household had significant but lesser impact on their willingness to pay. Without protest votes, the bid amount, monthly electricity bill amount and education level of respondents significantly affected willingness to pay. We found that the annualized benefit value of the project was larger than its annualized cost. This indicated that the preservation plan was economically viable. This study does not provide the total value of Lo Go - Xa Mat National Park, but it shows the great value of the park in terms of local households' willingness to pay for its preservation and this is important information for policy-makers in deciding how to protect the park efficiently.willingness to pay, Vietnam
How Shih-chi Was Wr itten to Follow Chun-chiou
No full text《史記》是中國的正史鼻祖、散文大宗，但司馬遷卻自謂其作史接周、孔，「繼春秋」。因此，《史記》與《春秋》的關係，遂變成一個重要、有爭論且難解的老問題。本研究計畫約縮研究範圍，直指問題核心，主要探討司馬遷所說的是哪一部《春秋》？何人所作？以及《史記》究竟如何「繼春秋」？此一問題之探，需要對《史記》與《春秋》同具深入的理解，特別是春秋公羊。Shih-chi has been known as the origin of
Chinese standard histories and a classic of
prose for a long time. But its author Symachian
claimed that the root of what he did
was the spirits of Zhou-gung (周公) and
Confucius, and his book was a follower of
Chun-chiou( 春秋). Therefore the relation
between Shih-chi and Chun-chiou has
constantly been an important open question
without any identical answer. Now in this
plan, only the keys of all difficult problems
are aimed at so that actual progress would be
made. Essentially three questions will be
discussed one after another: Which Chunchiou
is the one to be followed by Shih-chi?
Who is the author of the Chun-chiou? How
was Shih-chi written to follow it? I think a
successful research about these questions will
deeply depend on a comprehension of Shihchi
as well as of Chun-chiou, especially the
interpretations of Chun-chiou from Gungyang(
公羊) school
The Structure of the Shih-chi 史記 and the Theory of Five Virtues
No full textThe Shih-chi is written from the viewpoint of the circular theory of history 循環史觀, which reflects the system of cognition that the creation and destruction repeat each other eternally, shared commonly by the people of antiquity. According to the Shih-chi, history began with the Yellow Emperor 黄帝 and then developed into a succession of dynasties, each of which enjoyed the protection of one of the five elements. The fall of a dynasty is due to either cataclysm or tyranny, a notion also common in the folk legends of the time. With the tyranny of the First Emperor of Ch'in 秦始皇, the greatest catastrophe befell and destroyed the civilization continued since the Yellow Emperor. Soon, however, from the chaos emerged Liu Pang 劉邦, who by slaying a serpent realized the cosmos and brought new life to China. What the author of the Shih-chi intended to write was a history of one full cycle, beginning with the Yellow Emperor and coining to Han Wu-ti 漢武帝, the ruler of his time. Both of them, thought he, enjoyed the protection of the element earth ; accordingly, he consciously tried to draw a parallel between the deeds of the two. The theory which tries to explain the succession of dynasties in terms of the five elements is being usually referred to as the wu-hsing hsiang-sheng 五行相勝説. The author of the Shih-chi, however, terms it as the wu-te chung-shih shuo 五徳終始説 or the theory of five virtues. The Shih-chi, it can be said, was written on the basis of this theory and the Taoist philosophy
On the Relationship between the Shih-chi 史記, Bk.123 and the Han-shu 漢書, Bk.61 anad 96
Get PDFThere are two opposite opinions concerning the relationship between the Shih-chi, Bk. 123 and the Han-shu, Bk. 61 and 96. The author in this article tries to establish that, as traditionally believed, these books of Han-shu were compiled utilizing the Shih-chi as one of the main sources, by presenting evidence which has hitherto been overlooked.(1) The Chinese are called Ch’in-jên 秦人 in the Shih-chi, and Han-jên 漢人 in the Han-shu. The term Ch’in-jên is an older designation of the Chinese people in Central Asia than Han-jên. Central Asia is called Hsi-yü 西域 in the Han-shu, but no such name appears in the Shih-chi, in which Central Asia is referred to as Hsi-kuo 西国 and Hsi-pei 西北. The Gate of Jade or Yü-mên玉門 is used to designate the province of Yü-mên in the Shih-chi, while the term Barrier of Gate of Jade or Yü-mên-kuan 玉門関 is employed in the Han-shu according to later usage. These examples show that the Shih-chi follows the older usage of appellations, and the Han-shu the later one.(2) There is a big difference between the accounts of the ancient history of Central Asian peoples in the Shih-chi and the Han-shu. The difference arose because the compilers of Han-shu had access to new information on Central Asia which was not available to Ssu-ma Chicn. The Han-shu revised the accounts given in the Shih-chi on the basis of this new information. This difference is clearly evident in the Han-shu’s descriptions of the struggles and migration of the Hsiung-nu 匈奴, the Ta-yueh-shih 大月氏, the Wu-sun 烏孫, and the Saka 塞 which are not recorded in the Shih-chi. Such a difference shows that the accounts of Central Asian peoples in the Shih-chi cannot be regarded as being copied from the Han-shu.(3) There also are other points which make us realize that the Shih-chi accounts were not copied from the Han-shu, but vice versa.(4) The question of misplacement of written strips, which is said to exist in both the Shih-chi, Bk. 123, and the Han-shu, Bk. 61, and which Professor A. F. P. Hulsewé and Dr. M. A. N. Loewe insist are only understandable if the Shih-chi accounts were copied from the Han-shu, the text of which was not original and already damaged at the time. The strongest reason is that such an eminent scholar as Pan Ku would never have blindly followed the Shih-chi 'text if it was out of order. However, the author of the present article believes that there is no misplacement of written strips in the text examined by the two learned scholars. One can easily read the text as it is. Pan Ku found no misplacement of written strips in the Shih-chi text, because he was an eminent scholar, and he must have copied it.journal articl
A chi conviene veramente lo sconto imbattibile
No full textPerché non ci ho pensato io? Te lo chiedi guardando un’invenzione o una trovata che non ha nulla di particolare. In realtà esisteva già, era a portata di click e la capacità di chi è diventato miliardario sfruttandola è stata proprio quella di individuarla. Come i buoni sconto, che esistono da decenni e che Groupon ha trasformato in uno dei più straordinari casi di commercio elettronico di questi ultimi anni. Sennet racconta la storia di Groupon, il sito delle offerte giornaliere a prezzi scontatissimi, partendo dagli inizi, seguendo passo a passo l’avventura del suo fondatore, Andrew Mason. Una storia ricca di alti e bassi, di trovate geniali e di sbagli madornali. Ma che ha comunque portato Google a offrire 6 miliardi di dollari per rilevare il colosso degli acquisti di gruppo, ormai presente in più di 40 paesi con oltre 115 milioni di utenti registrati. Come sempre però non è tutto oro quello che luccica. Vale la pena investirci o siamo di fronte a un altro fenomeno della Rete effimero e costruitosul nulla, eppure copiato in tutto il globo? Chi ci guadagna davvero
Final report on studies of space/time variability of marine boundary layer characteristics
Get PDFAugust 1990.Appendix A originally presented as Melanie A. Wetzel's dissertation (Colorado State University, 1990) under the title: Investigation of a remote sensing technique for droplet-effective radius.Thomas H. Vonder Haar, principal investigator; with contributions by: Melanie A. Wetzel, Chi-Fan Shih, Hung-chi Kuo.ONR Contract no. N00014-86-C-0459
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