1,721,223 research outputs found
Program and Data for 'Cat and Mouse Search' paper
No full textHillstrom, Anne P., Segabinazi, Joice D., Godwin, Hayward J., Liversedge, Simon P. and Benson, Valerie (2017) Cat and mouse search: the influence of scene and object analysis on eye movements when targets change locations during search. Philosophical Transactions of The Royal Society B Biological Sciences, 372, (1714), 1-9. (doi:10.1098/rstb.2016.0106 ). (PMID:28044017). The programme was written using Experiment Builder, software from SR-Research Ltd.</span
Rayner's 1979 paper: a brief summary and evaluation
Full text linkRayner (1979) established the Preferred Viewing Location (PVL) for reading fixations: typically, readers fixate at a location slightly left of word centre. Despite its simple elegance, the design of figure 2 of this citation classic has not become a standard for illustrating this phenomenon. We like to pay tribute to this core result (and its visualisation) with a cross-language validation of the PVL. We also extend our analysis to include PVLs of forward and backward refixations and use the new results to qualify proposals of refixation pre-programming
Time course of attentional bias for pain related cues in individuals with chronic daily headache: an eye tracking study
No full textAttentional biases have been demonstrated by individuals with chronic pain, who show a selective preference for pain-related information (ie words and pictures) compared to neutral information. This bias is not usually shown in pain-free individuals. For both theoretical and clinical reasons, it is important to understand the time-course of attentional biases (ie how quickly they arise; how long they are maintained for; whether they are voluntary or involuntary), although little research has addressed this issue. The aim of the current research is to therefore clarify the time-course of attentional bias in chronic pain. In order to achieve this, eye-tracking technology will be used to record chronic pain and healthy participants' eye movements during 4 separate computer experiments. This methodology will provide a naturalistic and continuous measure of attention, and will also demonstrate whether patterns of visual engagement and avoidance vary across time, whether bias is driven by deficiencies in attentional control, and whether bias is maintained in the presence of concurrent emotional information. Clarification of these issues will allow for the formulation of a comprehensive theoretical account of attentional bias in chronic pain, fully accounting for the time-course and patterns of such bias.</span
Lexical processing in children and adults during word copying.
No full textCopying text may seem trivial, but the task itself is psychologically complex. It involves a series of sequential visual and cognitive processes, which must be co-ordinated; these include visual encoding, mental representation and written production. To investigate the time course of word processing during copying, we recorded eye movements of adults and children as they hand-copied isolated words presented on a classroom board. Longer and lower frequency words extended adults' encoding durations, suggesting whole word encoding. Only children's short word encoding was extended by lower frequency. Though children spent more time encoding long words compared to short words, gaze durations for long words were extended similarly for high- and low-frequency words. This suggested that for long words children used partial word representations and encoded multiple sublexical units rather than single whole words. Piecemeal word representation underpinned copying longer words in children, but reliance on partial word representations was not shown in adult reader
Benchmark eye movement effects during natural reading in autism spectrum disorder
Full text linkIn 2 experiments, eye tracking methodology was used to assess on-line lexical, syntactic and semantic processing in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). In Experiment 1, lexical identification was examined by manipulating the frequency of target words. Both typically developed (TD) and ASD readers showed normal frequency effects, suggesting that the processes TD and ASD readers engage in to identify words are comparable. In Experiment 2, syntactic parsing and semantic interpretation requiring the on-line use of world knowledge were examined, by having participants read garden path sentences containing an ambiguous prepositional phrase. Both groups showed normal garden path effects when reading low-attached sentences and the time course of reading disruption was comparable between groups. This suggests that not only do ASD readers hold similar syntactic preferences to TD readers, but also that they use world knowledge on-line during reading. Together, these experiments demonstrate that the initial construction of sentence interpretation appears to be intact in ASD. However, the finding that ASD readers skip target words less often in Experiment 2, and take longer to read sentences during second pass for both experiments, suggests that they adopt a more cautious reading strategy and take longer to evaluate their sentence interpretation prior to making a manual respons
Foveal processing difficulty does not modulate non-foveal orthographic influences on fixation positions
No full textTwo experiments show that eye fixations land nearer to the beginning of misspelled than correctly spelled beginning words during sentence reading. The effect holds regardless of whether the previous word is easy (high frequency) or difficult (low frequency) to process. In Experiment 1, the misspelled words were directly fixated. In Experiment 2, a saccade contingent change technique was used such that the words were always correctly spelled once they were fixated. The results show that non-foveal orthography influences where words are first fixated regardless of foveal processing load
Does text contrast mediate binocular advantages in reading?
Full text linkHumans typically make use of both of their eyes in reading and efficient processes of binocular vision provide a stable, single percept of the text. Binocular reading also comes with an advantage: reading speed is high and word frequency effects (i.e., faster lexical processing of words that are more often encountered in a language) emerge during fixations, which is not the case for monocular reading (Jainta, Blythe, & Liversedge, 2014). A potential contributor to this benefit is the reduced contrast in monocular reading: reduced text contrasts in binocular reading are known to slow down reading and word identification (Reingold & Rayner, 2006). To investigate whether contrast reduction mediates the binocular advantage, we first replicated increased reading time and nullified frequency effects for monocular reading (Experiment 1). Next, we reduced the contrast for binocular but whole sentences to 70% (Weber-contrast); this reading condition resembled monocular reading, but found no effect on reading speed and word identification (Experiment 2). A reasonable conclusion, therefore, was that a reduction in contrast is not the (primary) factor that mediates less efficient lexical processing under monocular reading. In a third experiment (Experiment 3) we reduced the sentence contrast to 40% and the pattern of results showed that, globally, reading was slowed down but clear word frequency effects were present in the data. Thus, word identification processes during reading (i.e., the word frequency effect) were qualitatively different in monocular reading compared with effects observed when text was read with substantially reduced contrast
Orthographic familiarity influences initial eye fixation positions in reading
No full textAn important issue in the understanding of eye movements in reading is what kind of nonfoveal information can influence where we move our eyes. In Experiment 1, first fixation landing positions were nearer the beginning of misspelled words. Experiment 2 showed that the informativeness of word beginnings does not influence where words are first fixated. In both experiments, refixations were more likely to be to the left of the initial fixation position if the words were misspelled. Also, there was no influence of spelling on prior fixation durations or refixation probabilities, that is, there was no evidence for parafoveal-on-foveal effects. The results show that the orthographic familiarity, but not informativeness, of word initial letter sequences influences where words are first fixated
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