729 research outputs found
Understanding the influence of 3D sidewall roughness on observed line-edge roughness in scanning electron microscopy images
No full textLine-edge roughness (LER) is often measured from top-down critical dimension scanning electron microscope (CD-SEM) images. The true three-dimensional roughness profile of the sidewall is typically ignored in such analyses. We study the response of a CD-SEM to sidewall roughness (SWR) by simulation. We generate random rough lines and spaces, where the SWR is modelled by a known power spectral density. We then obtain corresponding CD-SEM images using a Monte Carlo electron scattering simulator. We find the measured LER from these images, and compare it to the known input roughness. We find that, for isolated lines, the SEM measures the outermost extrusion of the rough sidewall. The result is that the measured LER is up to a factor 2 less than the true on-wafer roughness. The effect can be accurately modelled by making a top-down projection of the rough edge. Our model for isolated lines works fairly well for a dense grating of lines and spaces, as long as the trench width exceeds the line height.ImPhys/Microscopy Instrumentation & Technique
Savage embraces: James Purdy, melodrama, and the narration of identity
Get PDFIn Savage Embraces: James Purdy, Melodrama, and the Narration of Identity, Looi van Kessel explores the ways in which the early works of the American author James Purdy undermine the notion of a stable and true identity. Writing in the 1950s and 60s, a time in which identity politics enjoyed increased purchase in the United States, Purdy imagines characters who feel the urge to act out their sexual desires without having to conform to oppressive identity categories. In so doing, Purdy is searching for a language that shows how identity is produced through narration. To tease out this language, Looi approaches Purdy’s writing through the mode of melodrama—a mode that focuses on the aesthetic dramatization of tensions in the plot—while also bringing his work in conversation with current queer thinking. Ultimately, this dissertation attempts to bring the disparate fields of narrative theory and queer theory in a meaningful relation with one another.Modern and Contemporary Studie
Mobiliarsicherungsrecht im zukuenftigen akademischen gemeinsamen Referenzrahmen
No full textThe contribution offers a comment of Book IX of the Draft Common Frame of Reference on European Private Law, on Security Rights in Movables, published in 2009. It first looks into the reasons why the development of a common European law on secured transactions would be justified for reasons both of efficiency and equity. It then presents the main policy decisions made by the drafters, focussing in particular on the two controversial points of the publicity of non-possessory security rights over movables through an electronic registry and of the treatment of retention of title instruments and acquisition finance devices. As to publicity, the main objections to a registry system are considered and rejected in the light of the specific regulation proposed in Book IX. As to treatment of acquisition finance devices, the point is made that the draft seems to strike a good balance between economic efficiency and tradition. In conclusion, the rules of DCFR Book IX represent, according to the Author, a significant step towards the achievement of a common European regulation in this important sector, though some issues are still unresolved, in particular the relationship of secured transactions law with insolvency law and the treatment of non consensual liens.[...
Understanding the influence of three-dimensional sidewall roughness on observed line-edge roughness in scanning electron microscopy images
No full textBackground: Line-edge roughness (LER) is often measured from top-down critical dimension scanning electron microscope (CD-SEM) images. The true three-dimensional roughness profile of the sidewall is typically ignored in such analyses. Aim: We study the response of a CD-SEM to sidewall roughness (SWR) by simulation. Approach: We generate random rough lines and spaces, where the SWR is modeled by a known power spectral density. We then obtain corresponding CD-SEM images using a Monte Carlo electron scattering simulator. We find the measured LER from these images and compare it to the known input roughness. Results: For isolated lines, the SEM measures the outermost extrusion of the rough sidewall. The result is that the measured LER is up to a factor of 2 less than the true on-wafer roughness. The effect can be modeled by making a top-down projection of the rough edge. Our model for isolated lines works fairly well for a dense grating of lines and spaces as long as the trench width exceeds the line height. Conclusions: In order to obtain and compare accurate LER values, the projection effect of SWR needs to be taken into account. ImPhys/Microscopy Instrumentation & Technique
Figure 6 in REVIEW The use of integrative taxonomy in Octocorallia (Cnidaria: Anthozoa): a literature survey
No full textFigure 6. Total author pool and number of taxonomic publications on octocorals per year (2000–2020).Published as part of Kessel, Gustav M., Alderslade, Philip, Bilewitch, Jaret P., Schnabel, Kareen E. & Gardner, Jonathan P. A., 2023, REVIEW The use of integrative taxonomy in Octocorallia (Cnidaria: Anthozoa): a literature survey, pp. 677-690 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 198 (2) on page 684, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac099, http://zenodo.org/record/800487
Author response to ” Comment on:Photosensitivity and filter efficacy in albinism” JOPTOM-D-23-00096
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Prevalence of anterior polar cataracts in children and risk factors for amblyopia
No full textPURPOSE: Anterior polar cataract is an opacity in the anterior capsule of the lens. Anterior polar cataract has historically been considered as a relatively benign condition. The purpose of this study was to estimate the prevalence of anterior polar cataract, to identify the risk factors for amblyopia and to estimate the risk of developing amblyopia in children with anterior polar cataract.METHODS: The medical records for patients with congenital cataracts at the Eye Clinic Rigshospitalet, Rigshospitalet-Glostrup and Kennedy Center covering a ten year period from 2007 to 2016 (both metres years included) were reviewed.RESULTS: A total of 54 patients with anterior polar cataract were identified. The majority had unilateral anterior polar cataract (72%). Family history of childhood cataracts was frequent (27%) of patients with bilateral anterior polar cataract. There was an overrepresentation of female patients (70%). Amblyopia was found in 55% of the patients. The causes were primarily hypermetropic anisometropia (70%) and astigmatism (52%). Axial length was on average 0.88 mm (SD 0.44) shorter in the eye with anterior polar cataract compared to fellow eyes.CONCLUSION: Anterior polar cataract is a highly amblyogenic condition not because of a visually obstructing lens opacity but because of refractive errors, primarily hypermetropic anisometropia and astigmatism. Anterior polar cataract seems to represent an anomaly in global eye development resulting in reduced axial length. Patients with anterior polar cataract should be monitored to detect and treat amblyopia in time.</p
Action spectrum for photobleaching of human lenses by short wavelength visible irradiation.
No full textPurposeCataract is the world-leading cause of blindness. In search for a new treatment of cataract we have found that the yellow discolouration of aged human lenses can be photobleached using a non-invasive, infra-red, femtosecond laser treatment. These results were presented in an earlier PlosOne publication. The objective of the study was to characterize the single-photon photobleaching action spectrum of the aged human lens in vitro.MethodsNinety-one human donor lenses were irradiated with continuous wave laser light at 375, 405, 420, 445, 457 or 473 nm. Photobleaching was monitored by photography and transmission measurements.ResultsThe action spectrum peaked at 420 nm followed by, in order of decreasing effect, 445, 457, 473, 405 and 375 nm. Younger and less absorbent lenses showed smaller changes than older and more absorbent lenses. There was a dose-dependent increase in lens transmission with increasing laser irradiation.ConclusionsFor a 75 year old lens an effect corresponding to elimination of 15 years or more of optical ageing was obtained. This study of the spectral characteristics and intensity needed to bleach the human lens with single-photon laser effects found an action-spectrum peak at 420 nm tailing gradually off toward longer wavelengths and more steeply toward shorter wavelengths. The results may be used to guide experiments with two-photon bleaching
On-line determination of the caloric value of solid fuels
No full textIn thermal processes with highly inhomogeneous fuels it is desirable to know real time fuel characteristics. In the case of municipal solid waste combustion (MSWC) it was up till now not possible to determine the calorific value of the waste on-line with a high accuracy. In this paper, a new method is presented where the calorific value is determined by means of an observer. A model based upon the mass balance is used together with concentration measurements in the flue gas to calculate on-line the calorific value of the waste. The background of this observer based sensor is discussed in detail, including a sensitivity analysis. Results from tests in different full-scale MSWC plants are presented as well as a comparison with other known off-line methods. It will be shown that the sensor works well and is more accurate than the present off-line methods. Furthermore, some applications of the calorific value sensor will be shortly discussed
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