6 research outputs found
Assessing transport emissions reduction while increasing electric vehicles and renewable generation levels
No full text[EN] Electric Vehicles (EVs) appear as an environmental solution for transport sector since they emit zero emissions while driving. Nonetheless, the carbon intensity (CI) of the energy sources involved in the electricity generation system could seriously compromise this solution. Hence, this study proposes a methodology to verify the sustainability of the sector by the introduction of EVs. By means of the "Well-to-Wheel" tool, it compares emissions generated by two fleets: one based on internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs) and another one that also contemplates different EVs penetration levels. This methodology develops an iterative process on the contribution of renewable sources to the electricity generation system until a certain level of emissions reduction is achieved. The needed evolution of the CI for the electricity system is therefore deduced. The methodology has been applied to Spain by the mid-term future, given these country policies for both a high penetration of EVs and a progressive introduction of renewable sources in its electricity system. Results indicate that the current Spanish electricity mix allows for a reduction in CO2 emissions by the introduction of EVs, but a 100% renewable system will be needed for reductions up to 74 million tons per year. This research is a first-ever study to relate the forecasted Spanish environmental policies, in terms of urban transport and configuration of the power system, with a sustainable introduction of EVs in the urban fleet. Hence, this paper would be very helpful for policy makers on evaluation of the requirements for a transport fleet electrification.This work was supported in part by the regional public administration of Valencia under the grant ACIF/2018/106.Bastida-Molina, P.; Hurtado-Perez, E.; Peñalvo-López, E.; Moros-Gómez, MC. (2020). 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AI is a viable alternative to high throughput screening: a 318-target study
No full text: High throughput screening (HTS) is routinely used to identify bioactive small molecules. This requires physical compounds, which limits coverage of accessible chemical space. Computational approaches combined with vast on-demand chemical libraries can access far greater chemical space, provided that the predictive accuracy is sufficient to identify useful molecules. Through the largest and most diverse virtual HTS campaign reported to date, comprising 318 individual projects, we demonstrate that our AtomNet® convolutional neural network successfully finds novel hits across every major therapeutic area and protein class. We address historical limitations of computational screening by demonstrating success for target proteins without known binders, high-quality X-ray crystal structures, or manual cherry-picking of compounds. We show that the molecules selected by the AtomNet® model are novel drug-like scaffolds rather than minor modifications to known bioactive compounds. Our empirical results suggest that computational methods can substantially replace HTS as the first step of small-molecule drug discovery
State of Knowledge on Additives Used in the Manufacture of Warm Mix Asphalt (WMA). Case Study: Period 2017-2023
No full textEl uso de mezclas de concreto asfáltico para la conformación de capas asfálticas usadas en la construcción de proyectos de infraestructura vial es común. Esto se debe a que poseen propiedades que las hacen ideales para la construcción de cualquier superficie de tráfico. Adicionalmente, comparándolas con las mezclas en frío, tienden a ser más resistentes y durables bajo cargas de tráfico. Sin embargo, su uso tiene un impacto negativo en el medio ambiente, ya que deben ser fabricadas en plantas de asfalto, extendidas y compactadas en obra a muy altas temperaturas, generando emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero. Con el fin de ayudar a mitigar este impacto ambiental negativo, se han desarrollado las mezclas asfálticas tibias (MAT). Estas mezclas tienen como propósito disminuir las altas temperaturas requeridas para la fabricación de mezclas en caliente, usando técnicas como el espumado y el uso de aditivos, ya sean orgánicos o químicos, entre otros. Actualmente los grupos de investigación TOPOVIAL, Centro de Estudios en Pavimentos y Materiales Sostenibles y el Grupo de Investigación en Vías y Pavimentos, se encuentran desarrollando el proyecto: - “Desarrollo de una Mezcla Asfáltica Tibia (MAT) con Agregado de Concreto Reciclado (ACR)”, financiado por la Convocatoria 01-2023 de la Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas. Dentro de las actividades y objetivos del proyecto, está el realizar un estado del conocimiento sobre MATs, y a su vez dentro de este estudio, el desarrollo de un estado del conocimiento sobre los aditivos utilizados para fabricar dichas mezclas. Por lo anterior, el presente proyecto busca apoyar a los grupos de investigación mencionados anteriormente, realizando una revisión bibliográfica para detectar el estado del conocimiento sobre el uso de aditivos usados en la fabricación de MATs. El presente estudio pretende identificar tendencias, analizando los diferentes aditivos usados para la fabricación de MATs, compilando y comparando información referente a los procesos de fabricación, características de cada uno de los aditivos, y los cambios en las propiedades de la mezcla asfáltica. Dicha revisión bibliográfica se realizará a partir de una búsqueda de información en bases de datos académicas, como Science Direct, Taylor & Francis, Scielo, ASCE, Springer, entre otras, incluyendo artículos científicos, documentos técnicos, como reportes finales de investigaciones, tesis de doctorado y maestría publicados en los últimos cinco años. Finalmente se espera contar con una base de datos referente a las características de los diferentes aditivos utilizados en la fabricación de MATs, lo que proporcionará información útil para técnicos, ingenieros e investigadores que trabajen en el desarrollo y mejoramiento de MATs. Adicionalmente, esta información será fuente de consulta y apoyo para los grupos de investigación que trabajan en el proyecto mencionado anteriormente.The use of asphalt concrete mixtures for the formation of asphalt layers in road infrastructure construction projects is common. This is due to their properties, which make them ideal for the construction of any traffic surface. Additionally, compared to cold mix asphalt, they tend to be more resistant and durable under traffic loads. However, their use has a negative impact on the environment, as they must be manufactured in asphalt plants, laid, and compacted on-site at very high temperatures, generating greenhouse gas emissions. To help mitigate this negative environmental impact, warm mix asphalt (WMA) has been developed. These mixtures aim to reduce the high temperatures required for hot mix asphalt manufacturing, using techniques such as foaming and the use of additives, whether organic or chemical, among others. Currently, the research groups TOPOVIAL, the Center for Studies in Pavements and Sustainable Materials, and the Research Group in Roads and Pavements are developing the project: - 'Development of a Warm Mix Asphalt (WMA) with Recycled Concrete Aggregate (RCA),' funded by Call 01-2023 of the Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas. Within the activities and objectives of the project, there is the performance of a state-of-the-art review on WMAs, and, in turn, within this study, the development of a state-of-the-art review on the additives used to manufacture these mixtures. Therefore, the present project seeks to support the aforementioned research groups by conducting a literature review to identify the state of knowledge on the use of additives in WMA manufacturing. This study aims to identify trends by analyzing the different additives used in WMA manufacturing, compiling and comparing information regarding manufacturing processes, characteristics of each additive, and changes in asphalt mixture properties. This literature review will be conducted through an information search in academic databases, such as Science Direct, Taylor & Francis, Scielo, ASCE, Springer, among others, including scientific articles, technical documents such as final research reports, and doctoral and master's theses published in the last five years. Finally, it is expected to have a database regarding the characteristics of the different additives used in WMA manufacturing, which will provide useful information for technicians, engineers, and researchers working on the development and improvement of WMAs. Additionally, this information will be a source of consultation and support for the research groups working on the aforementioned project
AI is a viable alternative to high throughput screening : a 318-target study
No full textAbstract: High throughput screening ( HTS) is routinely used to identify bioactive small molecules. This requires physical compounds, which limits coverage of accessible chemical space. Computational approaches combined with vast on-demand chemical libraries can access far greater chemical space, provided that the predictive accuracy is sufficient to identify useful molecules. Through the largest and most diverse virtual HTS campaign reported to date, comprising 318 individual projects, we demonstrate that our AtomNet((R)) convolutional neural network successfully finds novel hits across every major therapeutic area and protein class. We address historical limitations of computational screening by demonstrating success for target proteins without known binders, high-quality X-ray crystal structures, or manual cherry-picking of compounds. We show that the molecules selected by the AtomNet((R)) model are novel drug-like scaffolds rather than minor modifications to known bioactive compounds. Our empirical results suggest that computational methods can substantially replace HTS as the first step of small-molecule drug discovery
Environmental and economic feasibility of implementing perpetual pavements (PPs) against conventional pavements: A case study of Barranquilla city, Colombia
No full textThe road infrastructure industry consumes elevated economic resources and generates vast environmental impacts on the planet. Nevertheless, the construction and maintenance of pavements are necessary to guarantee the economic growth of the communities. In this way, finding novel methods, materials, and techniques is essential to achieve a more sustainable industry. One of the most promising alternatives is the implementation of Perpetual Pavements (PPs). Contrary to the Conventional Flexible Pavements (CFPs) and Conventional Rigid Pavements (CRPs), the PPs are designed for a long service life (even superior to 50 years). During this time, the PPs do not require major Maintenance and Rehabilitation (M&R) activities. Due to this characteristic, PPs could present greater sustainability attributes than conventional pavement structures. However, minimal literature is focused on examining these hypotheses since the state-of-the-art has concentrated on studying the mechanical behavior of materials and layers for PPs laying. Moreover, it is most worrying that few investigations have done this in the context of developing countries, where it is more decisive to perform better decisions in terms of economic-environmental sustainability. Consequently, this research conducts a case study on Barranquilla city (Colombia) to estimate the environmental burdens and monetary costs associated with the life cycle of three pavement alternatives, i.e., a PP, a CFP, and a CRP. The Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA) methodologies were employed for these purposes. The results of this investigation demonstrated that PP provides less environmental damage and higher cost-efficiency than the CFP and CRP alternatives. Notably, the most significant contamination potential is provoked by the CRP structure. Meanwhile, the fewer financial profitability is caused by the CFP structure. Therefore, this study indicates that under the typical circumstances of underdeveloped nations, PPs are a more advantageous alternative than traditional ones regarding sustainability performance
Alternative design for asphalt concrete modified with recycled plastic polymers from food containers and cleaning elements applying the response surface methodology
No full textilustraciones, diagramas fotografíasLa contaminación por residuos sólidos resultantes del uso de envases de plástico afecta de manera crítica muchos ecosistemas actualmente y en consecuencia, el reciclaje y el aprovechamiento de estos materiales en la fabricación de mezclas asfálticas para pavimentación, contribuye en parte al cumplimiento de los objetivos de desarrollo sostenible (ODS) trazados por la asamblea general de las Naciones Unidas, en relación con la adopción de medidas urgentes para combatir el cambio climático (ODS No. 13), el avance para disponer de agua limpia mediante gestión sostenible (ODS No. 6) , la promoción para una industrialización sostenible (ODS No. 9) y la garantía de la salud y el bienestar para todos(as) (ODS No. 3). En aras de contribuir con estos objetivos, en este trabajo se planteó el empleo de plásticos reciclados de un solo uso (envases de alimentos y elementos de aseo), tales como los polímeros de tereftalato de polietileno (PET), polipropileno (PP) y polietileno de alta densidad (PEAD), para ser incorporados adecuadamente en mezclas asfálticas producidas en caliente, tal que sirvan para la pavimentación en obras viales, mediante la utilización de la metodología de superficies de respuesta como herramienta estadística de análisis y de la validación de los resultados, con el empleo del método de diseño Marshall y las especificaciones generales para la construcción de carreteras INVIAS 2013 correspondientes. Como resultado de este trabajo de investigación, se determinaron las regiones óptimas para los tres tipos de polímero, en términos de los contenidos de cemento asfáltico, las cantidades de grano de polímero reciclado provenientes de envases plásticos reciclados y las respectivas fórmulas de trabajo de las mezclas asfálticas para las condiciones óptimas. Los resultados experimentales mostraron que el comportamiento de los concretos asfálticos modificados con los plásticos reciclados, PET, PP y PEAD, resultan aptos para la construcción de pavimentos peatonales y vehiculares, y por consiguiente, pueden favorecer el medio ambiente, dado que su reciclaje reduce la contaminación ambiental en las fuentes hídricas y rellenos sanitarios, y en general puede contribuir a la salud y el bienestar de todos(as). (Texto tomado de la fuente).The contamination by solid waste resulting from the use of plastic containers critically
affects many ecosystems currently and consequently, the recycling and use of these
materials in the manufacture of asphalt mixes for paving, contributes in part to the fulfillment
of development objectives (DO) outlined by the United Nations General Assembly, in
relation to the adoption of urgent measures to combat climate change (DO No. 13), the
progress to have clean water through sustainable management (DO No. 6) , the promotion
of sustainable industrialization (DO No. 9) and the guarantee of health and well-being for
all (DO No. 3). In order to contribute to these objectives, this paper proposed the use of
single-use recycled plastics (food containers and toiletries), such as polyethylene
terephthalate (PET), polypropylene (PP) and polyethylene polymers. of high density
(HDPE), to be properly incorporated into hot-produced asphalt mixes, such that they serve
for paving in road works, by using the response surface methodology as a statistical tool
for analysis and validation of the results. , with the use of the Marshall design method and
the corresponding general specifications for road construction INVIAS 2013. As a result of
this research work, the optimal regions for the three types of polymer were determined, in
terms of the asphalt cement contents, the amounts of recycled polymer grain from recycled
plastic containers and the respective working formulas of the mixtures. asphalt for optimal
conditions. The experimental results showed that the behavior of asphalt concretes
modified with recycled plastics, PET, PP and HDPE, are suitable for the construction of
pedestrian and vehicular pavements, and therefore, they can favor the environment, since their recycling reduces the environmental pollution in water sources and landfills, and in
general can contribute to the health and well-being of all.MaestríaMagíster en ConstrucciónEl proceso realizado para el desarrollo metodológico del proyecto consideró varias fases, con tal de evaluar las componentes de agregados pétreos, asfalto base, adición de GPR, elaboración de mezclas asfálticas, convencional de referencia y modificada con GPR, así como de la evaluación de las mezclas asfálticas. La optimización se llevó a cabo mediante la aplicación del método de diseño Marshall en su fase preliminar y de la metodología de superficies de respuesta, a partir de una base experimental conjunta, tenida en cuenta a modo de complemento y verificación de la efectividad de esta última metodología para el diseño de las mezclas asfálticas modificadas con GPR.
El plan experimental tendiente en llevar a cabo el diseño de mezclas asfálticas por la metodología de superficies de respuesta para lograr la incorporación de los polímeros plásticos reciclados parte de conocer las propiedades mecánicas y físicas de cada uno de los constituyentes que intervienen en la mezcla; como son los agregados pétreos, el cemento asfáltico y los polímeros, a estos últimos se determinó utilizarlos porque son los polímeros de mayor frecuencia de uso además de ser los principales causantes de la contaminación plástica debido a su acumulación progresiva y su difícil degradación. Para aplicar la metodología de respuesta en el diseño de la mezcla asfáltica modificada con polímeros, se emplearon los datos obtenidos por el método Marshall como referencia, siendo este método de diseño el actualmente aprobado en Colombia para el diseño de mezclas asfálticas, en este
método se evalúan las propiedades volumétricas en función del contenido óptimo de asfalto, se empleó este mismo método para diseñar las mezclas modificadas con los contenidos de polímeros y a partir de los datos usar la metodología de superficies de respuesta para determinar los contenidos óptimos de polímeros y de cemento asfáltico que satisfagan la norma en el cumplimiento de las propiedades volumétricas. La investigación se sustenta en las experiencias previas recopiladas de diversos artículos científicos que nos entregan las pautas en las alternativas de modificación de las mezclas asfálticas con la incorporación de aditivos entre ellos los plásticos que buscan modificar el cemento asfáltico para el mejoramiento de sus
propiedades mediante técnicas innovadoras de laboratorio y la verificación del control de calidad del producto obtenido.
La metodología de la presente investigación se basó en la búsqueda y revisión de experiencias en investigaciones previas para establecer la guía experimental y la selección de los ensayos a practicar en las áreas de la química, la mecánica de suelos y de pavimentos para la caracterización de cada uno de los materiales, como para plantear las alternativas y técnicas para el mejoramiento de los cementos asfálticos empleando el grano de polímero reciclado y la modificación de mezclas asfálticas.
La segunda fase experimental tendrá la búsqueda de la modificación del cemento asfaltico con los polímeros plásticos reciclados, la elaboración de ensayos normativos que permitan establecer la viabilidad de este nuevo material en la fabricación de las mezclas por el método húmedo de acuerdo a los resultados que se obtengan con el cemento asfáltico, la búsqueda de un método alterno para la introducción de los polímeros plásticos reciclados directamente sobre las mezclas asfálticas que será llamado método seco, fabricando las mezclas según los lineamientos de la normatividad del Instituto Nacional de Vías (INVIAS-2013) bajo los parámetros de los artículos 400 y 450, para determinar el contenido de asfalto óptimo de la mezcla asfáltica densa en caliente para un tipo de rodadura tipo MDC-19 por el método Marshall, a cada una de las mezclas que se fabricaran se les incluirá
en distintas proporciones los contenidos de polímeros. El análisis de los diferentes diseños de la mezcla asfáltica llevara a seleccionar las mejores respuestas producto de combinar los distintos porcentajes de polímeros. La tercera fase del proceso experimental consistirá en el análisis estadístico de todos los datos obtenidos empleando la metodología de superficie de respuesta para determinar por esta técnica los contenidos óptimos para cada uno de los polímeros y el contenido de cemento asfáltico óptimo para los diferentes diseños de mezcla asfáltica, los resultados de ambas métodos de diseño permitirá realizar una evaluación comparativa de las mezclas asfálticas bajo el método Marshall y la metodología de superficie de respuesta.Arquitectura y Urbanism
