202,477 research outputs found
An advertising campaign for Lipton
No full textIn 1993, Unilever acquired Lipton, a tea company founded by Sir Thomas J. Lipton, a famous merchant who realized the potential of serving good quality tea products. Today, Lipton is handled by California Manufacturing Company, an affiliate of Unilever for its food products. Lipton tea products are of the first quality tea products that came out in the Philippine market. In fact, Lipton has long been known for its high quality brewed tea. Lipton dominates the hot tea segment because of this. The tea market is slowly expanding; this can be noted by the increasing number of new entrants. As of now, the bigger share of the market belongs to ice tea while hot tea segment is half its size. One of the problems of Lipton, is that it is only second to Nestea in terms of preference. Awareness is also a major concern. While Nestea has a very large awareness because of its ‘Plunge’ campaign, Lipton remains a second mention brand. Another weakness which may be used as strength is that Lipton is perceived as tea for old people. This however, shows that even as an ice tea drink, Lipton’s natural brewed tea aspects are assumed by most people to be still in there. The market is also slowly adjusting their taste preferences. More and more people prefer less sweet drinks and Lipton ice tea may be just the drink for them. However, it is important to note that a lot of other products like SOLA, Snapple, and the recently launched Earth and Sky are using 2natural brewed tea3 as their selling proposition. The challenge is to find a more creative way of executing the functional benefits and emotional benefits of ice tea. Considering the characteristics of Lipton as a product, it can appeal to the young adult market because of its natural brewed lemon flavored tea. The group findings also show some degree of association of 2natural3 to 2doing an outstanding job effortlessly3 and equated this to talent, thus, the use of natural talent in the campaign. Since awareness for Lipton ice tea is very low, the group suggests the use of both traditional and non-traditional advertising. However, a bigger chunk will still go to traditional advertising since the target market generated a greater recall from it compared with non-traditional advertising. A survey conducted by the groups shows how little awareness was generated by Lipton’s past campaigns which were primarily in non-traditional. If the market were to become more aware of Lipton ice tea, it is suggested that Lipton must be more aggressive in its tri-media and below-the-line campaigns as well. With a given budget of P 40 million pesos excluding research costs, the group recommends various ways in which the company may enhance the level of awareness among the target market and eventually capture more market share in the ice tea segment. These may be seen in the seen in the form of billboards placements, cinema ads, internet ads, and event contests aside from the tri-media campaign
Recommended from our members
Jesse Farnsworth and the Thomes Lipton Yacht Club
No full textJesse Farnsworth was commodore of the Thomes Lipton Yacht club. With members of the yacht club standing around a des
The family farm in a globalizing world: the role of crop science in alleviating poverty
Get PDF"The topic of family farms has been gaining prominence in the academic, policy, and donor communities in recent years. Small farms dominate the agricultural landscape in the developing world, providing the largest source of employment and income to the rural poor, yet smallholders remain highly susceptible to poverty and hunger. With the advance of globalization and greater integration of agricultural markets, the need for increases in agricultural productivity for family farms is particularly pressing. Raising productivity and output of small farmers would not only increase their incomes and food security, but also stimulate the rest of the economy and contribute to broad-based food security and poverty alleviation. In this paper, Michael Lipton builds an argument for greater focus on pro-smallholder crop science as a key solution to generate increases in productivity and income. Increasing the levels of investment into agricultural technology, improving water and land use and distribution, and creating positive incentives for developing-country farmers come to the forefront of the paper as critical steps that must be taken to ensure massive reduction in global poverty. Favorable demographic trends over the next few decades provide a window of opportunity for reforms and action that must not be squandered." From Foreword by Joachim von BraunGlobalization, Poverty alleviation Developing countries, Rural poor, Agricultural productivity, Agricultural technology, Small farmers, Crop science,
Relations and Equivalences Between Circuit Lower Bounds and Karp-Lipton Theorems
Get PDFA frontier open problem in circuit complexity is to prove P^{NP} is not in SIZE[n^k] for all k; this is a necessary intermediate step towards NP is not in P_{/poly}. Previously, for several classes containing P^{NP}, including NP^{NP}, ZPP^{NP}, and S_2 P, such lower bounds have been proved via Karp-Lipton-style Theorems: to prove C is not in SIZE[n^k] for all k, we show that C subset P_{/poly} implies a "collapse" D = C for some larger class D, where we already know D is not in SIZE[n^k] for all k.
It seems obvious that one could take a different approach to prove circuit lower bounds for P^{NP} that does not require proving any Karp-Lipton-style theorems along the way. We show this intuition is wrong: (weak) Karp-Lipton-style theorems for P^{NP} are equivalent to fixed-polynomial size circuit lower bounds for P^{NP}. That is, P^{NP} is not in SIZE[n^k] for all k if and only if (NP subset P_{/poly} implies PH subset i.o.- P^{NP}_{/n}).
Next, we present new consequences of the assumption NP subset P_{/poly}, towards proving similar results for NP circuit lower bounds. We show that under the assumption, fixed-polynomial circuit lower bounds for NP, nondeterministic polynomial-time derandomizations, and various fixed-polynomial time simulations of NP are all equivalent. Applying this equivalence, we show that circuit lower bounds for NP imply better Karp-Lipton collapses. That is, if NP is not in SIZE[n^k] for all k, then for all C in {Parity-P, PP, PSPACE, EXP}, C subset P_{/poly} implies C subset i.o.-NP_{/n^epsilon} for all epsilon > 0. Note that unconditionally, the collapses are only to MA and not NP.
We also explore consequences of circuit lower bounds for a sparse language in NP. Among other results, we show if a polynomially-sparse NP language does not have n^{1+epsilon}-size circuits, then MA subset i.o.-NP_{/O(log n)}, MA subset i.o.-P^{NP[O(log n)]}, and NEXP is not in SIZE[2^{o(m)}]. Finally, we observe connections between these results and the "hardness magnification" phenomena described in recent works
Fever-specific changes in central MSH and CRF concentrations
No full text Page R125: M. Holdeman, O. Khorram, W. K. Samson, and J. M. Lipton. “Fever-specific changes in central MSH and CRF concentrations.” Page R127: line 16 should read: The identity of the IRCRF detected in the tissue extracts using this assay and antibody was determined previously (J. H. Moltz, J. K. McDonald, M. D. Lumpkin, C. P. Fawcett, and W. K. Samson, personal communication). Page R128: Reference 27 should not appear in the reference list. </jats:p
Relations and equivalences between circuit lower bounds and Karp-Lipton theorems
No full text© Lijie Chen, Dylan M. McKay, Cody D. Murray, and R. Ryan Williams; licensed under Creative Commons License CC-BY 34th Computational Complexity Conference (CCC 2019). A frontier open problem in circuit complexity is to prove PNP 6⊂ SIZE[nk] for all k; this is a necessary intermediate step towards NP 6⊂ P/poly. Previously, for several classes containing PNP, including NPNP, ZPPNP, and S2P, such lower bounds have been proved via Karp-Lipton-style Theorems: to prove C 6⊂ SIZE[nk] for all k, we show that C ⊂ P/poly implies a “collapse” D = C for some larger class D, where we already know D 6⊂ SIZE[nk] for all k. It seems obvious that one could take a different approach to prove circuit lower bounds for PNP that does not require proving any Karp-Lipton-style theorems along the way. We show this intuition is wrong: (weak) Karp-Lipton-style theorems for PNP are equivalent to fixed-polynomial size circuit lower bounds for PNP. That is, PNP 6⊂ SIZE[nk] for all k if and only if (NP ⊂ P/poly implies PH ⊂ i.o.-PNP/n). Next, we present new consequences of the assumption NP ⊂ P/poly, towards proving similar results for NP circuit lower bounds. We show that under the assumption, fixed-polynomial circuit lower bounds for NP, nondeterministic polynomial-time derandomizations, and various fixed-polynomial time simulations of NP are all equivalent. Applying this equivalence, we show that circuit lower bounds for NP imply better Karp-Lipton collapses. That is, if NP 6⊂ SIZE[nk] for all k, then for all C ∈ {P, PP, PSPACE, EXP}, C ⊂ P/poly implies C ⊂ i.o.-NP/nε for all ε > 0. Note that unconditionally, the collapses are only to MA and not NP. We also explore consequences of circuit lower bounds for a sparse language in NP. Among other results, we show if a polynomially-sparse NP language does not have n1+ε-size circuits, then MA ⊂ i.o.-NP/O(log n), MA ⊂ i.o.-PNP[O(log n)], and NEXP 6⊂ SIZE[2o(m)]. Finally, we observe connections between these results and the “hardness magnification” phenomena described in recent works
A Tight Karp-Lipton Collapse Result in Bounded Arithmetic
Get PDFCook and Krajíček [9] have obtained the following Karp-Lipton result in bounded arithmetic: if the theory proves , then collapses to , and this collapse is provable in . Here we show the converse implication, thus answering an open question from [9]. We obtain this result by formalizing in a hard/easy argument of Buhrman, Chang, and Fortnow [3]. In addition, we continue the investigation of propositional proof systems using advice, initiated by Cook and Krajíček [9]. In particular, we obtain several optimal and even p-optimal proof systems using advice. We further show that these p-optimal systems are equivalent to natural extensions of Frege systems
Poverty and policy
Get PDFIn this analysis of public policy to reduce poverty, the authors point out, among other things, that typically the highest incidence and severity of poverty are still found in rural areas, especially if ill-watered. For many of the rural poor, the only immediate route out of poverty is by migration to towns, to face a higher expected income, although often a more uncertain one. This may or may not reduce aggregate poverty. We can be more confident that growth in agricultural output -- fueled by investment in human and physical infrastructure -- is pro-poor, though not because the poor own much land. The policies pursued by most developing countries up to the mid-1980s -- and by many still -- have been biased against the rural sector in various ways. The same is true -- although different policies are involved -- of the other major sectoral concentration of poor, namely, the urban informal sector. There are clear prospects for reducing poverty by removing these biases. Looking ahead (far ahead, in some cases), it is less clear how much further gain to the poor can be expected from introducing a bias in the opposite direction. Neutrality should be the aim. We need good data and measurement to identify which public actions are effective in fighting poverty. There have been a number of advances in household data and analytic capabilities for poverty analysis over the last ten years. We are in a better position than ever to devise well-informed policies. The authors identify two important roles for public action. One is to foster the conditions for pro-poor growth, particularly by providing wide access to the necessary physical and human assets, including public infrastructure. The other is to help those who cannot participate fully in the benefits of such growth, or who do so with continued exposure to unacceptable risks. Here there is an important role for aiming interventions by various means to improve the distribution of the benefits of public spending on social services and safety nets in developing countries. Those means range from the selection of key categories of public spending (such as primary education and basic health care) to more finely targeted transfers (including nutrition and health interventions) based on poverty indicators, or some self-targeting mechanism. Though disappointing outcomes abound, many countries have demonstrated what is possible with timely and well-conceived interventions.Health Monitoring&Evaluation,Environmental Economics&Policies,Health Economics&Finance,Poverty Assessment,Achieving Shared Growth
Introduction; Fraud on the Market as a Coherent Body of Law
No full textOpening Remarks and IntroductionOpening Remarks: Joseph Blocher, Duke University School of LawIntroduction: Ann Lipton, Duke University School of LawPanel 1: Fraud on the Market as a Coherent Body of LawAuthors - James Cox, Duke University School of LawAnn Lipton, Duke University School of LawModerator - James Park, University of California, Los Angeles School of La
High quality epitaxial graphene on 4H-SiC by face-to-face growth in ultra-high vacuum
No full textEpitaxial graphene on SiC is the most promising substrate for the next generation 2D electronics, due to the possibility to fabricate 2D heterostructures directly on it, opening the door to the use of all technological processes developed for silicon electronics. To obtain a suitable material for large scale applications, it is essential to achieve perfect control of size, quality, growth rate and thickness. Here we show that this control on epitaxial graphene can be achieved by exploiting the face-to-face annealing of SiC in ultra-high vacuum. With this method, Si atoms trapped in the narrow space between two SiC wafers at high temperatures contribute to the reduction of the Si sublimation rate, allowing to achieve smooth and virtually defect free single graphene layers. We analyse the products obtained on both on-axis and off-axis 4H-SiC substrates in a wide range of temperatures (1300 °C-1500 °C), determining the growth law with the help of x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Our epitaxial graphene on SiC has terrace widths up to 10μm (on-axis) and 500 nm (off-axis) as demonstrated by atomic force microscopy and scanning tunnelling microscopy, while XPS and Raman spectroscopy confirm high purity and crystalline quality
- …
