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In vitro study on cancer-preventive activity of the water extract from jelly fig (Ficus awkeotsang Makino) seeds
No full text愛玉子為台灣地區特有的富含果膠之木質藤本植物種子，分布在海拔800至1800公尺之間的山區。本研究將愛玉子種子，以果汁機粉碎，加水萃取的方式，得到含有可溶性固形物的水萃液，再經由冷凍乾燥，獲得愛玉子種子水萃物 (water extract from jelly fig seeds, WEJFS)，為試驗原料。 利用體外 (in vitro) 試驗探討愛玉子種子水萃物的細胞毒性、保護牛胸腺細胞DNA、大鼠肝臟clone 9細胞的DNA和Clone 9細胞的作用，以及對小鼠大腸癌細胞CT-26、人類肝癌細胞HepG2和人類雌激素依賴型乳癌細胞MCF-7生長之影響，並且分析硫酸銨和膜區分 (fraction) 成分與癌細胞生長抑制的關係。研究結果顯示每毫升培養液含有0至200 μg的愛玉子種子水萃物無細胞毒性。愛玉子種子水萃物對DNA和Clone 9細胞具有保護作用，包括降低氫氧自由基誘導的DNA損傷，與抑制過氧化氫造成Clone 9細胞的死亡。在水萃物保護Clone 9細胞之測定結果顯示提高細胞的存活率，降低Clone 9細胞的caspase-3、亞雙倍體比率，並阻止DNA產生片段化。愛玉子種子水萃物對於小鼠大腸癌細胞CT-26、人類肝癌細胞HepG2和人類雌激素依賴型乳癌細胞MCF-7皆有生長抑制的效果，且以抑制CT-26和HepG2細胞的生長能力較佳。使用截留分子量 (molecular weight cut off, MWCO) 為0.5、3.0、10.0及70.0 kDa的過濾膜過濾所獲得的膜區分水萃物，以3.0至10.0 kDa膜區分物對HepG2細胞具有較高的生長抑制能力。此3.0至10.0 kDa膜區分水萃物在三甲基甘胺酸胜肽電泳表現7 kDa的主要色帶，並無洋刀豆血球凝集素A親和式膠體鍵結的能力。利用不同比例的飽和硫酸銨分劃與HepG2細胞培養，結果發現40至80%的分劃對細胞具有生長抑制能力，在此比例的硫酸銨分劃中，是以蛋白質為主要的化學成分。以上各試驗所呈現的結果，顯示愛玉子種子水萃物潛在具有癌症之化學預防活性。Jelly fig (Ficus awkeotsang Makino) achenes are the seeds of a native woody vine that grows on 800-1800 m high hillsides in Taiwan. In the present study, a water extract from jelly fig seeds (WEJFS) was prepared to investigate the cytotoxicity on rat hepatocyte clone 9 cells, and the protective effect on clone 9 cells and their DNA against oxidative stress damage. The growth inhibition on three cancer cell lines, namely mouse colon cancer CT-26, human hepatoma HepG2 and breast cancer MCF-7 were also studied. Components from ultrafiltration and ammonium sulfate fractionations were analyzed for their activities on the growth inhibition of HepG2 cancer cells. Results showed that WEJFS at 0-200 μg total solids/mL concentration had no cytotoxicity on Clone 9 cells, and that WEJFS inhibited the hydrogen peroxide induced damage in Clone 9 cells as shown by the caspase-3 activity, SubG1 (%), and DNA fragmentation. The anticancer activities on the above-mentioned cancer cell lines were also shown. Among them, CT-26 and HepG2 cells were inhibited more effectively. Filtrates of ultrafiltration within different membrane cut-off ranges were used to test the activity of growth inhibition from WEJFS. The 3.0-10.0 kDa fraction exhibited the highest inhibition ability on HepG2 cells. SDS-PAGE of the fraction found a major band at 7 kDa. The 3.0-10.0 kDa fraction was found without concanavalin A sepharose affinity column binding ability. Among the saturated ammonium sulfate precipitation fractions, the 40-80% fraction showed the highest growth inhibition ability on HepG2 cells. Protein was found to be the major component in the fraction. In conclusion, these results suggested that WEJFS can be a decent potential agent for chemoprevention of cancers.摘 要 ..………………….....……..……..…………………….…...ⅠBSTRACT .…………………………………………..…….….…...Ⅲ 錄 ……………………………………..……………….….…....Ⅴ 次 ...………………………………………………………..…..ⅩⅡ 次 ...………………………………………………………….…ⅩⅤ 言 ………………………………………..………………......…..1一章 文獻整理 ……………..……………………………..….….3一節 氧化應力與防禦 ………...…………………………….……….4.1.1反應性氧和氮分子的形成 …………………...……………..…….4.1.2氧化應力和對成分的傷害 …...……………………………..……5.1.3氧化應力防禦 ……...……………………………………..………6二節 癌症的發生與預防 ...……………………………….…..…….12.1.1誘發癌症之危險因子 .…………….…………………....…..……12.1.2腫瘤形成的步驟 .......................................................................12.1.2.1起始期 ………………………………………………….……..12.1.2.2促進期 ………………………………………………….……..13.1.2.3發展期 ………………………………………………….……..13.1.3癌症預防與癌症化學預防 ………………...………………….……13.1.3.1癌症的預防 ……………………………………………….….13.1.3.2癌症的化學預防劑 ……………………………….………….141) 致癌物質抑制劑 .....................................................................142) 癌症阻斷劑 ………………………………………….………….143) 癌症抑制劑 …………………………………………….……….15.1.3.3癌症化學預防的方法 ………………………………………..15.1.4天然物中的化學預防劑與作用機制 …………………………..16.1.4.1天然物中的化學預防劑 ……………………………………..16.1.4.2天然物中化學預防劑的作用機制 ………………………….161) 解毒酵素的調節作用 ………………………………………….162) 細胞週期停滯 ………………………………………….………183) 細胞凋亡 ………………………………………………….…….19三節 愛玉子特性和功能 ………………………………………….33.3.1愛玉子由來 ………………………………………………………33.3.2愛玉子的成分和構造 …………………………………………...33.3.3愛玉子的功能研究 ……………………………………………...34二章 實驗設計與架構 …………………………………………37一節 實驗架構 …………………………………………….……….38二節 實驗設計 …………………………………………….……….38.2.1實驗Ⅰ (ExpⅠ) ………………………………………………….38.2.2實驗Ⅱ (ExpⅡ) ………………………………………………….38.2.3實驗Ⅲ (ExpⅢ) ………………………………………………….39三章 愛玉子種子水萃物的成分和細胞毒性探討 …………...41一節 摘 要 ………………………………………………………...42二節 實驗材料 …………………………………………………….43.2.1實驗原料 ………………………………………………………...43.2.2實驗細胞 ………………………………………………………...43.2.3實驗藥品 ………………………………………………………...43.2.4實驗藥品配製 …………………………………………………...45.2.5實驗材料與儀器 ...............................................................................45三節 實驗方法 ............................................................................48.3.1愛玉子種子水萃物製備 ...........................................................48.3.2愛玉子種子水萃物的成分分析 ................................................48.3.2.1碳水化合物 ..........................................................................48.3.2.2多酚類化合物 ......................................................................48.3.2.3蛋白質 .................................................................................49.3.3細胞株解凍、繼代培養和冷凍 ………………………………..49.3.3.1細胞株解凍 …..………………………………………………49.3.3.2細胞株的繼代培養 …..………………………………………49.3.3.3細胞株冷凍 …………..………………………………………50.3.4細胞株計數法 …………………………………………………...50.3.5試驗樣品處理和細胞存活率測定 ...........................................51.3.5.1測試樣品處理 ………………………………………………..51.3.5.2細胞株存活率 ………………………………………………..51.3.6統計分析 ………………………………………………………...52四節 結果與討論 ........................................................................57.4.1愛玉子種子水萃物的成分 .......................................................57.4.2愛玉子種子水萃物的細胞毒性 ...............................................58五節 結 論 ................................................................................66四章 愛玉子種子水萃物預防氧化應力誘導損傷之預防 ………67一節 摘 要 ................................................................................68二節 實驗材料 …………………………………………………….69.2.1實驗原料 …………………………………………………………69.2.2實驗細胞 …………………………………………………………69.2.3實驗藥品 …………………………………………………………69.2.4實驗藥品配製 …………………………………………………...71.2.5實驗材料與儀器 ...............................................................................72三節 實驗方法 ............................................................................75.3.1愛玉子種子水萃物製備 ...........................................................75.3.2細胞株冷凍、解凍和繼代培養 ………………………………..75.3.3細胞株計數法 …………………………………………………...75.3.4試驗樣品處理和細胞存活率測定 ...........................................75.3.4.1測試樣品處理 ………………………………………………..75.3.4.2細胞存活率 …………………………………………………..75.3.5氫氧自由基誘導的DNA損傷 …………………………………76.3.5.1萃取細胞的DNA ……………………………………………..76.3.5.2評估氫氧自由誘導的DNA損傷 ……………………………76.3.6細胞DNA的片段化 …………………………………………….77.3.7細胞的週期分布 ………………………………………………...77.3.8細胞凋亡蛋白caspase-3的活性分析 ………………………….78.3.9統計分析 ………………………………………………………...79四節 結果與討論 .........................................................................80.4.1愛玉子種子水萃物降低氫氧自由基誘導的DNA損傷 ..........80.4.2愛玉子種子水萃物對抗過氧化氫誘導的細胞毒性 ................80.4.3愛玉子種子水萃物抑制過氧化氫誘導的caspase-3活性 .......82.4.4愛玉子種子水萃物影響過氧化氫產生的細胞週期分布 .........83.4.5愛玉子種子水萃物阻止過氧化氫誘導的DNA片段化 ..........85五節 結 論 ……………………………………………………….99五章 愛玉子種子水萃物的抑癌作用和不同區分的成分探討………...………………………………………………100一節 摘 要 ………………………………………….…………..101二節 實驗材料 …………………………………………………...103.2.1實驗原料 ……………………………………………………….103.2.2實驗細胞 ………………………………………………………….103.2.2.1人類肝癌細胞株 ……………………………………………103.2.2.2小鼠大腸癌細胞株 ………………………………….….......103.2.2.3人類雌激素依賴型乳癌細胞株 …………………………...103.2.3實驗藥品 ……………………………………………………….103.2.3.1實驗藥品試劑 ……………………………………………....103.2.4實驗藥品配製 ………………………………………………….106.2.5實驗材料與儀器 …………………………………….……….…...107三節 實驗方法 …………………………………………………..….111.3.1愛玉子種子水萃物製備 ……………………………...………..111.3.2膜區分水萃物之製備 ………………………………………….111.3.3硫酸銨分劃溶液之製備 ……………………………………….111.3.4成分分析 ………………………………………………….….…112.3.4.1碳水化合物 ........................................................................112.3.4.2多酚類化合物 ....................................................................112.3.4.3蛋白質 ...............................................................................112.3.4.4胜肽濃度測定 ……………………………………………....112.3.5癌細胞株之繼代培養、冷凍與解凍 …………………………….113.3.6 細胞計數法 ……………………………………………………....113.3.7試驗樣品處理和癌細胞生長抑制率 ……………….…………113.3.7.1測試樣品處理 …………………………………….…………113.3.7.2癌細胞生長抑制率 ……………………………………..…..113.3.8 高效率液相層析 ………………………………………………113.3.9 三甲基甘胺酸-SDS膠體電泳分析 …………………………..114.3.9.1鑄膠 ………………………………………………………….114.5.9.2樣品製備 ……………………………………………….……115.3.9.3電泳操作 ……………………………………………….……115.3.9.4膠片染色 ……………………………………………….……115.3.9.5膠片掃描 ………………………………………………….…115.3.10洋刀豆血球凝集素A膠體層析 ……………………….….…115.3.11統計分析 ……………………………………………….….…..116四節 結果與討論 …………………………………………….……..120.4.1 愛玉子種子水萃物對不同癌細胞的生長抑制 …………………120.4.2 膜區分水萃物對HepG2的生長抑制 …………………………..122.4.3 膜區分水萃物的化學成分和特性 ……………………….…..122.4.3.1愛玉子膜區分物的化學成分 ………………………………122.4.3.2膜區分的成分特性 …………………………………………124.4.4 硫酸銨分劃對HepG2的生長抑制和成分特性 …………….125.4.4.1硫酸銨分劃對HepG2的生長抑制 …………………………125.4.4.2硫酸銨分劃的成分特性 ……………………………….…….126五節 結 論 ………………………………………………………...145考文獻 ………………………………………………………...…146 錄 .………………..…………………………………………...16
The low intensity in-home parent training in applied behavior analysis for preschoolers with Autism Spectrum Disorders
No full text本研究目的為，探討使用應用行為分析之低密集度短期家長訓練，對自閉症障礙類群兒童之療效，且家長介入其孩童的密集度亦為低密集度。研究設計採用的是單一受試研究法之倒反設計(within-subject reversal design)，本研究共兩位受試者，家長受訓之密集度為每週一小時，兩位家長於介入期每週介入於其孩童的時數，皆為每週0.5小時，總介入期長度為八週，家長受訓的情境為自然情境，分別在個案一的家中及個案二家長上班的地點。研究對象為兩位自閉症孩童和其母親，所採用之介入方法為應用行為分析(Applied Behavior Analysis)，主要之依變項為孩童個別化課程之目標行為表現，次要變項為受訓母親之執行個別化介入之技巧。資料分析以視覺分析為主，並佐以C統計分析。
個案一的介入目標為於用餐時間被餵食時的問題行為，分別是尖叫行為與轉頭逃避餵食的行為。研究結果顯示，介入期結束時，此家長訓練模式能有效減少個案一之尖叫行為(C=0.38，Z=2.1)，而轉頭逃避餵食的行為也有減少，但尚未達統計的顯著水準(C=0.27，Z=1.48)。
個案二的介入目標有二，一為減少其拉扯媽媽脖子以引起媽媽注意的問題行為，二為增進個案於單一動作模仿、單一動作指令、依指令拿取物品等三種不同類別課程的正確區辨行為的發生。研究結果顯示，介入期後個案的問題行為雖有減少，但尚未達到統計上的顯著水準(C=0.24，Z=1.03)；而介入期後區辨行為的增加，在單一動作模仿(C= -0.6，Z= -2.06)及依指令拿取物品(C=0.91，Z=2.94)兩個課程中，個案二之獨立的正確區辨行為有顯著的增加。但在單一指令的課程中的進步未達顯著水準(C=0.34，Z=1.19)。
整體而言兩名個案在家長訓練後的問題行為皆有減少，或觀察到特定相關能力的增加，且維持期的能力表現多與介入期沒有顯著的差異，顯示表個案的進步可維持到兩個月的期間。即本研究為低密集度家長訓練且家長為其孩童作低密集度介入之療效提供初步療效證據。
建議未來相關之研究提供更完整且詳細之相關於家長訓練各種因素的控制，且包含家長接受訓練及給與其孩童介入的密集度定義，以致能盡快找出符合經濟效益且適於長期進行的自閉症早期介入服務模式。The purpose of this study was to explore the effectiveness of a low intensity in-home parent training which adopted applied behavior analysis (ABA) on the problem behaviors of two children with autism. The aim of parent training is to help the parents to develop specific skills of training their children, and reduce their problem behaviors. Parents have two roles in this program. They are trainees when trained by therapists and trainers when they provide treatment to their own children. In this paper, we present results of a parent training program, including parents as trainers or trainees, with relatively low intensity of training in both situations.
The mothers of two different autistic children were recruited and trained by the researcher, an occupational therapist, during weekly one-hour home visits. The parents were trained to provide intervention to their children 0.5 hour weekly for 8 weeks, and all the interventions were videotaped. Both child and parent outcomes were assessed before and after intervention along with a monthly follow-up for two months. Both visual inspection and statistical analysis (C statistic) were used to analyze data.
For Case 1, two feeding related behaviors were the intervention target, i.e., screaming and turning head to avoid feeding when being fed by mother. The results indicated parent training program can teach parents to effectively reduce the screaming behaviors of Case 1(C=0.38, Z=2.1). Despite no statistically significant differences, a trend of decreasing head-turning behaviors was noted during the intervention phase (C=0.27, Z=1.48) as compared to the baseline phase.
For Case 2, the first target behavior was neck-pulling behavior. During the intervention phase, the frequency of the behavior was not significantly lower than that in baseline phase (C=0.24, Z=1.03). The second target is the discrimination ability of Case 2 after he received training on three different discrimination tasks, i.e., simple motor imitation, following instructions to do simple motor actions, and verbal comprehension (receptive language). Results showed that Case 2’ s discriminative ability did appear in the imitation trials (C= -0.6, Z= -2.06) and the receptive language trials (C=0.91, Z=2.94) across the baseline phase and the intervention phase, but difference of the rate of correct response did not reach the statistically significant level across the first two phases in the instruction trials (C=0.34, Z=1.19).
Overall, children’s problem behaviors decreased following parent’s intervention. Parents’ fidelity in implementing ABA principles improved during the training phase, and generally the improvement was maintained at the maintenance phase. Further research on the effectiveness of intervention with different levels of intensity is warranted to provide clinicians and parents the cost-effective intervention model
Gender role's impact on male teacher in high school - -One high school in Taoyuan County is as the example
No full text由於傳統性別角色社會化的結果，往往造成性別職業隔離的現象。本研究以男性的視角為出發點，針對桃園縣某中學中的五位國中和五位高中男性教師做性別角色和教師角色覺知的比較，從中了解其任教前的性別覺察受社會傳統價值觀的影響程度。且進一步探究男性教師進入性別職業隔離的工作場域，是否會產生性別角色與教師角色間的衝突；以及當中學男性教師任教前的性別角色覺知與工作環境中的性別職業隔離現象交互作用，其將如何重新反思傳統性別角色，而生成出工作場域中的性別意識。
本研究採紮根理論研究法來探究主題，先以半結構式的深入訪談法蒐集資料，再以開放性譯碼與主軸譯碼來挖掘概念，並聚攏概念為三範疇──「任教前的性別角色建構」、「工作場域中的性別意識」與「教師工作的認同」。三範疇關係為中學男性教師任教前的性別覺察在社會化過程中受傳統性別角色影響，而成為性別角色覺知的來源。帶著這樣的性別覺察進入工作場域後，中學男性教師任教前的性別角色覺知與工作環境中的性別職業隔離現象交互作用，重新反思傳統性別角色，而生成出工作場域中的性別意識。並承接工作場域中型塑的性別意識，重構教師角色，且設法增進教師工作的發展性，以提升對教師工作的認同。
歸納研究結果如下：
1.中學男性教師選擇教職的環境脈絡缺乏傳統性別角色的鑲嵌，任教前的性別覺察與選擇教職的脈絡面向無因果關係。
2.曾任教國中的男性教師對於性別特質區隔感較深。
3.「受養護組織」的特質與「人治行政參與的結構設計」隱藏性別角色對中學男性教師的影響。
4.中學男性教師不認同教師為女性化工作，不認同的原因散佈在性別覺察與男性性別意識間。
5.教師角色的定位來自實務工作的體驗，兼顧廣佈性與專門性角色，且試圖將情感性的特質轉化為工具性特質。
6.一般大學畢業的男性教師工作滿意度較高；在職業階級觀引導下而投入教職工作者，易在性別角色與工作體驗交互作用下產生工作失落感，而規劃轉換跑道。
7.中學男性教師進修的目的是增進教師工作的發展性，而非累積資本往上爬。
8.外來刺激造成的性別角色與教師角色間衝突，可透過個人興趣與教師角色的折衷評估來增強性別意識，以解決衝突。
針對研究結果提出以下建議：
1.給尚未投入教職而想投入教職的男性準教師
（1）釐清投入教職的原因，避免落入視教職為鐵飯碗的職業階級觀之動機。
（2）透過性別相關課程檢視個人性別角色覺知，減低性別角色刻板印象與工作場域的結合。
（3）把握實習機會，觀察整體教職場域的文化，平衡理想（教師角色）與現實（個人特質）的落差。
2.給已投入教職的男性教師
（1）主動參與性別課程，時時檢視個人性別意識，注意隱性課程的潛移默化。
（2）提升教師工作的認同時，教師角色的情感性特質需轉化為工具性特質。
（3）了解性別職業隔離的原因，避免外來的刺激與個人性別角色刻板印象交互作用而產生對教師角色的質疑。The fact that the traditional gender role is socialized, often causes the phenomenon of the occupational segregation by sex. This research starts from male teacher’s viewpoint to explore gender role and teacher role by comparing five junior high school male teachers with five senior high school male teachers.（Two groups of male teachers serve in the same high school in Taoyuan County.）This research will try to figure out to what extent that male teacher’s gender awareness was influenced by social traditional values. The research investigates what will happen after high school male teacher entering the working field where the occupational segregation by sex exists. Whether high school male teacher suffers the conflict between gender role and teacher role or not? How does he reflect on the traditional gender role and shape his own gender consciousness in the working field when he experiences the interaction of their gender role before teaching and the occupational segregation by sex in the working environment.
The grounded theory method was used to explore this subject. In this research, we collect materials with semi-structural in-depth interview first, and then excavate the concept with the open coding and axial coding, grouping of the concept as three categories--“structuring the gender role before teaching”, “the gender consciousness in working field” and “the identity of the teachership”. The relationship among three categories is that the gender awareness of male teacher in high school before teaching is influenced by traditional gender role in the socialized course, and becomes the source of the gender role. Entering the working field with such gender awareness, high school male teacher experience the interaction of their gender role before teaching and the occupational segregation by sex in the working environment. Then he reflects on the traditional gender role and shapes his own gender consciousness in the working field. According to the gender consciousness, the male teacher in high school restructures the teacher role and improves the development and identity of the teachership.
Conclude the result of research as follows:
1.The environmental context in which the male teacher in high school chooses teaching career lacks the inlay of the traditional gender role, and that and gender awareness before teaching has very little to do with his choose.
2.The male teacher who ever taught in junior high school has the deep separate sense to gender characteristic.
3.The domesticated characteristic and the structure about people-oriented participation in educational administration conceal the impact of gender role on male teacher in high school.
4.The male teacher in high school doesn’t agree that teaching is female work, and his reason scatters between the gender awareness and gender consciousness.
5.The identification of the teacher role comes from working experience, including comprehensive and professional role, and attempts to turn expressive characteristic into the instrumental characteristic .
6.With regard to the feeling of satisfaction in working, male teachers who don’t graduate from university of education show a relatively high degree of it. Male teachers who are guided by the occupational class view to step into teaching career are apt to suffer the sense of loss in working. Then, they plan to change their career path.
7.The purpose that the male teacher in high school pursues a higher degree is to facilitate the development of the teachership, but not to accumulate the capital and climb up.
8.In order to solve conflict between gender role and teacher role that results from external stimulus, we can evaluate the conflict through personal interest and teacher role and to strengthen gender consciousness .
Several suggestions can be drawn from this study:
1.To male teacher-will-be
(1)Make sure the reason why he/she wants to be a teacher and prevent the drive of the occupational class view which considers teachership as secure job.
(2)Reflect the personal gender role awareness through related gender curriculum and reduce the linking between sex-role stereotype and working field.
(3) Catch the chance of practice, and observe the whole culture in teaching field and bridge the gap between the ideal (the teacher role) and reality (personality) drop.
2.To male teacher-have-been
(1)Participate in gender course actively, often reflect personal gender consciousness and pay attention to the invisible influence of the recessive course imperceptibly.
(2)While improving the approval the teachership identity, turn the expressive characteristic in teacher role into the instrumental characteristic.
(3) Understand the reason where occupational segregation by sex comes from and to prevent the interaction between the external stimulus and personal sex-role stereotype to rise doubt on teacher role.目 次
第一章 緒論…………………………………………………1
第一節 研究動機、目的與問題意識………………………1
第二節 名詞釋義……………………………………………7
第三節 研究架構、途徑與方法……………………………9
第四節 章節安排與說明………………………………….12
第二章 文獻探討………………………………………….14
第一節 角色理論………………………………...….….15
第二節 男性角色的解放行動──男性運動與男性研究.22
第三節 國內相關男性教師研究………….………………27
第三章 研究設計與實施步驟…….………………..……30
第一節 研究設計………………………………………….30
第二節 研究工具………………………………………….36
第三節 資料蒐集與實施步驟…………………………….38
第四節 資料處理與分析………………………………….40
第四章 任教前的性別角色建構………………………….44
第一節 個人選擇教職的環境脈絡……………………….44
第二節 個人社會化過程中的性別覺察………………….49
第三節 任教前性別角色的覺知來源…………………….54
第五章 工作場域中的性別意識與工作認同……….……56
第一節 性別職業水平隔離現象………………………….57
第二節 性別職業垂直隔離現象………………………….65
第三節 工作場域中的性別意識………………………….73
第四節 教師工作的認同..……………………………….83
第六章 結論………………………………………………100
第一節 研究發現與建議…………………………………100
第二節 研究檢討與限制…………………………………108
第三節 研究者的省思……………………………………111
※參考書目………………………….……………………..113
※【附錄一】概念範疇化統整表……………………….…119
※【附錄二】研究對象之訪談內容延伸追問範例….……120
※【附錄三】研究發現與訪談題目對照表……………….121
表 目 次
表2-1-1：詮釋角色概念的論點..............................16
表2-1-2：解釋性別差異的觀點..............................17
表2-1-3：性別角色發展理論................................17
表2-1-4：教師角色的社會學理論............................19
表2-1-5：國內學者對教師角色的詮釋........................20
表2-1-6：角色衝突理論觀點............ ...................21
表2-2-1：男性研究觀點....................................25
表2-2-2：國內有關解構男性刻板印象與形成性別意識之研究....26
表2-3-1：國內男性教師研究................................28
表3-1-1：研究母體94學年度的教師性別結構..................31
表3-1-2：研究母體94學年度各處室男性教師兼任行政職的性別比例...32
表3-1-3：研究對象基本資料................................35
表3-4-1：研究範疇與副範疇歸納表..........................42
表4-2-1：各級學校女性教師比率............................50
表4-2-2：研究對象大學系上性別比例一覽表..................53
表4-3-1：研究對象任教前社會化過程中的性別角色建構脈絡....54
表5-1-1：研究對象觀察性別與工作的關係....................58
表5-1-2：國內外學者研究歸納的男性化與女性化特質..........61
表5-1-3：研究對象預設男女特質而在輔導學生上的性別差異....62
表5-1-4：研究對象工作場域脈絡的觀察一覽表................64
表5-2-1：研究對象性別職業垂直隔離現象的歸因..............69
表5-2-2：研究對象兼任行政職的原因........................70
表5-3-1：研究對象看待教職工作女多男少的歸因..............74
表5-3-2：研究對象對性別的工作優劣勢評估..................75
表5-3-3：研究對象對工作優劣勢其他來源的評估..............78
表5-3-4：由研究對象對女性居多的教職工作觀感歸類其性別意識.....81
表5-4-1：研究對象看待國高中的教師工作重心................84
表5-4-2：研究對象對教師角色的特質歸納....................86
表5-4-3：研究對象評估教師工作的發展性....................88
表5-4-4：研究對象現階段工作滿意/不滿意的來源.............92
表5-4-5：研究對象進修的原因..............................94
表5-4-6：研究對象進修原因與自我評估的教職發展性做對照....97
表5-4-7：研究對象心目中的教師角色的順位..................98
圖 目 次
圖1-3-1：研究架構圖......................................10
圖2-1-1：文獻回顧架構圖..................................15
圖6-1-1：研究三範疇關係圖...............................10
The Framework of Real Time Sediment Flushing Operation
No full text台灣受地形及降雨特性影響，水資源利用困難，為增加可用水量，主要透過興建水壩截蓄水源以供利用，然經過長年開發，再加上先天地形限制，能新建水庫之位址已相當缺乏，再加上近年環保意識高漲，水庫興建更顯困難。也因此，現今政策多新建水庫開拓水源轉向現有水庫的更新與有效利用。水庫淤砂一直是永續水庫利用之最大挑戰。隨著氣候變遷、極端降雨事件頻繁，使得水庫上游集水區土石崩落、水流常浹帶大量泥砂入庫，造成水庫淤砂日益嚴重，大幅減低水庫使用效益並減少水庫壽命。如何維持水庫之庫容為一重要議題，雖現今已發展出不少清淤方式，在實務上有關於水庫即時排砂操作之研究相當缺乏，排砂之水庫操作目標即希望透過適當操作以排除濁水、蓄存清水，然操作之困難仍在於入流量與入砂量之不確定性。 本研究旨在解決不確定入流下，水庫即時排砂操作策略之擬訂，建立即時最佳操作模式以決策水庫排砂操作。為取得水庫於排砂與蓄水兩大目標間之平衡，模式操作目標包含有(1)使水庫排砂量最大化及(2)使水庫最終蓄水量達所訂定之目標蓄水量。為考量入流之不確定性，本研究透過序率規劃找出最佳操作策略，亦即決策水庫操作期間內每一時刻之放水量，並考量不同因子對操作結果之影響。為簡化濃度分布所造成之複雜計算，本研究假設濃度於空間上為均勻分布。首先建立兩期兩階段序率規劃模式(2-period 2-stage stochastic programming)，研究目標函數特性及主要影響因子，發現放水決策主要受入流濃度影響。接著進一步將模式延展至長時間操作，並研究不同入流量-入流濃度關係之入流對於水庫操作之影響，發現水庫排砂操作之決定因素主要為入流濃度與水庫濃度間之關係。而即使在不同入流-濃度關係之入流條件下，水庫之排砂操作仍可歸納為同一操作策略，即排砂操作於水庫濃度極高時集中在短時間內大量排砂。最後，將模式修正為多階段序率規劃模式(multi-stage stochastic programming)，並透過簡化後之目標函數進行最佳決策以提高操作之效益與計算之效能。可發現水庫操作仍依循同一操作策略：水庫於事件初期先進行蓄水、並維持高水位，當水庫濃度達到最大值時便進行大量放水以排出泥砂，最後再將水庫蓄回至目標蓄水量。其中，當入流事件之入流濃度尖峰早於洪峰時，可得到最佳之水庫排砂效益，這是由於此種入流事件下，水庫能夠於早期排除濁水、再蓄存清水之緣故。 最後，本研究將模式應用於莫拉克颱風、凡娜比颱風、蘇拉颱風及蘇力颱風於石門水庫之案例分析，可發現除了凡娜比颱風之外，其排砂效益可高達五至七成，並確保水庫蓄水量於颱洪事件結束後仍可高達八至九成。其中由於凡娜比颱風之入流量極少且當時水庫水量低，故入流多被蓄存而使得排砂量少、排砂效益低。將模式於四場颱風之操作結果與歷史操作之結果相比較，在能夠達到相同最終蓄水量之條件下，透過模式進行水庫排砂操作能夠提高兩倍以上之排砂效益，成效顯著，惟模式操作之成效好壞仍受制於入流預測之精度影響。Reservoir sedimentation is a serious problem with considerable environmental and economic implications. The sedimentation significantly decreases the reservoir capacity and reduces benefits. To achieve the sustainability, it is critical to maintain the reservoir capacity. Although the idea is not complex, the real-time sediment flushing operation is still not well studied yet. The goal of this kind of operation is obvious. The key point is how to store clear water and release the muddy water in an appropriate manner. But the difficulty of sediment flushing operation is from the uncertainty of both inflow and sediment discharge. The two objectives of real-time sediment flushing operation are 1) maximization of the total flushing sediment volume, and 2) reaching the target storage after the flood event. The decision variables are water release during operating period with the assumption of uniform spatial distribution of concentration. This study considered the uncertainty of both inflow and sediment discharge, and developed a two-period two-stage stochastic programming to study the relationship between reservoir concentration and release operation. The result suggests that the release decision is mainly influenced by the inflow concentration. In the end, a reservoir operation optimization model was developed for operational decision in two ways: (1) time period extension of two-stage stochastic programming model, and (2) multistage stochastic programming model. These two models were tested with different inflow relations between inflow concentration (CI) and inflow discharge (I), and further examined the influence of inflow information on the operational policy. As a result, the key factor of the operational decision is the relationship between reservoir concentration and inflow concentration. With different inflow relations, the reservoir operation can be generalized to the same strategy: taking the flushing operation in short time as the reservoir concentration rises to the extreme value. Among the inflow relations, the flushing efficiency performs the best when the inflow concentration peak is earlier than inflow peak. After all, this study took Typhoon Morakot, Typhoon Fanapi, Typhoon Saola and Typhoon Soulik in the Shihmen Reservoir to investigate the efficiency of operational policy. Results show that the outcomes of the operational model are better than that of the historical operation according to the two targets: flushing efficiency and final storage
Key Factors of Successful Balanced Scorecard Implementation－Using a Long-term Care Strategic Business Unit of a Government Regional Teaching Hospital as an Example
No full text隨著全球人口逐年老化，健保制度的大幅變革，加上民眾就醫觀念的改變，醫療機構扮演的角色逐漸加重，使醫院在經營上面臨嚴重的衝擊與困難；在此種情況下醫院必須訂定適當的經營模式，以滿足病患的醫療需求，提供病患高品質的醫療服務，並確保醫院在面對內外部環境的改變時仍能永續經營。醫院為達永續經營目的，運用平衡計分卡為主體之經營模式，協助個案醫院建立以員工學習為基礎，顧客滿意為導向，品質改善為核心之事業經營共同體，並且能有目標、有系統、有組織地不斷進行變革與提升績效。
本研究之目的在於了解推動平衡計分卡過程中有哪些關鍵因素，讓醫院中某策略核心團隊（SBU）成功的提升營運績效及競爭力，達到預定的目標，以及探討推動醫院營運績效活動具體實施內容，找出實施過程中所面臨的挑戰及改善方式。
本研究主要以個案研究方式，採用直接觀察、歷史文件、檔案紀錄、及訪談等方式，進行研究並分析個案醫院在實施過程中的問題、成果及成功推動平衡計分卡過程中之關鍵因素與成員對於平衡計分卡推動看法。平衡計分卡導入時間2004年1月至2006年12月，共計3年，次級資料蒐集期間為2002-2006年，本研究比較實施前(2002-2003年)與實施後(2004-2006年)成果，訪談時間為2007年4月。
本研究結果顯示：
1.平衡計分卡推動下長期照護策略核心團隊在顧客、流程、學習構面均已提升績效，達到目標值，在2006年財務構面達到目標值，顯示出學習、品質、顧客關係構面無形資產提升績效，可以成功轉換成財務有形的成果。
2.參與平衡計分卡推動員工認為平衡計分卡具有功效，平衡計分卡制度在提供同仁之學習成長、醫療滿意度、醫療品質及機構之營運績效方面有提升，並且認為平衡計分卡是很好的管理工具，有共同溝通語言加以整合。推動平衡計分卡制度所面臨之挑戰，可透過績效獎勵制度、適當人力規劃、加強溝通機制，以使平衡計分卡推動順利。
3.除了推動過程、架構、績效指標訂定、制定有價值的策略等結構性因素外，成功推動平衡計分卡過程中之關鍵因素為1.領導者之執行力：包括領導人的重要行為，改變文化讓公司動起來，知人善任，如：充分溝通、增加團隊成員之間友好關係、持續追蹤、以身作則、要有激勵因子、人才培育、與事實貼近；2.運用追蹤概念持續追蹤3.發展成為學習型組織。
因此建議對引進或推行平衡計分卡者，推動平衡計分卡整合各項品管手法的策略管理工具，與績效獎勵制度連結，確實掌握執行之道取得競爭優勢，機構的經營文化與高階管理者的管理方式，可增加此工具之績效提升；針對未來研究者的部份，可深入了解推動此項工具過程中之關鍵因素對於國內醫療院所的適用性及提升績效之因果關係進行研究。As the gradually aging of world population, drastic reformation in health insurance system, concept changes in seeking doctors, the role of health care organization becomes more important, making hospitals facing a serious attack and predicament in management. In this situation, hospitals should set a proper management model and offer high quality medical treatment services to satisfy the medical treatment necessary for patients in order to make sure the sustainable operation of hospitals in the changing situations in both inner and outer environment. Using the (BSC) management model can make the case hospital to continuously reform and operate performance systematically and objectively by the establishment of a business operation entity, which is based on the employee learning. Also focus on costumer satisfaction and the persistent quality improvement.
The goal of this research was to understand the key factors to promote operational performance, competition, and how to reach the anticipated objectives by implementing BSC process, and determine the concrete contents of the activities in promoting the hospital performance, to find out the challenge and methods for improvement in the process.
Case study was applied in this research. Data was collected by the method of direct observation, archive documentation and personal interview. The research was focused on the problems, achievements, the key factors by implementing BSC model in the case hospital, and the thoughts from staff members. The BSC was introduced from January 2004 to December 2006. Secondary data were collected from 2002-2006. The result before（2002-2003） and after（2004-2006） using the model was compared. Interview was made in April 2007.
The result of this research revealed:
1. The performance in costumer, process, and learning perspectives of long-term care SBU were promoted to reach the anticipated target value by implementing BSC model. In 2006, the financial perspective reached the target value, which revealed the performance promotion of the invisible properties including learning, quality, and costumer perspectives. These can be transformed into the visible result like the promotion of tangible financial results.
2. Staff members who participated in the BSC model assured the function of BSC. They thought the BSC was useful in employees learning, medical treatment satisfaction, medical treatment quality and the operation performance of the health care organization. They also thought that the BSC is a good management tool that can conform the common communication language. The challenge by implementing BSC can be conquered by using the performance reward mechanism, proper manpower plan, strengthened communication mechanism in order to apply BSC smoothly.
3. In addition to the structural factors including the processes, framework, performance indicator determination and, valuable strategies making, the key factor to implement BSC successfully is a. the execution of the leader; b. continuous follow-up; c. developing the learning organization in order to reach the goal successfully.
In order to get the superior competitive, we recommend conforming each quality control method and linking it to the performance reward mechanism. The operation culture and management method of high-ranked manager can promote the performance. In the future, one can research the applicability of these key factors in the hospitals and their casual relationship with performance promotion.國立臺灣大學碩士學位論文口試委員會審定書 I
中文摘要 II
英文摘要 IV
致 謝 VI
目 錄 VIII
圖 目 錄 IX
表 目 錄 X
第一章 前言 1
第一節 研究背景與動機 1
第二節 研究目的 2
第三節 本研究的重要性 3
第二章 文獻探討 4
第一節 平衡計分卡導入流程與成功條件 4
第二節 平衡計分卡在醫療機構運用之相關研究 12
第三章 材料與方法 15
第一節 研究對象 15
第二節 研究方法 15
第三節 研究設計 16
第四章 結果 18
第一節 個案醫院簡介 18
第二節 個案醫院實施平衡計分卡的背景與原因分析 18
第三節 個案醫院導入平衡計分卡的實施步驟 21
第四節 個案醫院導入平衡計分卡的具體實施內容 24
第五節 深度訪談內容分析 34
第六節 結果彙整 42
第五章 討論 46
第一節 研究討論 46
第二節 研究限制 50
第六章 結論與建議 51
第一節 研究結論 51
第二節 研究建議 52
參考文獻 54
附錄 長期照護策略核心團隊同仁特性分布、外包照顧服務員特性分布表 5
The publicness debate and boundary dialectics of Toad Hill informal settlement
No full text蟾蜍山非正式聚落位處臺北盆地邊緣，其與山共生的環境，造就了聚落豐富的生命力，並以有機的方式在都市裡和諧生活著，然而在都市土地再發展的壓力與都市計畫的命題下，蟾蜍山非正式聚落保存運動相應展開。本研究從空間的政治經濟學觀點出發，透過疏理蟾蜍山聚落特殊的歷史背景與社會關係，彰顯聚落生成背後的公共性價值，同時，研究者關注保存運動開啟的聚落邊界辯證，尤其聚落與都市的關係以及聚落內部社會關係的轉變。 蟾蜍山聚落具有豐富歷史疊層，自清領時期古道、流經聚落前方的瑠公圳以及日治時期的農業現代化發展，聚落從公館舊聚落演變成為日式宿舍地景，戰後國民政府來臺，又因其特殊山勢而選擇將空軍作戰指揮部設置於此，從此開啟蟾蜍山作為軍事地景的身分；為了安置戰後移民，列管眷村煥民新村成立，自力營建家戶亦圍繞著眷村而出現，這些基礎勞動無非是支撐起臺灣的戰後發展的關鍵；在都市快速發展的年代，城鄉移民落腳於位處都市邊緣的蟾蜍山聚落，使這裡成為具有住宅提供意義的所在。蟾蜍山居民的生命奮鬥史猶如公共歷史的切片，以逆眾之姿屹立於蟾蜍山腳下。 在制度化資源的支持下，這個隱匿於都市的非正式聚落猶如擁有自己的空間自治系統，家屋依附山勢漸進式地生長，居民則透過相互協商的過程，生產出聚落內部的公/私空間，而不同的社會活動亦出現於聚落各個角落中，具有包容性的空間使用彰顯了更大的公共性。此外，參與式營造空間的過程以及不同的群簇關係，造就了聚落內部多重的認同邊界，然而土地產權的差異彰顯了聚落內部的張力。在這個維持著傳統生活型態的地方，保存運動重新開啟了非正式聚落的公共性辯論，促使地方邊界與既有社會關係產生轉變。從藝術介入式的行動、政治協商到文化資產申請一途，諸多過程開啟了聚落的主體辯論，包含作為居住主體的居民、未來使用主體的臺科大學生、對外協商主體的保存團隊以及與臺科大校方的張力。 種植等社區營造型、跨越聚落尺度的活動參與，讓不同生活群簇的居民得以在廣場流動與交流，不但居民的認同邊界逐漸有所交融，亦加深了廣場空間的轉化使用，再度公共化聚落的公共空間。從領域與邊界關係來看，聚落保存運動開啟了去領域化與再領域化的過程，當聚落的社會關係出現不同的孔隙，邊界開始鬆動，諸多的行動皆讓地方與外在不斷地處於動態變遷的過程中，形成新的社會關係以及當代的地方理解，同時也意味著，新的公共性正在被創造。換言之，正是當前聚落具有孔隙的狀態，面對聚落的未來，才更得以有更公共性的辯論。Located at the periphery of the Taipei basin and surrounded by the natural preserve, the Toad Hill settlement has been sustaining an organic and vital living inside the bustling city. Under the pressure of urban redevelopment and implementation of the predetermined urban plan, an activist group initiated the settlement conservation movement. This research adopts the political-economic perspective to analyze the historical processes and social relations of the informal settlement, with special emphasis on the dialectics of its public value. The other concern of the study is to identify the boundary effect between the settlement and the city regarding the spatial, social, and planning context, as well as the socio-spatial tension inside the settlement, while recognizing the daily transgressing activities across the boundaries. The political-economy analysis reveals the structural context of the settlement’s morphological transformation. From the Qing imperial, Japanese colonial, and the Nationalist period of governance, multiple layers of history are juxtaposed on a settlement scale subjugated to garrison, agricultural, and military impacts. During the post-War urbanization period, the informal settlement sprawling around the Japanese bungalow and the military-dependent housing diminished the state crisis of the housing deficit, and the self-help and self-built squatter village ironically represented an alternative mode of “publicness.” The disfranchised residents and the informal settlement symbolize the counterpublics who may redefine the meaning of public and the politics of representation of the public realm. Re-investigating the public and semi-public spaces of the settlement, it is clear that their production and maintenance are “negotiated” by the residents on daily basis. In contrast to the designated public spaces from top-down decision-making, the bottom-up approach exhibits an alternative mechanism of planning in a settlement scale. The boundary dialectics in Toad Hill conveys the dynamics of changing social relations, and in the public-private contention, boundaries are constantly shifting between the residents’ clustered living spaces. Each cluster boundary is tacitly recognized by a territorial identity, which has emerged from a distinctive historical process of migration. Different spatial clusters of the Toad Hill settlement merge with each other over time and through community activities. While the intervention of the contemporary zoning disintegrates the settlement’s overall sense of place and triggers impending crisis of partial demolition, the subsequent conservation action and political negotiations open up the settlement boundary bordering the city yet increase the tension between different shareholders and stakeholders of the settlement. The publicness debates and the boundary dialectics influence each other. Residents from different territorial clusters interact in the community square through the habitual and the ritual as well as the intentional community-building activities related to conservation. Therefore, the daily-life performances and initiated activities not only dissolve the cluster boundaries but also re-publicized the public space. The conservation movement further propels the de-territorialization and re-territorialization process, and since the social and physical boundaries become more and more porous, it is possible to reconstruct new social relations and re-inscribe contemporary identity to the place. In other words, within the boundary dialectics, the publicness of the informal settlement is continuously contended and contested
The Relationships Among the Occurrences of Landslides, Slump Type Debris Flows and the Quality of Groundwater─Examples in the Nan-tou Area
No full text本研究以滲流槽模型試驗，模擬南投地區之地下水水質對邊坡崩塌及崩落型土石流發生之影響。試驗土樣採自南投縣信義鄉神木村及豐丘村之土壤重模製作75˚邊坡至滲流槽內，經供水設備由滲流槽一端控制水頭高度，促使土體試樣邊坡產生破壞，並同步蒐集水質資料及記錄土體變位，藉此分析地下水水質與邊坡破壞之間的關聯。
試驗結果顯示，土體變位與土體下游處之滲流水電導度值及硫酸根離子濃度有非常顯著的相關。當土體破壞時，土體下游處滲流水電導度之門檻值為39.2µs/cm，而土體下游硫酸根離子濃度之門檻值為9.98mg/L。利用土體下游電導度值與土體垂直變位及水平變位迴歸分析，決定係數各為0.7220及0.8252，這表示以土體下游電導度值推估土體變位具有不錯的預測效果。The objective of this study is to investigate the relationships among the occurrences of landslides, slump type debris flows and the quality of groundwater in Nan-tou area. Soil samples for the tests were collected from Shen-mu and Fen-chiu in Nan-tou to prepare for the remodeled test with slope of 75˚ in a specially designed seepage tanks. A water supply system was used to control the pressure head to cause soil slopes to be failed, quality of groundwater and displacement of the soil sample were collected at the same time. The tests were then conducted to investigate quality of groundwater while the soil slopes failed.
The testing results showed that there is positive correlation among the concentration of EC and SO42- of the seepage water at downstream of the soil slopes. While the soil slopes failed, the threshold value of the concentration of EC and SO42- of the seepage water at downstream of the soil slopes were 39.2µs/cm and 9.98mg/L. The coefficient of determination among the vertical displacement of soil, horizontal displacement of soil and the concentration of EC of the seepage water at downstream of the soil slopes were 0.7220 and 0.8252, it means that the displacement of soil can be predicted by the concentration of EC of the seepage water at downstream of the soil slopes.目錄
一. 前言 - 1 -
1-1 研究背景 - 1 -
1-2 研究動機 - 1 -
1-3 研究目的 - 2 -
1-4 研究內容 - 3 -
二. 前人研究 - 4 -
2-1 邊坡崩塌之因素 - 4 -
2-2 滲流對邊坡破壞模型試驗之相關研究 - 7 -
2-3 地下水水質變化與土體破壞之關聯 - 10 -
2-3-1 地下水對土體之化學作用 - 10 -
2-3-2 地下水離子濃度之觀測 - 11 -
2-3-3 地下水離子濃度變化之因素 - 16 -
三. 研究方法 - 18 -
3-1 研究區域簡介 - 20 -
3-1-1 地理位置 - 20 -
3-1-2 區域地質 - 20 -
3-2 研究區域之土樣採集 - 23 -
3-2-1 選擇採樣地點 - 23 -
3-2-2 現地採土 - 26 -
3-3 土壤基本性質實驗 - 26 -
3-4 室內滲流槽試驗 - 29 -
3-4-1 試驗理論 - 29 -
3-4-2 滲流槽設計 - 30 -
3-4-3 滲流槽改良 - 34 -
3-4-4 試驗流程 - 35 -
四. 結果與討論 - 48 -
4-1 水頭高度 - 48 -
4-2 土體變位 - 51 -
4-3 滲流水電導度分析 - 51 -
4-3-1 電導度趨勢 - 51 -
4-3-2 土體變位和電導度變化量之相關分析 - 60 -
4-3-3 3號電導度變化量之門檻值 - 67 -
4-4 滲流水離子濃度分析 - 70 -
4-4-1 離子濃度趨勢 - 70 -
4-4-2 土體變位和離子濃度之相關分析 - 84 -
4-4-3 土體下游硫酸根離子濃度之門檻值 - 85 -
4-5 土體變位量與電導度變化量和離子濃度之關聯 - 88 -
4-5-1 3號電導度變化量和硫酸根離子濃度之相關性- 88 -
4-5-2 土體變位量和3號電導度變化量之迴歸曲線 - 93 -
五. 結論建議 - 99 -
5-1 結論 - 99 -
5-2 建議 - 100 -
六. 參考文獻 - 101
DNA protection and antitumor effect of water extract from residue of jelly fig (Ficus awkeotsang Makino) achenes
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