71 research outputs found
Visual processing strategies underlying expertise in the fusiform face area and lateral occipital cortex
No full textHuman face processing is an important and fascinating function. Recent neuroimaging studies of face processing have focused on the ‘fusiform face area’ (FFA) in the ventral visual stream, and on three conflicting hypotheses about its true function: (1) that it is a region specialized for processing the category of faces; (2) that it is a region specialized for the process of visual expertise; and (3) that its response is highly functionally heterogeneous and its function is shared with other areas in high-level visual cortex. In Experiment 1, the FFA’s response to 4 categories was investigated using high-resolution fMRI and multi-voxel pattern analysis/pattern detection (MVPA/PD), and was found to contain information for all object categories, which argues against (1) and supports (3). Next, (2) was investigated in the FFA and lateral occipital cortex (LOC) which is implicated in novice visual processing. Shortcomings of existing studies on (2) were
eliminated by defining the vague term “visual expertise” in terms of known visual processes, local and holistic processing, which are theorized to be components of visual expertise and novice processing. The fMRI responses to differential levels of local and holistic processing were investigated using MVPA/PD analyses. Experiments 2 and 3 used the other-race effect in combination with each of two manipulations, an inversion and a composite task. Experiment 4 used cars, an object of expertise which evoked behavioral effects of holistic processing. Experiment 5 provided a direct contrast of local vs. holistic processing. Three types of fMRI analysis (mean ROI analysis, spatial general linear model (GLM) analysis, and generalization accuracy of classifiers) were used to compare the manipulations of local and holistic processing in the FFA and LOC. Behavior revealed a
rarely-found car inversion effect. GLM’s revealed separate subclusters responsive to all conditions. Analyses showed strong preferences for a condition within subjects, but the preferred condition was not consistent across subjects. No evidence supported the FFA and LOC being specialized for visual processes; in fact, both areas were involved in local and holistic processing approximately equally. The results showed functional heterogeneity with respect to both object category and visual process, supporting (3).Ph.D.Includes bibliographical referencesIncludes vitaby Arielle Schmid
Cohabiting isn’t what it used to be
No full textArielle Kuperberg, Assistant Professor of Sociology, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, is author of this week’s briefing report at CCF@TSP. Here she answers the questions that keep coming up when people talk about cohabitation these days
Collective self-esteem among ethnic minorities: Examining patterns over 4 years
No full textIn this study, I examined the patterns of Asian American, Black American, and Latinx American college students’ (N = 558) race-specific collective self-esteem over four years. This study focused on four aspects of collective self-esteem: membership CSE (i.e., how good or worthy they are as a member of their racial or ethnic group), identity (i.e., the importance of one’s racial or ethnic group to their identity), private CSE (i.e., one’s personal evaluation of their racial or ethnic group), and public CSE (i.e., one’s beliefs on how others evaluate their racial or ethnic group). Similar to Kim and Lee (2011), in this study, I explored whether demographic factors (i.e., gender, racial/ethnic group membership) and friendship diversity predicted patterns of CSE. Also, I extended Kim and Lee’s research in three critical ways, including: (a) identifying race-specific CSE over four years, (b) including a racially/ethnically diverse sample consisting of Asian American, Black American, and Latinx American college students, and (c) examining multidimensional patterns of CSE as opposed to examining individual subscale scores. Findings from latent profile analysis (LPA) across the three time points revealed five interrelated multidimensional profiles. There was considerable conceptual overlap in the type of profiles across the time periods, but there were a few differences as well. Three of the profiles were consistent with Chavous and colleague’s (2003) research on racial identity among Black youth: Alienated, Idealized, and Buffering/Defensive. Two additional profiles were also uncovered: Low Connectedness/Average Affinity and Low Racial Pride/Optimistic. Time 1 and Time 3 patterns were most consistent. Findings from multinomial logistic regression analyses also highlighted that race, gender, and racial composition of friends mattered in terms of race-specific CSE patterns.Submission published under a 24 month embargo labeled 'Closed Access', the embargo will last until 2019-12-01The student, Arielle Brown, accepted the attached license on 2017-10-10 at 21:12.The student, Arielle Brown, submitted this Thesis for approval on 2017-10-10 at 21:25.This Thesis was approved for publication on 2017-10-13 at 09:02.DSpace SAF Submission Ingestion Package generated from Vireo submission #11676 on 2018-03-13 at 10:32:59Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-13T17:29:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 3
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Food attitudes across adolescence
No full textThis study investigated the relations between age and individuals’ food attitudes; gender, weight status, and body satisfaction were explored as moderators. It was hypothesized that there would be an overall negative correlation between age and food attitudes with older participants having less healthy attitudes about food; this relation was expected to be stronger for girls than boys. Adolescents (N = 1107, Mage = 15.58 years) from a public high school completed self-report questionnaires assessing their age, gender, weight status, body satisfaction, and food attitudes. The results showed that older adolescents experienced greater pleasure from food, while adolescents’ weight status predicted decreased pleasure from food and increased weight concerns. Further, the study’s findings revealed that there was a smaller difference in weight concerns for younger versus older boys regardless of weight status, whereas there was a significantly greater difference in weight status for younger versus older girls, regardless of weight status. These results show that an adolescent’s weight concerns are dependent not only on their weight status and age but also their gender. It is hoped that these findings lead to the creation of interventions to address food attitudes that may contribute to ameliorating the current obesity epidemic among adolescents.M.A.Includes bibliographical referencesby Arielle Samantha Wolinsk
The Course and Predictors of Patient Participation in Inpatient Occupational Therapy: Understanding the Impact on Outcomes and Implementation Barriers
No full textAbstract
Date Presented 3/31/2017
Patient participation (engagement) is a keystone of patient-centered care. This study provided evidence to support how active participation in occupational therapy would enhance patient outcomes at discharge and 1 yr postinjury. We also identified barriers to patient participation in rehabilitation.
Primary Author and Speaker: Alex Wong
Contributing Authors: Christina Papadimitriou, Arielle Goldsmith, Katrina Christopher, Gale Whiteneck, Anne Deutsch, Eric Lenze, Allen W. Heinemann</jats:p
A Case Report of Candida parapsilosis Empyema Thoracis
No full textTitle: A Case Report of Candida parapsilosis Empyema Thoracis
Author names: 1. Arielle Solomon 2. Kim Tran 3. Luke Sharrock 4. Allison Pinner 5. David Montgomery Degrees and Affiliations: 1. Third-year Medical Student. Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center New Orleans/University Medical Center, New Orleans, USA. 2. Fourth-year Medical Student. Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center New Orleans/University Medical Center, New Orleans, USA. 3. DO.Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center New Orleans/University Medical Center, New Orleans, USA. 4. MD.Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center New Orleans/University Medical Center, New Orleans, USA. 5. MD.Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center New Orleans/University Medical Center, New Orleans, USA.
ABSTRACT. Background: Candida empyema thoracis is a rare invasive candidiasis with poor prognosis. While more deadly in immunocompromised patients, it also occurs in the immunocompetent. There are no guidelines on treatment due to lack of research, but case reviews have shown antifungals, drainage, and surgery to be effective therapies.
The Case: A 63-year-old male with a past medical history of pulmonary emboli developed worsening left-sided chest pain associated with shortness of breath and productive cough that was occasionally blood-tinged. Extensive imaging and thoracentesis confirmed an expanding left-sided parapneumonic effusion that was drained and found to grow Streptococcus anginosis and Candida parapsilosis. A chest tube was placed and after multiple rounds of intrathoracic tPA the patient gradually improved following progressive removal of effusion and IV antibiotics and antifungals. The patient was then discharged with the remainder of his 18-day course of amoxicillin-clavulanate and fluconazole, with follow up imaging scheduled in the outpatient setting.
Discussion: Given the paucity of studies on Candida empyema, there are no definitive treatment guidelines or recommendations for this deadly infection. This patient’s course and outcome are fairly representative of the existing literature, including a 2021 retrospective study of 81 patients with Candida empyema at two academic centers which posited that optimal management included pleural drainage and fluconazole treatment
School-based cbt for anxiety in adolescents with high-functioning autism spectrum disorders: a comparison of the pragmatic case studies of brian and bridgette
No full textWhile a significant body of literature demonstrates the efficacy of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) in treating child and adolescent anxiety, relatively little research has examined its application in youth with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Previous studies suggest that enhanced CBT benefits this population, but additional information is needed to guide the development and delivery of individualized interventions in natural settings. Towards this end, this project consists of pragmatic case studies of CBT therapy with two 15-year-old adolescents, “Brian” and Bridgette,” who both have ASD—although with different levels of severity, and comorbid anxiety disorder. Together the clients exemplify the diversity and complexity of the needs of relatively high functioning adolescents with the combination of these disorders. The case studies are designed to examine the adaptation of empirically supported practices in order to appropriately address common and idiosyncratic features of ASD within school-based mental health service delivery. The sequence of the clients is noteworthy. Brian, the higher functioning client, was seen short-term for 8 sessions; and a year later, clinical lessons learned from Brian’s therapy were applied to the design of the longer-term treatment of 65 sessions over two years for Bridgette, the lower functioning client. A qualitative and quantitative evaluation of therapy processes and outcomes offers insight into the particular intervention strategies and modifications that helped each client. The benefits and barriers of school-based mental health service delivery are considered.Psy.D.Includes bibliographical referencesby Arielle S. Gartenber
Educational expectations, social normative expectations, and grit in an urban middle school
No full textIn urban, underfunded school districts, risk factors are present that impact the opportunities available for students to learn and succeed academically. It is imperative to explore factors associated with educational attainment in an effort to influence program development and ultimately reduce the achievement gap by creating opportunities for all students to succeed. Previous research has identified student expectations as a major predictor associated with higher levels of educational attainment. This study sought to develop a better understanding of the relationship between students' personal expectations and social normative expectations, which are social and peer norms about educational success that are embedded within a particular school system. In looking at this relationship, end-of-year English and Math grades and levels of grit, one's perseverance and passion for long-term goals, were considered as relevant factors. The predominantly Latino (90.82%) sample, N = 1,166, included 6th through 8th grade students from an urban middle school in New Jersey. Results of this study reveal that students with high personal expectations received significantly higher grades in Language Arts (F (1, 1164) = 83.237, p < .001) and Mathematics (F (1, 1164) = 122.638, p < .001) than students with low personal expectations. A matrix was developed to demonstrate the interaction between personal and social normative expectations. Despite the risk factors evident in this population, the majority of students (55.31%) rated themselves as having high personal expectations and high social normative expectations. Additionally, students who rated themselves as having high personal and social normative expectations tended to have higher levels of grit (F(1, 1162) = 4.05, p < .05). Several explanations have been provided to understand students' positive ratings, including the possible impact of a positive school climate program. Limitations regarding the current sample and the measures are addressed. Finally, implications for practice are discussed to enhance school psychologists' understanding of these factors and promote evidence-based school-wide programming which will positively impact student achievement.Psy.D.Includes bibliographical referencesby Arielle Lynn Verdesc
The relationship between school office discipline referrals and perception of school climate for urban middle school students
No full textThe constructs of school discipline and school climate have gained much attention as key factors contributing to racial, ethnic, and socio-economic disparity across the US public school system. This discussion has been fueled, in large part, by data demonstrating the impact of negative school climate and higher rates of school discipline on outcomes such as poor academic achievement, increased school dropout rates, and increased involvement in the criminal justice system disproportionately impacting minority and low income students (Darensbourg, Perez, & Blake, 2010; Gregory, Allen, Mikami, Hafen, & Pianta, 2015; Skiba, Michael, Nardo, Peterson, 2002; Thapa, Cohen, Guffey, & Higgins-D’Alessandro, 2013). Noticeably absent from the literature is a nuanced evaluation of the interaction between school office discipline referrals (ODRs) and perception of school climate at the individual, student level in low-income urban schools. This study evaluated this relationship in a group of 229 sixth graders from an urban middle school in New Jersey (57% female; 94% Hispanic, 100% qualifying for free or reduced lunch). The interaction between perception of school climate and student ODR counts from the beginning to end of their first year in middle school was examined. Overall perception of school climate did not significantly moderate the relationship between fall and spring discipline referrals. However, analysis of the climate subscales revealed that student’s ability to shape their environment did significantly moderate the relationship between fall and spring discipline referrals, and that perceived support from teachers and staff approached significance (p = .057). For students with more positive perception of peer relationships, there was a large variance, approaching significance (p < .06) in spring ODRs, indicating that positive relationships with peers were associated with both high and low discipline counts. Exploratory analysis revealed that overall perception of school climate between fall and spring was moderated by fall ODRs. Across analyses, when separated by gender, results were consistently significant only for female students. Study results imply that a relationship between perception of school climate and discipline referrals is particularly meaningful for female students, and that interventions aimed at improving perceptions of teacher and staff support and student’s ability to shape the environment may be most influential deterrents of ODR trajectories.M.S.Includes bibliographical referencesby Arielle Claire Linsk
Localized physical vapor deposition via focused laser spike dewetting of gold thin films for nanoscale patterning
No full textFocused laser spike (FLaSk) excitation has been demonstrated as a reliable technique for the patterning of micro-to-nanoscale features locally by thermocapillary shear of thin films. Recent work on polymer thin films has revealed that overlapping laser scans can leverage coupled thermal and fluid effects to create subwavelength patterns. Compared to polymeric films, metallic thin films possess both a lower melt viscosity and higher surface tension. Here we investigate overlapping effects in the dewetting of ~15 nm gold thin films on borosilicate and quartz glass substrates with a 532 nm continuous wave laser. During this process, FLaSk initiates capillary and thermocapillary dewetting simultaneously. Further, the low oxidation potential and high vapor pressure of gold lead to non-equilibrium vaporization during heating. Since the parameters of overlapping scans control the amount of material that is heated and to what temperature it is heated, selection of laser power, scanning distance, writing speed, and numerical aperture results in particles with different sizes and spacing deposited on the writing substrates or a positioned superstrate through a laser-induced localized physical vapor deposition (LILPVD) process. If the laser parameters are selected within a specific working range, uniform or periodic particle distributions can be repeatably deposited in this fashion, which can then be used as seeds for nanomaterial growth. In addition, if the substrate melts during FLaSk, the viscous forces of the liquid-on-liquid dewetting broadens the range of patterning conditions by resisting the motion of the gold leading to more uniform particles over a large range of parameters.Peer reviewe
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