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Summer and winter distribution and malformation of coccolithophores in the East China Sea
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An Economy-wide Analysis of Impacts of WTO Tiered Formula for Tariff Reduction on Taiwan
Full text linkIn this study we use Taiwan as a case study to provide an economy-wide analysis of impacts on Taiwan of WTO tariff reduction schemes with different combinations of thresholds and reduction rates. The model we utilized in this study is Taiwan General Equilibrium Model with a WTO module (TAIGEM-WTO, hereafter) that is a multi-sectoral computable general equilibrium (CGE) model of the Taiwan's economy derived from Australian ORANI model (Dixon, Parmenter, Sutton and Vincent, 1982). Simulation results show that results are more sensitive to the scheme of tariff-reduction (i.e., Category 1, 2, and 3) than the tiered levels (i.e., A, B, C, and D) and as a strategy we should pay more attention to the arguments related to the amounts of tariff-reduction. Moreover, changes in nominal average tariff rates are more sensitive and shocks to the economy are more severe when we change the tariff reduction categories rather than the tiered levels. This conclusion also applies to the tiered reduction case when only sensitive products are considered. Finally, simulations with sector's bound rate calculated using arithmetic means have bigger effects than those using import values as weights. Therefore, sector's bound rate using import values as weights would be preferred.International Relations/Trade,
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International energy: Research organizations, 1986--1990
No full textThe International Energy: Research Organizations publication contains the standardized names of energy research organizations used in energy information databases. Involved in this cooperative task are (1) the technical staff of the USDOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI) in cooperation with the member countries of the Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDE) and (2) the International Nuclear Information System (INIS). This publication identifies current organizations doing research in all energy fields, standardizes the format for recording these organization names in bibliographic citations, assigns a numeric code to facilitate data entry, and identifies report number prefixes assigned by these organizations. These research organization names may be used in searching the databases Energy Science Technology'' on DIALOG and Energy'' on STN International. These organization names are also used in USDOE databases on the Integrated Technical Information System. Research organizations active in the past five years, as indicated by database records, were identified to form this publication. This directory includes approximately 34,000 organizations that reported energy-related literature from 1986 to 1990 and updates the DOE Energy Data Base: Corporate Author Entries
Bioremediation of n-hexadecane by mixed culture TN-4 and pure culture Rhodococcus erythropolis NTU-1
No full text石油為世界上主要的能源, 但同時也給人類生存的環境帶來了嚴重污染，因此要如何降低石油碳氫化合物對環境的影響是非常重要的。本研究主要探討TN-4混合菌株與Rhodococcus erythropolis NTU-1單一菌株在（1）不同正十六烷濃度與（2）不同初始培養基酸鹼值下對正十六烷所呈現的生物降解能力以及烷類包覆能力。
從實驗觀察顯示，TN-4的生長會隨著烷類濃度的增加而提高，但其生物降解量在高濃度基質的情況下卻沒有顯著的提升。反觀NTU-1單一菌株，其生長與生物降解能力，並不會受到正十六烷濃度變化之影響。在探討最佳初始培養基酸鹼值的實驗中（正十六烷濃度為1470ppm），我們發現實驗進行66小時後，TN-4與NTU-1均能在pH 7.5的環境下移除近100%的正十六烷，達到最好的總移除效率。
此外，TN-4與NTU-1在降解烷類的過程中會慢慢聚集成0.1~2cm的細菌顆粒包覆住在培養基中的正十六烷，把剩下的烷類有效移除。TN-4混合菌株所形成的結塊大多數都呈暗黃色，且顆粒都比較結實緊密，NTU-1所形成的菌團卻以乳白色爲主，與TN-4比較起來較爲鬆散，烷類的包覆效果也沒TN-4好。另外，從實驗中發現於培養基中加入己酸後會使細菌會變得更容易的靠攏聚集在一起。TN-4與NTU-1處理正十六烷時所呈現的生物降解能力與結塊極爲相似，證明NTU-1是主導生物降解與形成結塊的主要功臣。細菌結塊的能力能夠將烷類有效移除，因此微生物結塊能力之研究是不容忽視的。Petroleum is one of the world’s major resources of energy. Nevertheless, continual exploitation of petroleum hydrocarbon has severely polluted our environment and threatened the well being of human life. The major purpose of this research was to investigate n-hexadecane biodegradability and bioflocculate formation performed by a mixed culture TN-4 and a pure culture Rhodococcus erythropolis NTU-1. Two key abiotic factors (1) n-hexadecane concentration and (2) initial acidity of culture medium, were altered to carry out the research work.
It was discovered that the growth of TN-4 increased as the concentration of n-hexadecane rises even though the alkane consumption ability performed was fairly alike especially under high substrate concentration. However, both growth and biodegradability of NTU-1 was not affected for culture under different concentration of n-hexadecane. In addition, TN-4 and NTU-1 attained the best alkane removal efficiency when the initial acidity of culture medium was adjusted to pH 7.5. Both strains successfully removed almost 100% of n-hexadecane (up to 1470 ppm) after incubation for 66 hours.
The bioremediation process was accompanied by formation of bacterial pellets (bioflocculate), with size ranging from 0.1 to 2 cm in diameter. This flocculation mechanism had provided high removal efficiency as most of the residual n-hexadecane was engulfed by the bacterial pellets and being consequently biodegraded. Aggregates formed by TN-4 are yellowish, round in shape and relatively firmer. Aggregates formed by NTU-1 are white in color and much incompact in comparison. Furthermore, it was also discovered that further addition of hexanoic acid into the culture could have possibly modified the surface properties of the cell because the flocs formed during incubation tended to attach to each other furing incubation. Besides that, due to the comparable results shown by these two strains, it was postulated that NTU-1 played a primary role of n-hexadecane degradation as well as bioflocculate formation throughout the process.
Last but not least, development of bioflocculate was non trivial due to its importance in the enhancement of alkane mediation as well as easy removal of suspended solids in wastewater treatment.第一章 序論 1
1-1 前言 1
1-2 研究目的 2
第二章 文獻回顧 3
2-1 石油碳氫化合物及其對環境的影響 3
2-2 自然界中石油碳氫化合物之消滅機制 4
2-3 微生物對石油碳氫化合物之降解作用 5
2-3-1 微生物與碳氫化合物之生物利用性 6
2-3-2 微生物對碳氫化合物之分解模式 7
2-3-3 微生物對烷類之代謝途徑 10
2-3-4 微生物對碳氫化合物之攝取模式 15
2-4 環境因子對微生物之影響 17
2-4-1 溫度之影響 17
2-4-2 酸鹼值之影響 19
2-5 微生物之結塊現象 20
2-6 菌株Rhodococcus erythropolis、Bacillus fusiformis與Ochrobactrum屬之特性 23
2-6-1 菌株Rhodococcus erythropolis之特性與應用 23
2-6-2 菌株Bacillus fusiformis之特性與運用 25
2-6-3 菌株Ochrobactrum菌屬之特性與運用 26
第三章 實驗設備與方法 27
3-1 實驗菌株之組成 27
3-2 培養基之組成 30
3-2-1 基礎礦物培養基 30
3-2-2 菌株活化培養基 32
3-2-3 菌株保存培養基 32
3-2-4 計數平板培養基 33
3-2-5 實驗藥品及器材 33
3-3 實驗方法 35
3-3-1 菌株活化與培養 35
3-3-2 生物降解正十六烷之測定 37
3-3-3 氣相層析儀校正曲線與設定 40
第四章 結果與討論 41
4-1 混合菌株TN-4於不同濃度正十六烷之生物降解能力與包覆現象 42
4-1-1 培養液酸鹼值之下降趨勢 42
4-1-2 TN-4混合菌株的生長趨勢 44
4-1-3 TN-4混合菌株對烷類的生物降解與包覆能力 46
4-2 不同酸鹼環境對TN-4混合菌株處理正十六烷之影響 51
4-2-1 培養液酸鹼值之下降趨勢 52
4-2-2 TN-4混合菌株的生長趨勢 53
4-2-3 TN-4混合菌株對烷類的降解與包覆能力 54
4-3 Rhodococcus erythropolis NTU-1於不同濃度正十六烷之生物降解能力與包覆現象 59
4-3-1 培養液酸鹼值之下降趨勢 59
4-3-2 NTU-1單一菌株的生長趨勢 61
4-3-3 NTU-1單一菌株對烷類的降解與包覆能力 62
4-4 不同酸鹼環境對NTU-1單一菌株處理正十六烷之影響 68
4-4-1 培養液酸鹼值之下降趨勢 68
4-4-2 NTU-1單一菌株之生長趨勢 70
4-4-3 NTU-1混合菌株對烷類的降解與包覆能力 71
4-5 TN-4混合菌株與NTU-1單一菌株於正十六烷處理之比較 76
4-5-1 不同濃度正十六烷培養下TN-4與NTU-1之比較 76
4-5-2 不同培養基初始酸鹼值培養下兩種菌株之比較 80
4-5-3 TN-4與NTU-1之總結與對未來工程運用之意義 81
4-6 細菌結塊現象之研究 85
4-6-1 培養液對細菌結塊的影響 85
4-6-2 培養過程中添加己酸（Hexanoic Acid）對混合菌株TN-4聚集效果之影響 90
第五章 結論與建議 97
5-1 結論 97
5-2 建議 100
第六章 參考文獻 101
附錄 112
附錄 (A) 113
1-0 各菌株在NB中之生長情形 113
2-0 細胞乾重與吸光值的關係 115
3-0 碳氫化合物濃度與積分面積之校正曲線 117
附錄(B) 118
1-0 加入丁酸與庚酸對於NTU-1單一菌株處理正十六烷之實驗結果 11
An Economy-wide Analysis of Impacts of WTO Tiered Formula for Tariff Reduction on Taiwan
Full text linkIn this study we use Taiwan as a case study to provide an economy-wide analysis of impacts on Taiwan of WTO tariff reduction schemes with different combinations of thresholds and reduction rates. The model we utilized in this study is Taiwan General Equilibrium Model with a WTO module (TAIGEM-WTO, hereafter) that is a multi-sectoral computable general equilibrium (CGE) model of the Taiwan's economy derived from Australian ORANI model (Dixon, Parmenter, Sutton and Vincent, 1982). Simulation results show that results are more sensitive to the scheme of tariff-reduction (i.e., Category 1, 2, and 3) than the tiered levels (i.e., A, B, C, and D) and as a strategy we should pay more attention to the arguments related to the amounts of tariff-reduction. Moreover, changes in nominal average tariff rates are more sensitive and shocks to the economy are more severe when we change the tariff reduction categories rather than the tiered levels. This conclusion also applies to the tiered reduction case when only sensitive products are considered. Finally, simulations with sector's bound rate calculated using arithmetic means have bigger effects than those using import values as weights. Therefore, sector's bound rate using import values as weights would be preferred.Computable General Equilibrium (CGE), Tiered Formula, WTO, International Relations/Trade,
Valuing Transgenic Cotton Technologies Using a Risk/Return Framework
Full text linkStochastic Efficiency with Respect to a Function (SERF) is used to rank transgenic cotton technology groups and place an upper and lower bound on their value. Yield and production data from replicated plot experiments are used to build cumulative distribution functions of returns for nontransgenic, Roundup Ready, Bollgard, and stacked gene cotton cultivars. Analysis of Arkansas data indicated that the stacked gene and Roundup Ready technologies would be preferred by a large number of risk neutral and risk averse producers as long as the costs of the technology and seed are below the lower bounds calculated in this manuscript.cotton, financial risk, market value, SERF, transgenic, Agribusiness, Crop Production/Industries, Risk and Uncertainty, Q12, Q16,
Arabidopsis FERROMICS: parallel interrogation of changes in the quantitative (phospho-)proteome and transcriptome of arabidopsis roots upon Fe deficiency using iTRAP and mRNAseq
No full textBioremediation of n-tetradecane by a pure strain(Rhodococcus erythropolis NTU1) and a mixed culture (TN-4)
No full text本實驗主要著重於混合菌株 ( TN-4 ) 與單一菌株 ( NTU1 ) 分別對於不同濃度正十四烷 ( Tetradecane )、不同初始酸鹼值條件下之正十四烷移除能力的研究，並探討 ( NTU1 ) 在不同基質培養下，是否會與正十四烷培養NTU1有相同的現象產生及NTU1攝取正十四烷的代謝過程。
由實驗得知當正十四烷濃度增加，TN-4與NTU1對於正十四烷的總移除量都也會隨著提高，但是在高濃度(2000ppmv、3000ppmv)正十四烷濃度下，因為受到培養基最低酸鹼值(pH4)的影響，致使NTU1、TN-4無法繼續降解正十四烷所以無法提高正十四烷之移除量。當初始酸鹼值調升時，適合微生物生長的範圍擴大，因此NTU1與TN-4 在高pH值下不受最低酸鹼值(pH4)的影響，導致2000ppmv的正十四烷100%被移除。另外也發現NTU1與TN-4之生長現象及移除正十四烷的能力極相似，證明了NTU1在TN-4中扮演著一個重要的角色。以脂肪酸類培養NTU1，發現跟正十四烷培養NTU1有類似的細胞聚集現象，因此基質並不會影響細菌的聚集現象。而由代謝物發現NTU1可能藉由雙末端氧化的方式，將正十四烷先氧化成琥珀酸(succinic acid)，進而再氧化形成其他物質。This research mainly investigated the ability of a mixed culture (TN-4) and a pure strain (NTU1) to degrade n-tetradecane under different substrate’s concentration and different medium initial acidity. Besides, this research also investigated the biodegradation of different fatty acids by utilizing NTU1 and also the analyzed of acidic organic products produced during the alkane remediation process.
Experimental results indicated that increasing concentration of tetradecane increased the tetradecane biodegradation ability of NTU1 and TN-4. However, under condition of high tetradecane concentration (2000ppmv, 3000ppmv), the ability of total alkane removal was almost similar.It may be due to the rather acidic environment (pH4), inhibiting both NTU1 and TN-4’s degradation.While the initial acidity of medium was changed to a more alkaline environment, both NTU1 and TN-4 were able to attain a better growth and completely remove the alkane. In addition, it is found that NTU1 and TN-4 attain similar tendencies for their growth and alkane biodegradability, which proves that NTU1 plays a significant role among the three strains of TN-4 .
Similar aggregation behavior was observed for NTU1 grown on both tetradecane and fatty acids. Thus, NTU1 perhaps degrades tetradecane via diterminal oxidation pathway, leading to the production of succinic acid, that were found in the metabolites by HPLC analysis.中文摘要………………………………………………………………..Ⅰ
英文摘要………………………………………………………………..Ⅱ
目錄……………………………………………………………….….....Ⅲ
圖目錄………………………………………………………………..Ⅴ
照片目錄…………………………………………………………..…Ⅷ
表目錄…...………………………………………………………...... Ⅹ
第一章 緒論…………………………………………………........……..1
1.1前言…………………………………………………..……………1
1.2研究目的………………………………………..………....………2
第二章 文獻回顧………………………………………..………………3
2.1石油碳氫化合物對於環境之影響………………………………..3
2.2微生物對石油碳氫化合物之降解作用…………………………..4
2.2.1石油碳氫化合物的組成與生物利用性………………………...4
2.2.2石油碳氫化合物的生物分解模式……………………………...6
2.3 微生物對碳氫化合物的代謝途徑……………………………...10
2.3.1直鏈烷及支鏈烷之代謝………………………………………..11
2.3.2環烷類及多環烷類之代謝……………………………………..17
2.4 菌株Rhodococcus erythropolis、Bacillus fusiformis與Ochrobactrum species 之特性………………………………..21
2.4.1 菌株Rhodococcus erythropolis之應用及特性……………….21
2.4.2 菌株Bacillus fusiformis與Ochrobactrum species
之應用及特性…………………………………………………24
第三章 實驗材料與方法………………………………………………26
3.1實驗菌株之組成…………………………………………………26
3.2培養基之組成……………………………………………………29
3.2.1基礎礦物培養基……………………………………………….29
3.2.2菌株活化培養基………………………………………………..30
3.2.3菌株保存培養基………………………………………………..30
3.2.4計數平板培養基………………………………………………..30
3.3實驗藥品及器材………………………………………………….33
3.4實驗方法…………………………………………………………35
3.4.1菌株之活化與培養………………………………….…………35
3.4.2生物降解異十九烷之測定…………………………………….37
3.4.3氣相層析儀校正曲線與設定及液相層析儀的設定………….39
第四章 結果與討論……………………………………………………41
4.1不同Tetradecane 濃度對於NTU1生長與包覆之影響………..42
4.2不同pH值對於NTU1生長與包覆現象的影響……….............50
4.3不同Tetradecane 濃度對於混合菌株TN-4生長與包覆現象
的影響…..……….…………………………………………………...57
4.4不同pH值對於TN-4生長與包覆現象的影響………………...64
4.5 TN-4與NTU1在不同濃度的正十四烷及不同初始酸鹼值
培養下的比較……………………………………………………70
4.5.1不同濃度正十四烷培養下的比較…………….........................70
4.5.2不同初始酸鹼值培養下的比較……………………………….74
4.6以不同基質來培養NTU1，探討其生長現象………………….77
4.7 NTU1培養基中有機酸的定性分析……………………………85
第五章 結論……………………………………………………………90
第六章 參考文獻………………………………………………………93
附錄……………………………………………………………………105
圖目錄
圖2-1 無孢子放射菌降解及攝取不同碳氫化合物…………………..13
圖2-2 微生物對直烷類之代謝路徑…………………………………..14
圖2-3 微生物對異十九烷之代謝路徑………………………………..16
圖2-4 苯之代謝途徑…………………………………………………..18
圖2-5 萘之代謝途徑…………………………………………………..19
圖2-6 Psuedomonas aeruginosa對甲苯之代謝途徑………………….20
圖2-7 Rhodococcus erythropolis DCL14對於carveol及
dihydrocarveol立體異構物之代謝途徑(a) (4R)立體異構物
(b) (4S)立體異構物…….………………………………………23
圖4-1-1 培養條件30℃、100rpm，NTU1處理不同濃度
正十四烷時之酸鹼值變化圖………………………………..44
圖4-1-2 培養條件30℃、100rpm，NTU1處理不同濃度
正十四烷時之細胞生長曲線………………………………..44
圖4-1-3 培養條件30℃、100rpm，NTU1處理不同濃度
正十四烷時，培養基中之正十四烷總移除量……………..49
圖4-2-1 培養條件30℃、100rpm、2000ppmv 正十四烷，NTU1
在不同初始酸鹼值環境時之酸鹼值變化…………………..51
圖4-2-2 培養條件30℃、100rpm，NTU1在不同初始酸鹼值
環境時之細胞生長曲線圖…………………………………..54
圖4-2-3 培養條件30℃、100rpm，NTU1在不同初始酸鹼值
環境培養時之正十四烷總移除量……………...…………...56
圖4-3-1 培養條件30℃、100rpm，TN-4處理不同濃度
正十四烷時之酸鹼值變化………………………...………...58
圖4-3-2 培養條件30℃、100rpm，TN-4處理不同濃度
正十四烷時之細胞生長量…………...……………………...60
圖4-3-3 培養條件30℃、100rpm，TN-4處理不同濃度
正十四烷時培養基中之正十四烷總移除量……………......63
圖4-4-1 培養條件30℃、100rpm、2000ppmv 正十四烷，TN-4
在不同初始酸鹼值環境時之酸鹼值變化...………………...65
圖4-4-2 培養條件30℃、100rpm、2000ppmv 正十四烷，TN-4
在不同初始酸鹼值環境時之細胞生長曲線圖……………..66
圖4-4-3 培養條件30℃、100rpm，TN-4在不同初始酸鹼值
環境培養時之正十四烷總移除量…………………………..69
圖4-5-1 NTU1與TN-4在不同正十四烷濃度下，培養基
酸鹼值變化比較圖，TN-4的異十九烷總移除量
與時間關係…………………………………………..……..70
圖4-5-2 NTU1與TN-4在不同正十四烷濃度下細胞生長量比較圖…........................................................................................71
圖4-5-3 NTU1與TN-4在不同正十四烷濃度下，培養基中
正十四烷總移除量比較圖....................................................72
圖4-5-4 NTU1與TN-4在不同初始酸鹼值下，培養基
pH值變化比較圖…...............................................................75
圖4-5-5 NTU1與TN-4在不同初始酸鹼值下細胞生長量比較圖...75
圖4-5-6 NTU1與TN-4在不同初始酸鹼值培養下正十四烷
總移除量比較圖.…..............................................................76
圖4-6-1 培養條件30℃、100rpm、基質為脂肪酸、培養NTU1
之pH變化圖.……………………………………………….79
圖4-6-2 培養條件30℃、100rpm、基質為脂肪酸、培養NTU1
之細胞生長曲線圖……………………..….………….……..80
圖4-7-1 發酵液在各時間點之HPLC分析圖…………………...…...87
圖4-7-2 各種單元酸與發酵液之液相層析圖比較 (A)甲酸(C1)、
醋酸(C2)，(B)丙酸(C3)、丁酸(C4)及戊酸(C5)..…...……...88
圖4-7-3 發酵液與琥珀酸之HPLC分析比較…………………...........89
圖4-7-4 NTU1對於正十四烷可能的代謝途徑…….…………….…..89
附圖1-1在30℃、100rpm條件下，混合菌株TN-4在NB中
生長情形……………………………………………………105
附圖1-2 在30℃、100rpm條件下，單一菌株
Rhodococcus erythropolis在NB中生長情形…..…………106
附圖1-3 在30℃、100rpm條件下，單一菌株Bacillus fusiformis
在NB中生長情形……………….…………………………106
附圖1-4 在30℃、100rpm條件下，單一菌株Ochrobactrum
species在NB中生長情形……………..………………….107
附圖2-1 混合菌株TN-4在NB中之細胞乾重與吸光值的關係…..107
附圖2-2 單一菌株Rhodococcus erythropolis在NB中
之細胞乾重與吸光值的關係………………............………108
附圖2-3 單一菌株Bacillus fusiformis在NB中
之細胞乾重與吸光值的關係………………………………108
附圖2-4 單一菌株Ochrobactrum species在NB中
之細胞乾重與吸光值的關係………………………………109
附圖3-1 正十四烷之GC校正曲線…………………………………109
附圖3-2 正十四烷之氣相層析圖形…………………………………110
附圖4-1 Formic acid (C1) 之HPLC層析圖……………….………111
附圖4-2 Acetic acid (C2) 之HPLC層析圖…………….………….111
附圖4-3 Propionic acid (C3) 之HPLC層析圖………..….………..112
附圖4-4 Butyric acid (C4) 之HPLC層析圖………….….…….…..112
附圖4-5 Valeric acid (C5) 之HPLC層析圖…………………….…113
附圖4-6 Oxalic acid 之HPLC層析圖………………………….….113
附圖4-7 Succinic acid 之HPLC層析圖……………………….…..114
照片目錄
照片3-1(A) Rhodococcus erythropolis…………………………………27
照片3-1(B) Bacillus fusiformis與其體內孢子………………………...27
照片3-1(C) Ochrobactrum 菌屬……………………………….………28
照片4-1-1 培養條件30℃、100rpm、初始pH6.5，1000ppmv
正十四烷培養基中，NTU1所形成的黃色顆粒現象……..45
照片4-1-2 培養條件30℃、100rpm、初始pH6.5，2000ppmv
正十四烷培養基中，NTU1所形成的乳白色顆粒現象….45
照片4-1-3 培養條件30℃、100rpm、初始pH6.5，3000ppmv
正十四烷培養基中，NTU1所形成的乳白色、湯圓
狀的顆粒現象….................................................................46
照片4-2-1 培養條件30℃、100rpm、初始pH6.5，2000ppmv
正十四烷培養基中，NTU1所形成的乳白色顆粒現象…………………………………………………..………53
照片4-2-2 培養條件30℃、100rpm、初始pH9，2000ppmv
正十四烷培養基中，NTU1所形成細小、黃色的
顆粒現象……………………………………………..……53
照片4-3-1 培養條件30℃、100rpm、初始pH6.5，1000ppmv
正十四烷培養基中，TN-4所形成的黃色顆粒現象……..60
照片4-3-2 培養條件30℃、100rpm、初始pH6.5，2000ppmv
正十四烷培養基中，TN-4所形成的乳黃色顆粒現象.…61
照片4-3-3 培養條件30℃、100rpm、初始pH6.5，3000ppmv
正十四烷培養基中，TN-4所形成的土黃色顆粒現象….61
照片4-4-1 培養條件30℃、100rpm、初始pH6.5，2000ppmv
正十四烷培養基中，TN-4所形成較大且鬆散的乳
黃色顆粒現象……………………………………………..67
照片4-4-2 培養條件30℃、100rpm、初始pH9，2000ppmv
正十四烷培養基中，TN-4所形成細小、黃色的
顆粒現象……………………………………………..……67
照片4-5-1 NTU1及TN-4在不同濃度正十四烷濃度下，
細菌包覆方式比較圖 (a) 2000ppmv正十四烷
(b) 3000ppmv正十四烷.....................................................73
照片 4-6-1丁酸( C4 )有機酸培養NTU1所形成的細菌聚集
圓形薄膜………..…………………………………………81
照片4-6-2 培養條件30℃、100rpm、基質為脂肪酸培養NTU1
所形成之細菌聚集在光學顯微鏡下之圖：(a) NTU1
聚集成一直線，(b) NTU1聚集成不規則環狀，
(c) NTU1形成一大片的菌落…………………………….83
照片4-6-3 【張2003】以異十九烷培養TN-4所形成的
細菌聚集現象在光學顯微鏡下之形狀…………………..84
表目錄
表2-1為某些海灣生物降解石油的最大次表面溫度…………………..5
表2-2 微生物生產之生物乳化劑的種類………………………………7
表2-3 正烷類的溶解度以及在E. Lypolttica進行降解過程中
之溶解度…………..……………………………………………9
表2-4 有氧狀態下可降解脂肪族之微生物……..…………...……….10
表3-2(A)正十四烷液態培養基組成表………………………………...30
表3-2(B) Trace salt solution組成表……………………………………30
表3-2(C)菌株保存培養基組成表……………………………………...32
表4-1-1 培養條件為30℃、100rpm、初始pH6.5，NTU1之
正十四烷包覆量與細菌顆粒外之正十四烷含量…………..48
表4-2-1 在不同初始酸鹼值環境培養時，培養基中NTU1之
正十四烷包覆量與細菌顆粒外之正十四烷含量…………..56
表4-3-1 TN-4在不同正十四烷濃度條件下培養時，培養基中
TN-4之正十四烷包覆量與細菌顆粒外之正十四烷含量….63
表4-4-1 TN-4在不同初始酸鹼值環境培養時，培養基中
TN-4之正十四烷包覆量與細菌顆粒外之正十四烷含量….69
附表3-1 正十四烷及正十二完之氣相層析滯留時間………………110
附表4-1 各種酸的標準品在液相層析之滯留時間……………....…11
Agricultural Policies and Risk Management: A Holistic Approach
Full text linkThis paper discusses the main issues and driving forces of government policies in the area of risk management in agriculture, with particular emphasis on good policy practices and the international environment. Four main ideas are developed. First, good policy and good policy analysis requires a holistic approach. This is particularly so in this policy area because risks interact prominently with both farm household strategies and government programs and regulations in terms of risk reduction impacts and the development of market tools and strategies. Second, the rational for government actions which are based on market failure or equity concerns need to be defined in order to analyze its nature and scope, as well as to develop appropriate government measures. Third, the context of all support measures to agriculture must be considered because there are potential risk-related effects associated with most forms of support, particularly in OECD countries with high level of support to agriculture. Fourth, risk management measures need to comply with international agreements, particularly the Agreement on Agriculture of the World Trade Organization. Implications for good policy in this area have already been drafted by OECD and are useful for policy analysis.
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